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Cappellari A, Malagnini V, Fontana P, Zanotelli L, Tonidandel L, Angeli G, Ioriatti C, Marini L. Impact of landscape composition on honey bee pollen contamination by pesticides: A multi-residue analysis. Chemosphere 2024; 349:140829. [PMID: 38042427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
The honey bee is the most common and important managed pollinator of crops. In recent years, honey bee colonies faced high mortality for multiple causes, including land-use change and the use of plant protection products (hereafter pesticides). This work aimed to explore how contamination by pesticides of pollen collected by honey bees was modulated by landscape composition and seasonality. We placed two honey bee colonies in 13 locations in Northern Italy in contrasting landscapes, from which we collected pollen samples monthly during the whole flowering season in 2019 and 2020. We searched for almost 400 compounds, including fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and acaricides. We then calculated for each pollen sample the Pollen Hazard Quotient (PHQ), an index that provides a measure of multi-residue toxicity of contaminated pollen. Almost all pollen samples were contaminated by at least one compound. We detected 97 compounds, mainly fungicides, but insecticides and acaricides showed the highest toxicity. Fifteen % of the pollen samples had medium-high or high levels of PHQ, which could pose serious threats to honey bees. Fungicides showed a nearly constant PHQ throughout the season, while herbicides and insecticides and acaricides showed higher PHQ values in spring and early summer. Also, PHQ increased with increasing cover of agricultural and urban areas from April to July, while it was low and independent of landscape composition at the end of the season. The cover of perennial crops, i.e., fruit trees and vineyards, but not of annual crops, increased PHQ of pollen samples. Our work highlighted that the potential toxicity of pollen collected by honey bees was modulated by complex interactions among pesticide category, seasonality, and landscape composition. Due to the large number of compounds detected, our study should be complemented with additional experimental research on the potential interactive effects of multiple compounds on honey bee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andree Cappellari
- University of Padova, Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, Viale Dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Valeria Malagnini
- Edmund Mach Foundation, Technology Transfer Centre, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Paolo Fontana
- Edmund Mach Foundation, Technology Transfer Centre, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Livia Zanotelli
- Edmund Mach Foundation, Technology Transfer Centre, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Loris Tonidandel
- Edmund Mach Foundation, Technology Transfer Centre, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Gino Angeli
- Edmund Mach Foundation, Technology Transfer Centre, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Claudio Ioriatti
- Edmund Mach Foundation, Research and Innovation Centre, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marini
- University of Padova, Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, Viale Dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Kiljanek T. Application of 3D-printed pollen traps as a useful tool for exposure and risk assessment of pesticide residues on bumblebees. Chemosphere 2024; 348:140748. [PMID: 37992905 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The study was designed to test the feasibility of using 3D-printed pollen traps for long-term monitoring of Bombus terrestris colonies' exposure to pesticide residues in pollen loads collected by them, along with an assessment of the resulting risks to the bumblebee's adults, larvae, and queens. Bumblebee colonies were placed in the vicinity of flowering orchards, winter oilseed rape, allotments, or home gardens for 6 weeks of the experiment. Pollen traps printed in 3D technology were installed in the hive inlets. The weight of bumblebee pollen loads obtained using pollen traps was in the range of 0.036-5.83 g. Pollen load samples were analyzed for residues of up to 261 pesticides and their metabolites by liquid and gas chromatography techniques coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS). Residues of 18 fungicides, 12 herbicides, 6 insecticides, and an acaricide were detected. Herbicide - pendimethalin, fungicide - thiophanate-methyl, and insecticide - chlorpyrifos-ethyl were the most commonly detected pesticides. Chlorpyrifos and thiacloprid residues were detected in pollen load samples