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Islam SMM, Siddik MAB, Sørensen M, Brinchmann MF, Thompson KD, Francis DS, Vatsos IN. Insect meal in aquafeeds: A sustainable path to enhanced mucosal immunity in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109625. [PMID: 38740231 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of fish, including their intestines, gills, and skin, are constantly exposed to various environmental threats, such as water quality fluctuations, pollutants, and pathogens. However, various cells and microbiota closely associated with these surfaces work in tandem to create a functional protective barrier against these conditions. Recent research has shown that incorporating specific feed ingredients into fish diets can significantly boost their mucosal and general immune response. Among the various ingredients being investigated, insect meal has emerged as one of the most promising options, owing to its high protein content and immunomodulatory properties. By positively influencing the structure and function of mucosal surfaces, insect meal (IM) has the potential to enhance the overall immune status of fish. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential benefits of incorporating IM into aquafeed as a feed ingredient for augmenting the mucosal immune response of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Majharul Islam
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | - Muhammad A B Siddik
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Kim D Thompson
- Aquaculture Research Group, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Ioannis N Vatsos
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway.
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Muurmann AT, Banovic M, Gilbert MTP, Sogari G, Limborg MT, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Bahrndorff S. Framework for valorizing waste- and by-products through insects and their microbiomes for food and feed. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114358. [PMID: 38763642 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
One third of the food produced for human consumption is currently lost or wasted. Insects have a high potential for converting organic waste- and by-products into food and feed for a growing human population due to symbiosis with microorganisms. These symbioses provide an untapped reservoir of functional microbiomes that can be used to improve industrial insect production but are poorly studied in most insect species. Here we review the most current understanding and challenges of valorizing organic waste- and by-products through insects and their microbiomes for food and feed, and emerging novel food technologies that can be used to investigate and manipulate host(insects)-microbiome interactions. We further construct a holistic framework, by integration of novel food technologies including holo-omics, genome editing, breeding, phage therapy, and administration of prebiotics and probiotics to investigate and manipulate host(insects)-microbiome interactions, and solutions for achieving stakeholder acceptance of novel food technologies for a sustainable food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmus Toftkær Muurmann
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Marija Banovic
- Aarhus University, Aarhus BSS, Department of Management, MAPP Centre, Fuglsangs Allé 4, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark.
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- University of Copenhagen, GLOBE Institute, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 København K, Denmark; University Museum, NTNU, Erling Skakkes gate 47B, 7012 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Giovanni Sogari
- University of Parma, Department of Food and Drug, Parco Area delle Scienze, 45, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | | | - Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén
- University of Copenhagen, GLOBE Institute, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 København K, Denmark; AIMST University, Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), Jalan Bedong-Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia.
| | - Simon Bahrndorff
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
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Gourgouta M, Andreadis SS, Koutsogeorgiou EI, Rumbos CI, Grigoriadou K, Giannenas I, Bonos E, Skoufos I, Athanassiou CG. Larval performance of Zophobas morio (F.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on various diets enriched with post-distillation residues and essential oils of aromatic and medicinal plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28847-28855. [PMID: 38561538 PMCID: PMC11058798 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The increasing demands for resources driven by the global population necessitate exploring sustainable alternatives for affordable animal protein over the use of traditional protein sources. Insects, with their high protein content, offer a promising solution, especially when reared on agricultural post-distillation residues for enhanced sustainability and cost-effectiveness. We assessed the development of Zophobas morio (F.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae on diets enriched with essential oils and post-distillation residues from Greek aromatic and medicinal plants. Two aromatic plant mixtures (A and B) were examined. Mixture A consisted of post-distillation residues, while Mixture B incorporated these residues along with essential oils. Insect rearing diets were enriched with different proportions (10, 20, and 30 %) of these mixtures, with wheat bran serving as the control. Enrichment positively influenced larval development without compromising survival. Larval weight remained unchanged with Mixture A, but improved with Mixture B. No adverse effects were detected in the case of the enriched diets, although higher concentrations of Mixture B prolonged development time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gourgouta
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou str, 38446, N. Ionia, Magnesia, Greece.
