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Yarsan E, Yilmaz F, Sevin S, Akdeniz G, Celebi B, Ozturk SH, Ayikol SN, Karatas U, Ese H, Fidan N, Agacdiken B, Babur C, Buldag M, Pehlivan S. Investigation of resistance against to flumethrin using against Varroa destructor in Türkiye. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1683-1696. [PMID: 38509424 PMCID: PMC11147911 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The honeybee ectoparasite Varroa destructor is a major threat to apiculture when evaluating bee diseases and pests. While attempting to control this mite, beekeepers often depend on a small selection of authorized synthetic acaricides, such as flumethrin, which is widely used in Türkiye and globally. However, resistance to flumethrin develops due to incorrect and excessive use. In this study conducted at Ordu Beekeeping Research Institute, trial group were established including an untreated control group and group where flumethrin-based pesticides were applied. Dead varroas collected from pollen traps and live varroas collected from bees were obtained from these trial groups for molecular analysis as positive-negative controls. Varroa samples were collected from provinces representing different regions with intensive beekeeping activities such as Adana, Ankara, Bingöl, Muğla, Ordu, Şanlıurfa, Tekirdağ. Molecular methods were employed to investigate the resistance gene region for pyrethroids (specifically flumethrin) against V. destructor. In our study, individual DNA extractions were performed on dead parasites from colonies subjected to pyrethroid application (resistance negative control) and live parasites (resistance positive control). The DNA samples obtained were used in PCR reactions targeting the region encoding the 925th amino acid of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene, which is responsible for resistance formation. The DNA samples were subjected to gel electrophoresis to observe the amplification products of the expected target region. To examine the nucleotide sequence changes that encode leucine at the 925th amino acid, which is associated with resistance, DNA sequence analysis was applied to the amplification products. Out of 332 V. destructor parasites obtained from different provinces, 279 were analysed using molecular methods. It was observed that 31% of the samples showed sensitivity to flumethrin while 69% exhibited resistance to it. Among the resistant samples: 27% had homozygous isoleucine mutation; 28% had homozygous valine mutation; 2.8% had heterozygous isoleucine mutation; 8.5% had heterozygous valine mutation; and 2.8% had heterozygous methionine mutation, all of which were associated with flumethrin resistance. As a result, the rate of flumethrin resistance in parasites varied between 51% and 94% among different provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ender Yarsan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Türkiye
| | | | - Sedat Sevin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Türkiye.
| | - Gökhan Akdeniz
- Apiculture Research Center, Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Bekir Celebi
- Microbiology Reference Laboratory Department, General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | - Sultan Nurhan Ayikol
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Türkiye
| | | | - Hasan Ese
- Apiculture Research Institute, Ordu, Türkiye
| | - Nuri Fidan
- Food Control Laboratory Directorate, Giresun, Türkiye
| | - Bayram Agacdiken
- Ordu-Kabadüz District Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry, Ordu, Türkiye
| | - Cahit Babur
- Microbiology Reference Laboratory Department, General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | - Sinem Pehlivan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Roy N, Moon S, Kim C, Kim JM, Lee KS, Shin Y, Shanmugam G, Choi K. Probiotic Potential of Bacillus Subtilis Strain I3: Antagonistic Activity Against Chalkbrood Pathogen and Pesticide Degradation for Enhancing Honeybee Health. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10248-w. [PMID: 38564169 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10248-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
To explore the potential of probiotic candidates beneficial for honeybee health through the modulation of the gut microbiome, bee gut microbes were isolated from bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) and honeybee (Apis mellifera) using diverse media and cultural conditions. A total of 77 bee gut bacteria, classified under the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, were identified. The antagonistic activity of the isolates against Ascosphaera apis, a fungal pathogen responsible for chalkbrood disease in honeybee larvae, was investigated. The highest growth inhibition percentage against A. apis was demonstrated by Bacillus subtilis strain I3 among the bacterial strains. The presence of antimicrobial peptide genes in the I3 strain was detected using PCR amplification of gene fragments encoding surfactin and fengycin utilizing specific primers. The export of antimicrobial peptides by the I3 strain into growth medium was verified using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. Furthermore, the strain's capabilities for degrading pesticides, used for controlling varroa mites, and its spent growth medium antioxidant activity were substantiated. The survival rate of honeybees infected with (A) apis was investigated after feeding larvae with only medium (fructose + glucose + yeast extract + royal jelly), (B) subtilis I3 strain, A. apis with medium and I3 strain + A. apis with medium. Honeybees receiving the I3 strain + A. apis exhibited a 50% reduction in mortality rate due to I3 strain supplementation under experimental conditions, compared to the control group. In silico molecular docking revealed that fengycin hydrolase from I3 strain effectively interacted with tau-fluvalinate, suggesting its potential in bee health and environmental protection. Further studies are needed to confirm the effects of the I3 strain in different populations of honey bees across several regions to account for genetic and environmental variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazish Roy