in the next year after their ban from use as plant protection products in the European Union. The risk of acute or chronic effects was assessed as negligible or low, although the chronic risk of bumblebee queens to insecticide chlorpyrifos and the acute risk of larvae exposed to acaricide fenpyroximate could be interpreted as moderate. The risk of sublethal effects related to chronic exposure of adult bumblebees and queens to pollen loads contaminated by chlorpyrifos-ethyl and cypermethrin cannot be excluded. The risk of chronic toxicity or sublethal effects may be particularly relevant for bumblebee queens, especially during their foraging in the initial period of establishing a new colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kiljanek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
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Albero B, Miguel E, García-Valcárcel AI. Acaricide residues in beeswax. Implications in honey, brood and honeybee. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:454. [PMID: 36892612 PMCID: PMC9998570 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For beekeeping to be sustainable, the management of colonies for the production of bee products must be economically viable without endangering the lives of bees, and must include acceptable practices such as the treatment of hives with appropriate products. Occasionally, the use of acaricides to treat the hives against varroosis is uncontrolled and can accumulate in the hives, putting the colonies at risk. In this work, a screening of seven acaricides was carried out in different apiaries in Andalusia (Spain). Their distribution in beeswax, brood, honey, and bees from colonies in different surroundings was evaluated at different times. It was found that beeswax was highly contaminated but honey, brood and bees had acceptable levels, below their respective MRL or LD50, after a certain period following varrocide treatments. Acaricides banned for their use against Varroa, such as chlorfenvinphos, cypermethrin and especially acrinathrin, were found in the hives analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Albero
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, National Centre for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Superior Council of Scientific Research INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Miguel
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, National Centre for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Superior Council of Scientific Research INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I García-Valcárcel
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, National Centre for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Superior Council of Scientific Research INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Kast C, Kilchenmann V, Charrière J. Long-term monitoring of lipophilic acaricide residues in commercial Swiss beeswax. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:4026-4033. [PMID: 33896103 PMCID: PMC8453734 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A national survey on pesticides in recycled beeswax originating from beekeeping has been conducted in Switzerland for almost three decades. It allowed obtaining a good overview of the lipophilic products used for beekeeping within the last 30 years. RESULTS The use of the veterinary drugs containing bromopropylate or tau-fluvalinate two decades ago led to substantial residues in commercial beeswax. These contaminants are still detectable although in Switzerland the corresponding products have been out of use for many years. The level of coumaphos substantially increased in 2015 up to an annual value of 3.25 mg·kg-1 , suggesting that at least a few beekeepers used coumaphos-containing products. Consequently, an information campaign was launched, and the annual value decreased again. Maximal levels of thymol up to an annual value of 87.5 mg·kg-1 were measured in 2009. Since that time, a steady decrease of thymol residues suggests that beekeepers less frequently use thymol-containing products. Twenty-five years ago, 1,4-dichlorobenzene (PDCB) was widely used for the control of the wax moth, resulting in residues in beeswax up to an annual value of 10.9 mg·kg-1 whereas nowadays, PDCB residues are rarely detected in Swiss beeswax. CONCLUSIONS Our survey illustrates that several beekeeping-associated pesticides persist in recycled beeswax for many years. Most recent analyses show lower residue levels in Swiss beeswax as compared to previous years. Nowadays Swiss beekeepers mostly use hydrophilic substances for treatment against the Varroa destructor that do not accumulate in beeswax, thus reducing exposure of the honey bees to lipophilic contaminants.