| | - Stefanos S Andreadis
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization (DIMITRA), 57001, Thermi, Greece
| | - Eleni I Koutsogeorgiou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization (DIMITRA), 57001, Thermi, Greece
| | - Christos I Rumbos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou str, 38446, N. Ionia, Magnesia, Greece
| | - Katerina Grigoriadou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization (DIMITRA), 57001, Thermi, Greece
| | - Ilias Giannenas
- Laboratory of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Bonos
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Nutrition and Biotechnology, University of Ioannina, Arta, Greece
| | - Ioannis Skoufos
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Nutrition and Biotechnology, University of Ioannina, Arta, Greece
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou str, 38446, N. Ionia, Magnesia, Greece
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Tefal E, Jauralde I, Martínez-Llorens S, Tomás-Vidal A, Milián-Sorribes MC, Moyano FJ, Peñaranda DS, Jover-Cerdá M. Organic Ingredients as Alternative Protein Sources in the Diet of Juvenile Organic Seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3816. [PMID: 38136853 PMCID: PMC10740810 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of organic ingredients as a source of protein in aquaculture diets has gained significant attention due to the growing demand for organic seafood products. This study aimed to evaluate the potential for the use of organic ingredients as protein sources in the diet of juvenile organic seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). A total of 486 juvenile seabass with an average weight of 90 g were fed six diets containing varied organic proteins. The control group (CON) was fed a diet with conventional fishmeal from sustainable fisheries as the primary protein source. The other five groups were fed diets with different compositions: organic Iberian pig meal byproduct (IB diet), a combination of organic Iberian pig meal byproduct and insect meal (IB-IN diet), a mix of organic Iberian pig meal byproduct and organic rainbow trout meal byproduct (IB-TR diet), a blend of organic rainbow trout meal byproduct and insect meal (TR-IN), and a mixed diet containing all of these protein sources (MIX diet). Over a 125-day feeding trial, growth performance, feed utilisation, feed digestibility, and histological parameters were assessed. The results showed that the fish fed the control diet had the highest final weight and specific growth rate, followed by the fish fed the TR-IN and IB-TR diets. The IB-TR diet had the highest apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for protein, while the TR-IN diet had the lowest. Histological analysis revealed that fish fed the control diet had the largest nucleus diameter and hepatocyte diameter. Use of IN seems to penalise performance in several ways. Fish fed diets containing insect meal grew less, and those diets had lower digestibility. Fish fed the TR and IB diets grew at rates near that of the control, and the feed had acceptable digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam Tefal
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (I.J.); (S.M.-L.); (A.T.-V.); (M.C.M.-S.); (D.S.P.); (M.J.-C.)
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt
| | - Ignacio Jauralde
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (I.J.); (S.M.-L.); (A.T.-V.); (M.C.M.-S.); (D.S.P.); (M.J.-C.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Llorens
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (I.J.); (S.M.-L.); (A.T.-V.); (M.C.M.-S.); (D.S.P.); (M.J.-C.)
| | - Ana Tomás-Vidal
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (I.J.); (S.M.-L.); (A.T.-V.); (M.C.M.-S.); (D.S.P.); (M.J.-C.)
| | - María Consolación Milián-Sorribes
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (I.J.); (S.M.-L.); (A.T.-V.); (M.C.M.-S.); (D.S.P.); (M.J.-C.)
| | - Francisco Javier Moyano
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain;
| | - David S. Peñaranda
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (I.J.); (S.M.-L.); (A.T.-V.); (M.C.M.-S.); (D.S.P.); (M.J.-C.)
| | - Miguel Jover-Cerdá
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (I.J.); (S.M.-L.); (A.T.-V.); (M.C.M.-S.); (D.S.P.); (M.J.-C.)
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Sogari G, Bellezza Oddon S, Gasco L, van Huis A, Spranghers T, Mancini S. Review: Recent advances in insect-based feeds: from animal farming to the acceptance of consumers and stakeholders. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 2:100904. [PMID: 37500376 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new, alternative and sustainable feeding sources, including insects, has become an important challenge on the feed market. In 2017, the European Union (EU) started to allow the use of insect meals as feeds for fish. In addition, in 2021, the EU also authorised the use of insect meal for pig and poultry farming. However, the adoption of insect meal by the European aquaculture sector is still limited, and this is mostly due to the lack of availability of insects and their higher costs than conventional feed ingredients. Thus, the insect-based feed industry is still in its infancy, and its successful development and integration in the food value chain depend on several factors. Among these, the technical feasibility and production of quality products, and acceptance by European consumers and farmers are relevant factors. To address these points, this narrative review describes the state of the art of the potential role of insect-based feeds. The stakeholders' and consumers' perspectives are investigated, along with the effects of insect-based feeds on the production and nutritional values of fish, poultry (meat and eggs), and pork. Indeed, matching the nutritional values of insect products with conventional feeds is one of the future challenges of the insect sector, as their nutritional composition is highly dependent on the rearing substrates, and thus, their use in animal feeding needs to be investigated carefully. Feeding animals with insect-based diets affects their growth performances and the chemical composition of the derived products (fish fillets, meat, and eggs). Whether these effects can be considered positive or negative seems to depend to a great extent on the percentage of insects included in their diets and the chemical composition of the ingredients. The use of insect-based feeds has also shown a potential to improve the nutritional features and values of animal products and even to add new ones. Finally, many of the acceptance studies on the use of insects in feeds have focused mostly on the consumers' perception rather than on industry stakeholders (e.g., farmers). Future research should focus more on the farmers' perceptions on and market analyses of these innovative feeds. Even though it is likely that the upscaling of the insect sector will lead to a decrease in prices and an increase in market availability, it is still critical to understand the potential barriers and drivers for the implementation of insects as feeds from a production point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sogari