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Moon
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaerin Kim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Myung Kim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sik Lee
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho Shin
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Gnanendra Shanmugam
- Department of Biotechnology, Vivekanandha College of Arts and Sciences for Women (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kihyuck Choi
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
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Bahreini R, Docherty C, Feindel D, Muirhead S. Comparing the efficacy of synthetic Varroacides and Varroa destructor phenotypic resistance using Apiarium and Mason jar bioassay techniques. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1577-1592. [PMID: 37974358 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varroa mite, Varroa destructor, is a major threat for honey bee, Apis mellifera, colonies. Beekeepers have used synthetic Varroacides against Varroa mite for decades, but resistance to organophosphates, pyrethroids and formamidine has been reported in many locations worldwide. The goals of this study were to develop a reliable bioassay to assess efficacy and phenotypic resistance to commercial Varroacides. In this study, efficacy and Varroa resistance was evaluated using the Apiarium technique in comparison to the Mason jar method. RESULTS Among tested Varroacides, a high efficacy (89%) for Apivar was identified when compared to Bayvarol (58%), Apistan (44%) and CheckMite (6%), in a 24 h assessment. We also found that CheckMite was toxic to bees in the Mason jar method. In addition, the Apiarium technique revealed a case of phenotypic resistance to Bayvarol, Apistan and CheckMite in the mite population evaluated. CONCLUSION A laboratory protocol was developed using the Apiarium method to evaluate Apivar efficacy. Collectively, the findings indicated that the Apiarium methodology provided a reliable technique to measure Varroacide efficacy and determine the presence of phenotypic resistance in V. destructor. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rassol Bahreini
- Plant and Bee Health Surveillance Section, Alberta Agriculture and Irrigation, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Cassandra Docherty
- Plant and Bee Health Surveillance Section, Alberta Agriculture and Irrigation, Edmonton, Canada
| | - David Feindel
- Plant and Bee Health Surveillance Section, Alberta Agriculture and Irrigation, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Samantha Muirhead
- Plant and Bee Health Surveillance Section, Alberta Agriculture and Irrigation, Edmonton, Canada
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Benito-Murcia M, Botías C, Martín-Hernández R, Higes M, Soler F, Pérez-López M, Míguez-Santiyán MP, Martínez-Morcillo S. Biomarker responses and lethal dietary doses of tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos in honey bees: Implications for chronic acaricide toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 105:104330. [PMID: 38042261 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that acaricide residues, such as tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos, are very prevalent in honey bee colonies worldwide. However, the endpoints and effects of chronic oral exposure to these compounds remain poorly understood. In this study, we calculated LC50 and LDD50 endpoints for coumaphos and tau-fluvalinate, and then evaluated in vivo and in vitro effects on honey bees using different biomarkers. The LDD50 values for coumaphos were 0.539, and for tau-fluvalinate, they were 12.742 in the spring trial and 8.844 in the autumn trial. Chronic exposure to tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos resulted in significant changes in key biomarkers, indicating potential neurotoxicity, xenobiotic biotransformation, and oxidative stress. The Integrated Biomarker Response was stronger for coumaphos than for tau-fluvalinate, supporting their relative lethality. This study highlights the chronic toxicity of these acaricides and presents the first LDD50 values for tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos in honey bees, providing insights into the risks faced by colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Benito-Murcia
- Neobeitar, Avenida de Alemania, 6 - 1º B, 10001 Cáceres, Spain; Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), 19180 Marchamalo, Spain
| | - Cristina Botías
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá de Henares, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Raquel Martín-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), 19180 Marchamalo, Spain; Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (INCRECYT-FEDER), Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Mariano Higes
- Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), 19180 Marchamalo, Spain
| | - Francisco Soler
- Toxicology Unit, Veterinary School, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Marcos Pérez-López
- Toxicology Unit, Veterinary School, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
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Albero B, Miguel E, García-Valcárcel AI. Acaricide residues in beeswax. Implications in honey, brood and honeybee. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:454. [PMID: 36892612 PMCID: PMC9998570 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For beekeeping to be sustainable, the management of colonies for the production of bee products must be economically viable without endangering the lives of bees, and must include acceptable practices such as the treatment of hives with appropriate products. Occasionally, the use of acaricides to treat the hives against varroosis is uncontrolled and can accumulate in the hives, putting the colonies at risk. In this work, a screening of seven acaricides was carried out in different apiaries in Andalusia (Spain). Their distribution in beeswax, brood, honey, and bees from colonies in different surroundings was evaluated at different times. It was found that beeswax was highly contaminated but honey, brood and bees had acceptable levels, below their respective MRL or LD50, after a certain period following varrocide treatments. Acaricides banned for their use against Varroa, such as chlorfenvinphos, cypermethrin and especially acrinathrin, were found in the hives analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Albero