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Badawy MEI, Mahmoud MS, Khattab MM. Residues and dissipation kinetic of abamectin, chlorfenapyr and pyridaben acaricides in green beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under field conditions using QuEChERS method and HPLC. J Environ Sci Health B 2020; 55:517-524. [PMID: 32065572 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1726701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The current study estimated the dissipation rates of abamectin, chlorfenapyr and pyridaben acaricides in pods of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under field conditions in Egypt. Pesticides were extracted and cleaned-up by QuEChERS method and were analyzed by HPLC. The dissipation of these acaricides followed the first order kinetics model with half-life (t1/2) values 1.00, 3.50 and 1.50 days for abamectin, chlorfenapyr and pyridaben, respectively. The lowest residues, at different time intervals of field application rate of each pesticide, were observed with abamectin followed by pyridaben and then chlorfenapyr. Pre-harvest intervals (PHIs) were 10.00, 13.50 and 6.00 days for abamectin, chlorfenapyr and pyridaben, respectively and were below the established European maximum residue limits (EU MRLs) 10-14, 14-21 and 7-10 days after application, respectively. If the fresh pods will be consumed after harvest, it is expected that the presence of these pesticides in the food will have a negative impact on human health. Therefore, the elimination of the residues of these harmful pesticides must be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E I Badawy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mostafa S Mahmoud
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marium M Khattab
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Erban T, Vaclavikova M, Tomesova D, Halesova T, Hubert J. tau-Fluvalinate and other pesticide residues in honey bees before overwintering. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:3245-3251. [PMID: 30983110 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticides have often been linked to honey bee colony losses, which occur mainly over winter. In this study, we investigated residues in nine colonies at a model agricultural research site during the period before wintering. Moreover, we applied the acaricide tau-fluvalinate to the colonies via a strip formulation. The pesticide content was determined by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS in bees from brood comb initially collected in mid-September immediately prior to the start of tau-fluvalinate treatment and 30 later at the time of tau-fluvalinate strip removal. RESULTS In addition to commonly analyzed pesticides, we detected two plant growth regulators, chlormequat and metazachlor, in the bee colonies. Whereas thiacloprid, chlormequat and acetamiprid decreased after 30 days and contributed considerably to differences between sample time points, other pesticides appeared to be rather stable. Interestingly, we identified diazinon, which has been banned in the European Union since 2007. The residues of methiocarb sulfoxide and imidacloprid-urea in the absence of their parent compounds indicate historical environmental contamination that can be identified by the detection of residues in a bee colony. tau-Fluvalinate was detected only after the 30-day treatment at an average (± SD) concentration of 1.29 ± 1.93 ng/bee, ranging from 0.06 to 7.13 ng/bee. CONCLUSION The multidimensional behavior of pesticides in a bee colony was indicated. Although the research area is used for agriculture, the measured pesticide level was relatively low. The recorded concentrations of tau-fluvalinate should not be dangerous to bees, as the values were ∼ 200-5000-fold lower than the reported median lethal dose (LD50 ) values. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jan Hubert
- Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
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Calatayud-Vernich P, Calatayud F, Simó E, Pascual Aguilar JA, Picó Y. A two-year monitoring of pesticide hazard in-hive: High honey bee mortality rates during insecticide poisoning episodes in apiaries located near agricultural settings. Chemosphere 2019; 232:471-480. [PMID: 31163323 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues in beebread, live and dead honey bees, together with honey bee death rate were monitored from June 2016 to June 2018 in three apiaries, located near agricultural settings and in wildlands. Dead honey bees were only collected and analyzed when significant mortality episodes occurred and pesticide content in beeswax of each experimental apiary was evaluated at the beginning of the study. Samples were extracted by a modified QuEChERS procedure and screened for pesticides residues by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Pesticide hazard in the samples was evaluated through the hazard quotient approach (HQ). Beebread was widely contaminated with coumaphos and amitraz degradate 2, 4-dimethylphenylformamide (DMF), miticides detected in 94 and 97% of samples respectively. However, insecticides sprayed during citrus bloom like chlorpyrifos (up to 167 ng g -1) and dimethoate (up to 34 ng g -1) were the main responsible of the relevant pesticide hazard in this matrix. Pesticide levels in live bees were mostly residual, and pesticide hazard was low. Beeswax of the apiaries, contaminated by miticides, revealed a low pesticide hazard to honey bee colonies. Acute mortality episodes occurred only in the two apiaries located near agricultural settings. Dead bees collected during these episodes revealed high levels (up to 2700 ng g -1) of chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, omethoate and imidacloprid. HQ calculated in dead bees exceeded up to 37 times the threshold value considered as elevated hazard to honey bee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Calatayud-Vernich
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Research Center on Desertification (CIDE, UV-CSIC-GV), Moncada-Naquera Road Km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain.