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 45, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - S Bellezza Oddon
- Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - L Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - A van Huis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Spranghers
- Centre of Expertise for Agro- and Biotechnology, VIVES University of Applied Sciences, Wilgenstraat 32, 8800 Roeselare, Belgium
| | - S Mancini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Yu MH, Li XS, Wang J, Longshaw M, Song K, Wang L, Zhang CX, Lu KL. Substituting fish meal with a bacteria protein (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) grown on natural gas: Effects on growth non-specific immunity and gut health of spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zhang G, Xu Y, Zhang S, Xu A, Meng Z, Ge H, Li J, Liu Y, Ma D. Transformation Capability Optimization and Product Application Potential of Proteatia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) Larvae on Cotton Stalks. INSECTS 2022; 13:1083. [PMID: 36554993 PMCID: PMC9781705 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cotton stalks (CS) are a potential agricultural biomass resource. We investigated the use of CS as a feed for Proteatia brevitarsis Lewis larvae and the resulting frass (larvae dung-sand) as a fertilizer. Based on a three-factor experiment (decomposition inoculant, fermentation duration, and cattle manure ratio), the optimal parameters for the transformation of CS using P. brevitarsis larvae were determined as 40-50% of cattle manure, the use of VT inoculant and a fermentation duration of 25-30 days. Regarding the products of the transformation, the protein content of the larval body was as high as 52.49%, and the fat content was 11.7%, which is a suitable-quality insect protein source. The organic matter content of larvae dung-sand was 54.8%, and the content of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (TNPK) was 9.04%, which is twice more than that of the organic fertilizer standard (NY525-2021, Beijing, China, TNPK ≥ 4.0%), and larvae dung-sand has the potential of fertilizer application. Therefore, CS as a feed and fertilizer based on the transformation of P. brevitarsis larvae is feasible, and it is a highly efficient way to promote the utilization of both CS and cattle manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Pest Monitoring and Safety Control on Crop and Forest, College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Yeshan Xu
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Pest Monitoring and Safety Control on Crop and Forest, College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Pest Monitoring and Safety Control on Crop and Forest, College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Andong Xu
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Pest Monitoring and Safety Control on Crop and Forest, College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Zhuo Meng
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Pest Monitoring and Safety Control on Crop and Forest, College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Hao Ge
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Pest Monitoring and Safety Control on Crop and Forest, College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Jing Li
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Pest Monitoring and Safety Control on Crop and Forest, College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Yusheng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Deying Ma
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of the Pest Monitoring and Safety Control on Crop and Forest, College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China
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Maulu S, Langi S, Hasimuna OJ, Missinhoun D, Munganga BP, Hampuwo BM, Gabriel NN, Elsabagh M, Van Doan H, Abdul Kari Z, Dawood MA. Recent advances in the utilization of insects as an ingredient in aquafeeds: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 11:334-349. [PMID: 36329686 PMCID: PMC9618972 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aquafeed industry continues to expand in response to the rapidly growing aquaculture sector. However, the identification of alternative protein sources in aquatic animal diets to replace conventional sources due to cost and sustainability issues remains a major challenge. Recently, insects have shown tremendous results as potential replacers of fishmeal in aquafeed. The present study aimed to review the utilization of insects in aquafeeds and their effects on aquatic animals' growth and feed utilization, immune response and disease resistance, and fish flesh quality and safety. While many insect species have been investigated in aquaculture, the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), and the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) are the most studied and most promising insects to replace fishmeal in aquafeed. Generally, insect rearing conditions and biomass processing methods may affect the product's nutritional composition, digestibility, shelf life and required insect inclusion level by aquatic animals. Also, insect-recommended inclusion levels for aquatic animals vary depending on the insect species used, biomass processing method, and test organism. Overall, while an appropriate inclusion level of insects in aquafeed provides several nutritional and health benefits to aquatic animals, more studies are needed to establish optimum requirements levels for different aquaculture species at different stages of development and under different culture systems.
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Alfiko Y, Xie D, Astuti RT, Wong J, Wang L. Insects as a feed ingredient for fish culture: Status and trends. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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