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, National Centre for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Superior Council of Scientific Research INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Miguel
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, National Centre for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Superior Council of Scientific Research INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I García-Valcárcel
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, National Centre for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Superior Council of Scientific Research INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Guichard M, Dainat B, Dietemann V. Prospects, challenges and perspectives in harnessing natural selection to solve the ‘varroa problem’ of honey bees. Evol Appl 2023; 16:593-608. [PMID: 36969141 PMCID: PMC10035043 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey bees, Apis mellifera, of European origin are major pollinators of crops and wild flora. Their endemic and exported populations are threatened by a variety of abiotic and biotic factors. Among the latter, the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor is the most important single cause behind colony mortality. The selection of mite resistance in honey bee populations has been deemed a more sustainable solution to its control than varroacidal treatments. Because natural selection has led to the survival of some European and African honey bee populations to V. destructor infestations, harnessing its principles has recently been highlighted as a more efficient way to provide honey bee lineages that survive infestations when compared with conventional selection on resistance traits against the parasite. However, the challenges and drawbacks of harnessing natural selection to solve the varroa problem have only been minimally addressed. We argue that failing to consider these issues could lead to counterproductive results, such as increased mite virulence, loss of genetic diversity reducing host resilience, population collapses or poor acceptance by beekeepers. Therefore, it appears timely to evaluate the prospects for the success of such programmes and the qualities of the populations obtained. After reviewing the approaches proposed in the literature and their outcomes, we consider their advantages and drawbacks and propose perspectives to overcome their limitations. In these considerations, we not only reflect on the theoretical aspects of host-parasite relationships but also on the currently largely neglected practical constraints, that is, the requirements for productive beekeeping, conservation or rewilding objectives. To optimize natural selection-based programmes towards these objectives, we suggest designs based on a combination of nature-driven phenotypic differentiation and human-directed selection of traits. Such a dual strategy aims at allowing field-realistic evolutionary approaches towards the survival of V. destructor infestations and the improvement of honey bee health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vincent Dietemann
- Swiss Bee Research Centre Agroscope Bern Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, UNIL‐Sorge University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
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Liu J, Zhang R, Tang R, Zhang Y, Guo R, Xu G, Chen D, Huang ZY, Chen Y, Han R, Li W. The Role of Honey Bee Derived Aliphatic Esters in the Host-Finding Behavior of Varroa destructor. INSECTS 2022; 14:24. [PMID: 36661952 PMCID: PMC9863403 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Varroa destructor is an obligate ectoparasite of honey bees and shifted from its original host Apis cerana to the new host Apis mellifera in the first half of the twentieth century. The host shift has resulted in a great threat to the health and survival of A. mellifera colonies worldwide. Chemical signals play a crucial role in all aspects of the Varroa life cycle, including host finding. However, the chemical cues that affect the host finding behavior of Varroa mites are still not fully understood. In this study, we systematically profiled the headspace volatiles of both worker and drone larvae of the two honey bee species by using solid phase micro-extraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS), and then used electrophysiological recording and Y-tube olfactometer bioassay to study the potential roles of the selected compounds. The chemical profiling showed that there were four aliphatic esters, ethyl myristate (EM), methyl palmitate (MP), ethyl palmitate (EP), and ethyl oleate (EO) commonly detected from all four types of larval hosts. Among them, EM was a new substance identified from honey bee headspace volatiles. Results from electrophysiological recordings indicated that all the aliphatic esters could elicit significant responses of Varroa pit organs on its forelegs. Moreover, behavioral analyses revealed that EM could significantly attract V. destructor at a medium dosage (10 µg), while MP had no observable effect on the mites and both EP and EO were able to repel the parasites. Our findings suggest an important role of host-derived aliphatic esters in Varroa host finding, and provide new chemicals for Varroa monitoring and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Liu
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicinal Resource, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Yunfu 527527, China
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guojun Xu
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dafu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zachary Y. Huang
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yanping Chen
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Richou Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