| | - Fernando Calatayud
- Agrupación de Defensa Sanitaria Apícola (apiADS), Montroi-Turís Road, 46193, Montroi, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Simó
- Agrupación de Defensa Sanitaria Apícola (apiADS), Montroi-Turís Road, 46193, Montroi, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Pascual Aguilar
- Centro para el Conocimiento del Paisaje, Calle Rocha del Cine 41, 12415, Matet, Castellón, Spain; Instituto Imdea Agua. Unidad de Geomática. IMDEA Water Institute, Avda. Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Research Center on Desertification (CIDE, UV-CSIC-GV), Moncada-Naquera Road Km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
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Kasiotis KM, Tzouganaki ZD, Machera K. Chromatographic determination of monoterpenes and other acaricides in honeybees: Prevalence and possible synergies. Sci Total Environ 2018; 625:96-105. [PMID: 29289011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos M Kasiotis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561, Athens, Greece.
| | - Zampia D Tzouganaki
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Machera
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561, Athens, Greece.
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Hakme E, Lozano A, Gómez-Ramos MM, Hernando MD, Fernández-Alba AR. Non-target evaluation of contaminants in honey bees and pollen samples by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 2017; 184:1310-1319. [PMID: 28679151 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a non-targeted screening approach for the detection and quantitation of contaminants in bees and pollen, collected from the same hive, by GC-EI-ToF-MS. It consists of a spectral library datasets search using a compound database followed by a manual investigation and analytical standard confirmation together with semi-quantitation purposes. Over 20% of the compounds found automatically by the library search could not be confirmed manually. This number of false positive detections was mainly a consequence of an inadequate ion ratio criterion (±30%), not considered in the automatic searching procedure. Eight compounds were detected in bees and pollen. They include insecticides/acaricides (chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, fluvalinate-tau, chlorfenvinphos, pyridaben, and propyl cresol) at a concentration range of 1-1207 μg kg-1, herbicides (oxyfluorfen) at a concentration range of 212-1773 μg kg-1 and a growth regulator hormone (methoprene). Some compounds were detected only in pollen; such as herbicides (clomazone), insecticides/acaricides and fungicides used to control Varroa mites as benzylbenzoate, bufencarb, allethrin, permethrin, eugenol and cyprodinil. Additional compounds were detected only in bees: flamprop-methyl, 2-methylphenol (2-49 μg kg-1) and naphthalene (1-23 μg kg-1). The proposed method presents important advantages as it can avoid the use of an unachievable number of analytical standards considered target compounds "a priori" but not present in the analyzed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hakme
- University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - A Lozano
- University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - M M Gómez-Ramos
- University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - M D Hernando
- National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - A R Fernández-Alba
- University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120, Almería, Spain.
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Harriet J, Campá JP, Grajales M, Lhéritier C, Gómez Pajuelo A, Mendoza-Spina Y, Carrasco-Letelier L. Agricultural pesticides and veterinary substances in Uruguayan beeswax. Chemosphere 2017; 177:77-83. [PMID: 28284118 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, Uruguay has expanded and intensified its rainfed crop production. This process has affected beekeeping in several ways: for example, by reducing the space available. This has increased the density of apiaries, the risk of varroosis and acaricide use. Additionally, the dominance of no-tillage crops has increased the frequencies of application and of loads of pesticides in regions where such crops share the land with beekeeping and honey production. Therefore, the exposure of bees to xenobiotics (agricultural pesticides and veterinary products) has increased in line with pollution of hives and their products. To document pollution from hive exposure to pesticides, we surveyed the presence of 30 xenobiotics normally used in Uruguay, in recycled beeswax (RB) and in honey cappings (HC) from the main Uruguayan beekeeping regions. There was contamination of all the analyzed samples (RB and HC) with the herbicide atrazine at a range of 1-2 ng g-1. At least three or four additional xenobiotics were detected: insecticides (chlorpyrifos-ethyl and thiacloprid); fungicides (azoxystrobin and tebuconazole); and veterinary products (coumaphos, ethion, and tau-fluvalinate). The frequency of detection of chlorpyrifos-ethyl and coumaphos in RB samples was higher than in those of HC. Moreover, the concentrations of azoxystrobin, coumaphos, and tebuconazole in RB samples were higher than in HC samples. Therefore, we suggest the use of HC to produce recycled printed beeswax films for use in hives to minimize pollution transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Harriet
- Sección Apicultura, Dirección de Laboratorios Veterinarios, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP), Ruta 8 Brig. J. A. Lavalleja Km 17500, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Juan Pablo Campá
- Sección Apicultura, Dirección de Laboratorios Veterinarios, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP), Ruta 8 Brig. J. A. Lavalleja Km 17500, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Sun D, Pang J, Zhou Z, Jiao B. Enantioselective environmental behavior and cytotoxicity of chiral acaricide cyflumetofen. Chemosphere 2016; 161:167-173. [PMID: 27424059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective dissipation behavior of the new acaricide cyflumetofen (CYF) in citrus and soil, and its cytotoxicity to human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells was investigated for the first time. The results of degradation experiment showed that roughly similar half-lives of (-)-CYF and (+)-CYF were achieved in citrus (16.5 and 19.8 d) and soil (6.37 and 6.99 d), respectively. EF values varied from 0.50 to 0.42 in citrus and from 0.49 to 0.48 in soil, indicating that slightly enantioselective degradation happened during experiment period. Moreover, indexes of MTT, LDH, ROS, MDA, SOD, and CAT were used to evaluate enantioselective cytotoxicity and oxidative stress of CYF enantiomers to HepG2 cells. Dose- and structure form-dependent phenomenon was observed with toxicity orders of (-)-CYF > rac-CYF > (+)-CYF. Despite the similar environmental degradation behavior, the toxicities of CYF enantiomers showed great difference, suggesting that (+)-CYF might be developed as potential substitute of rac-CYF for safety consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Sun
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Junxiao Pang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Zhiqin Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Bining Jiao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China.
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Simončič A, Stopar M, Velikonja Bolta Š, Bavčar D, Leskovšek R, Baša Česnik H. Integrated pest management of "Golden Delicious" apples. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 2015; 8:182-189. [PMID: 25848854 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1035765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of plant protection product (PPP) residues in "Golden Delicious" apples was performed in 2011-2013, where 216 active substances were analysed with three analytical methods. Integrated pest management (IPM) production and improved IPM production were compared. Results were in favour of improved IPM production. Some active compounds determined in IPM production (boscalid, pyraclostrobin, thiacloprid and thiametoxam) were not found in improved IPM production. Besides that, in 2011 and 2012, captan residues were lower in improved IPM production. Risk assessment was also performed. Chronic exposure of consumers was low in general, but showed no major differences for IPM and improved IPM production for active substances determined in both types of production. Analytical results were compared with the European Union report of 2010 where 1.3% of apple samples exceeded maximum residue levels (MRLs), while MRL exceedances were not observed in this survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Simončič
- a Department for Agroecology and Natural Resources , Agricultural Institute of Slovenia , Ljubljana , Slovenia