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Almecija G, Schimmerling M, Del Cont A, Poirot B, Duquesne V. Varroa destructor resistance to tau-fluvalinate: relationship between in vitro phenotypic test and VGSC L925V mutation. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:5097-5105. [PMID: 36103265 PMCID: PMC9826128 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varroa destructor is a parasitic mite of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Its presence in colonies can lead to a collapse within a few years. The use of acaricides has become essential to manage the hive infestation. However, the repeated and possibly incorrect use of acaricide treatments, as tau-fluvalinate, has led to the development of resistance. The in vitro phenotypic test allows the proportion of susceptible or resistant individuals to be known following an exposure to an active substance. In Varroa mites, resistance to tau-fluvalinate is associated with the presence of mutations at the position 925 of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC). RESULTS Here, we compared the results obtained with an in vitro phenotypic test against tau-fluvalinate and those obtained with an allelic discrimination assay on 13 treated and untreated Varroa populations in France. The correlation between the phenotype and the genetic profile rate is found to be 0.89 Varroa mites having resistant phenotypic profile have a probability of 63% to present the L925V mutation (resistance detection reliability). However, 97% of the Varroa mites having the susceptible phenotype do not present the L925V mutation (susceptible detection reliability). CONCLUSION The L925V mutation explains most of the resistance to tau-fluvalinate in V. destructor in the populations tested. However, other mutations or types of resistance may also be involved to explain the survival of Varroa mites in the phenotypic test. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marion Schimmerling
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Sophia Antipolis Laboratory, Bee Pathology UnitSophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Aurélie Del Cont
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Sophia Antipolis Laboratory, Bee Pathology UnitSophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Benjamin Poirot
- Apinov, Scientific Beekeeping and Training CentreLagordFrance
| | - Véronique Duquesne
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Sophia Antipolis Laboratory, Bee Pathology UnitSophia AntipolisFrance
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Fritz ML. Utility and challenges of using whole‐genome resequencing to detect emerging insect and mite resistance in agroecosystems. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1505-1520. [PMID: 36330307 PMCID: PMC9624086 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropods that invade agricultural ecosystems systematically evolve resistance to the control measures used against them, and this remains a significant and ongoing challenge for sustainable food production systems. Early detection of resistance evolution could prompt remedial action to slow the spread of resistance alleles in the landscape. Historical approaches used to detect emerging resistance included phenotypic monitoring of agricultural pest populations, as well as monitoring of allele frequency changes at one or a few candidate pesticide resistance genes. In this article, I discuss the successes and limitations of these traditional monitoring approaches and then consider whether whole‐genome scanning could be applied to samples collected from agroecosystems over time for resistance monitoring. I examine the qualities of agroecosystems that could impact application of this approach to pesticide resistance monitoring and describe a recent retrospective analysis where genome scanning successfully detected an oligogenic response to selection by pesticides years prior to pest management failure. I conclude by considering areas of further study that will shed light on the feasibility of applying whole‐genome scanning for resistance risk monitoring in agricultural pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Fritz
- Department of Entomology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
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10
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Benito-Murcia M, Botías C, Martín-Hernández R, Higes M, Soler F, Perez-Lopez M, Míguez-Santiyán MP, Martinez-Morcillo S. Evaluating the chronic effect of two varroacides using multiple biomarkers and an integrated biological response index. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:103920. [PMID: 35772611 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that acaricides are among the most prevalent medicinal compounds in honey bee hive matrices worldwide. According to OCDE guideline No. 245 chronic lethal concentration of tau-fluvalinate (at concentrations ranging from 77.5 to 523.18 ppm), coumaphos (59.8 ppm) and dimethoate (0.7 ppm) were determined. The activity of the biomarkers acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CbE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) was analysed and as they are implicated in neurotoxicity, biotransformation and antioxidant defences, these values were combined into an integrated biomarker response (IBR). There was enhanced AChE, CAT and GST activity in honey bees exposed to tau-fluvalinate, while dimethoate inhibited AChE activity. Both dimethoate and coumaphos inhibited CbE activity but they enhanced CAT activity and MDA formation. Our results highlight how these biomarkers may serve to reveal honey bee exposure to commonly used acaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Benito-Murcia
- Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), 19180 Marchamalo, Spain
| | - Cristina Botías
- Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), 19180 Marchamalo, Spain
| | - Raquel Martín-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), 19180 Marchamalo, Spain; Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (INCRECYT-FEDER), Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Mariano Higes
- Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), 19180 Marchamalo, Spain