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13
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Perumalsamy H, Kim JY, Kim JR, Hwang KNR, Ahn YJ. Toxicity of basil oil constituents and related compounds and the efficacy of spray formulations to Dermatophagoides farinae (Acari: Pyroglyphidae). J Med Entomol 2014; 51:650-657. [PMID: 24897858 DOI: 10.1603/me13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pyroglyphid house dust mites are the most common cause of allergic symptoms in humans. An assessment was made of the toxicity of basil, Ocimum basilicum L, essential oil, 11 basil oil constituents, seven structurally related compounds, and another 22 previously known basil oil constituents to adult American house dust mites, Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes. The efficacy of four experimental spray formulations containing basil oil (1, 2, 3, and 4% sprays) was also assessed. Results were compared with those of two conventional acaricides benzyl benzoate and N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide. The active principles of basil oil were determined to be citral, alpha-terpineol, and linalool. Citral (24 h LC50, 1.13 microg/cm2) and menthol (1.69 microg/cm2) were the most toxic compounds, followed by methyl eugenol (5.78 microg/cm2). These compounds exhibited toxicity greater than benzyl benzoate (LC50, 8.41 microg/cm2) and N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (37.67 microg/cm2). Potent toxicity was also observed with eugenol, menthone, spathulenol, alpha-terpineol, nerolidol, zerumbone, and nerol (LC50, 12.52-21.44 microg/cm2). Interestingly, the sesquiterpenoid alpha-humulene, lacking only the carbonyl group present in zerumbone, was significantly less effective than zerumbone, indicating that the alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl group of zerumbone is a prerequisite component for toxicity. These compounds were consistently more toxic in closed versus open containers, indicating that their mode of delivery was largely a result of vapor action. Basil oil applied as 3 and 4% sprays provided 97 and 100% mortality against the mites, respectively, whereas permethrin (cis:trans, 25:75) 2.5 g/liter spray treatment resulted in 17% mortality. Our results indicate that practical dust mite control in indoor environments can be achieved by basil oil spray formulations (3 and 4% sprays) as potential contact-action fumigants.
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Gu X, Fang C, Yang G, Xie Y, Nong X, Zhu J, Wang S, Peng X, Yan Q. Acaricidal properties of an Ailanthus altissima bark extract against Psoroptes cuniculi and Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi in vitro. Exp Appl Acarol 2014; 62:225-232. [PMID: 24052400 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-013-9736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The potential acaricidal properties of an Ailanthus altissima bark extract were assessed against two common species of animal ectoparasitic mites, Psoroptes cuniculi and Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi, in vitro. A. altissima bark extract was obtained by ethanol thermal circumfluence and tested at four concentrations (1.0, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 g/ml) on mites collected from rabbits. Compared to the fenvalerate treatment group, the A. altissima bark exhibited significant acaricidal properties for both mite species treated. The extract of concentrations of 1.0, 0.5 and 0.25 g/ml killed all tested S. scabiei within 7 h, however, only 1.0 and 0.5 g/ml of extract killed all treated P. cuniculi. The median lethal time (LT50) values at 1, 0.5 and 0.25 g/ml were 0.60, 0.78, 1.48 h for S. scabiei and 0.74, 1.29, 3.33 h for P. cuniculi. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for P. cuniculi was approximately 1.6 times that for S. scabiei var. cuniculi at 4 h. The extract showed stronger toxicity against S. scabiei than against P. cuniculi. Mortality rates increased with increasing concentration of extract administered and with increasing time post-treatment, indicating that the acaricidal activity of A. altissima bark extract is both time-dependent and dose-dependent. This is the first report on acaricidal activity of A. altissima against P. cuniculi and S. scabiei var. cuniculi. It indicates that A. altissima contain potential acaricidal compounds. Our study is the first step to develop potentially novel compounds from A. altissima for the effective control of mites in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China,
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15
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Abd-Alrahman SH. Dissipation of hexythiozox on beans pods by HPLC-DAD. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2013; 90:504-507. [PMID: 23269442 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An effective analytical method for the residue analysis of a novel acaricide hexythiozox and its dissipation in beans pods were studied. Hexythiozox residues were extracted from beans pods samples and the extract was cleaned up according to QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD). At fortification levels of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg kg(-1) in Beans Pods, it was shown that recoveries ranged from 82.4 % to 89.6 % with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6 %-9 %. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.02 and 0.06 mg kg(-1), respectively. The dissipation half-life time of hexythiozox residues in beans pods was 12.04 days. According to maximum residue limit (MRL) 0.5 mg kg(-1), the preharvest interval (PHI) of hexythiozox on beans pods was 10 days after the treatment. Based on the results of this study and the relevant residue regulation, hexythiozox residue levels will be acceptable when applied to beans pods in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif H Abd-Alrahman