| | - Francisco Soler
- Toxicology Unit, Veterinary School, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Marcos Perez-Lopez
- Toxicology Unit, Veterinary School, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
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Benito-Murcia M, Martín-Hernández R, Meana A, Botías C, Higes M. Study of pyrethroid resistance mutations in populations of Varroa destructor across Spain. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:34-37. [PMID: 35917591 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The Varroa destructor mite is a serious worldwide pest of honeybees that is usually controlled with pyrethroid-based acaricides. However, the intensive use of these substances over the past decades has led to the development of resistance in these mites. Here, Varroa samples collected between 2006 and 2021 from apiaries across Spain were studied to evaluate the presence of mutations producing pyrethroid resistance, particularly those in the gene encoding the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC). Genotyping of the IIS4-IIS5 region of this gene detected the L925V (Leucine 'CTG' to valine 'GTG') mutation at position 925 and confirmed the presence of the M918L (Methionine 'ATG' to Leucine 'TTG') mutation at position 918 in these Spanish Varroa mites. Interestingly, the M918L mutation was always found in combination with L925V, both of which were always homozygous. Over and above the high frequency of pyrethroid-resistant mutations in Spanish Varroa populations, this apparently recent association of the M918L and L925V point mutations is a combination that appears to trigger greater resistance than that produced by L925V alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Benito-Murcia
- Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), 19180 Marchamalo, Spain
| | - R Martín-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), 19180 Marchamalo, Spain; Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (INCRECYT-FEDER), Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - A Meana
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Botías
- Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), 19180 Marchamalo, Spain
| | - M Higes
- Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), 19180 Marchamalo, Spain.
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Marcelino J, Braese C, Christmon K, Evans JD, Gilligan T, Giray T, Nearman A, Niño EL, Rose R, Sheppard WS, vanEngelsdorp D, Ellis JD. The Movement of Western Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.) Among United States and Territories: History, Benefits, Risks, and Mitigation Strategies. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.850600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beekeeping is a cornerstone activity that has led to the human-mediated, global spread of western honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) outside their native range of Europe, western Asia, and Africa. The exportation/importation of honey bees (i.e., transfer of honey bees or germplasm between countries) is regulated at the national level in many countries. Honey bees were first imported into the United States in the early 1600’s. Today, honey bee movement (i.e., transport of honey bees among states and territories) is regulated within the United States at the state, territory, and federal levels. At the federal level, honey bees present in the country (in any state or territory) can be moved among states and territories without federal restriction, with the exception of movement to Hawaii. In contrast, regulations at the state and territory levels vary substantially, ranging from no additional regulations beyond those stipulated at the federal level, to strict regulations for the introduction of live colonies, packaged bees, or queens. This variability can lead to inconsistencies in the application of regulations regarding the movement of honey bees among states and territories. In November 2020, we convened a technical working group (TWG), composed of academic and USDA personnel, to review and summarize the (1) history of honey bee importation into/movement within the United States, (2) current regulations regarding honey bee movement and case studies on the application of those regulations, (3) benefits associated with moving honey bees within the United States, (4) risks associated with moving honey bees within the United States, and (5) risk mitigation strategies. This review will be helpful for developing standardized best practices for the safe movement of honey bees between the 48 contiguous states and other states/territories within the United States.
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Low-Level Fluvalinate Treatment in the Larval Stage Induces Impaired Olfactory Associative Behavior of Honey Bee Workers in the Field. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030273. [PMID: 35323571 PMCID: PMC8949447 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluvalinate is a widely used insecticide for varroa mite control in apiculture. While most beekeepers have ignored the effects of low levels of fluvalinate on bees, this study aims to demonstrate its effects at very low concentrations. We first used fluvalinate doses ranging from 0.4 to 400 ng/larva to monitor the capping, pupation, and emergence rates of larval bees. Second, we used the honey bees’ proboscis extension reflex reaction to test the learning ability of adult bees that were exposed to fluvalinate doses from 0.004 to 4 ng/larva in the larval stage. The brood-capped rate of larvae decreased dramatically when the dose was increased to 40 ng/larva. Although no significant effect was observed on brood-capping, pupation, and eclosion rates with a dose of 4 ng/larva, we found that the olfactory associative behavior of adult bees was impaired when they were treated with sublethal doses from 0.004 to 4 ng/larva in the larval stage. These findings suggest that a sublethal dose of fluvalinate given to larvae affects the subsequent associative ability of adult honey bee workers. Thus, a very low dose may affect the survival conditions of the entire colony.
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