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Born FS, Bianco EM, da Camara CAG. Acaricidal and repellent activity of terpenoids from seaweeds Collected in Pernambuco, Brazil. Nat Prod Commun 2012; 7:463-466. [PMID: 22574442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
n-Hexane and dichloromethane extracts obtained from Laurencia dentroidea (Rhodophyta) and Canistrocarpus cervicornis (Phaeophyta) were investigated for their acaricidal and repellent properties against Tetranychus urticae under laboratory conditions. The two extracts displayed moderate toxicity and good repellent proprieties, and were significantly more toxic (36-fold) than the positive control (eugenol), whereas eugenol was tenfold more repellent than either seaweed extract. The sesquiterpenoid elatol (1) was isolated from L. dentroidea and the diterpenoid seco-dolastane (4R,9S,14S)-4alpha-acetoxy-9beta, 14alpha-dihydroxydolast-1(15),7-diene (2) from C. cervicornis, the chemical structures of which were characterized by NMR spectroscopic data (1H and 13C) and by comparison with literature data. These compounds exhibited moderate toxicity, but a high degree of repellent activity against T. urticae. The findings suggest that marine natural products, specifically terpenes, can be employed for the development of new pesticides and become prototype agrochemical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Souza Born
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia Agricola, Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Sn, 52.171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Pal S, Kundu C, Kanrar B, Bhattacharyya A. Persistence behaviour of milbemectin in/on tea under North-East Indian climatic condition. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2012; 88:377-380. [PMID: 22109515 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A multi-location field trial was conducted under North-East Indian climatic condition viz. Siliguri and Dooars, West Bengal, India during Monsoon 2005 to evaluate the dissipation pattern of Milbemectin formulation (Milbeknock 1% EC) in/on tea field at two application rates (5 and 10 g a.i. ha(-1)). The quantitative analysis was performed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection at 460 nm. Following the first order kinetics the acaricide dissipates with half-life (T(1/2)) value ranges between 4.93-5.28 days and 6.84-10.76 days in made tea samples of Siliguri and Dooars field, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Pal
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India
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Ravindran R, Juliet S, Sunil AR, Ajith Kumar KG, Nair SN, Amithamol KK, Bandyopadhyay A, Rawat AKS, Ghosh S. Acaricidal activity of Cassia alata against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. Exp Appl Acarol 2012; 56:69-74. [PMID: 21909822 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-011-9489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Using adult immersion test, the acaricidal activity of ethanolic extracts of leaves of Cassia alata L. was studied against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. The efficacy was assessed by measuring per cent adult mortality, inhibition of fecundity and hatching rate. The ethanolic extract of C. alata produced a concentration dependant increase in the adult tick mortality. The highest mortality (45.8%) and inhibition of fecundity (10.9%) were observed at the highest concentration tested (100 mg/ml). The plant extract did not affect egg hatchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala 673 576, India.
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Novelli A, Vieira BH, Cordeiro D, Cappelini LTD, Vieira EM, Espíndola ELG. Lethal effects of abamectin on the aquatic organisms Daphnia similis, Chironomus xanthus and Danio rerio. Chemosphere 2012; 86:36-40. [PMID: 21955349 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Abamectin is used as an acaricide and insecticide for fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants, as well as a parasiticide for animals. One of the major problems of applying pesticides to crops is the likelihood of contaminating aquatic ecosystems by drift or runoff. Therefore, toxicity tests in the laboratory are important tools to predict the effects of chemical substances in aquatic ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess the potential hazards of abamectin to the freshwater biota and consequently the possible losses of ecological services in contaminated water bodies. For this purpose, we identified the toxicity of abamectin on daphnids, insects and fish. Abamectin was highly toxic, with an EC(50) 48 h for Daphnia similis of 5.1 ng L(-1), LC(50) 96 h for Chironomus xanthus of 2.67 μg L(-1) and LC(50) 48 h for Danio rerio of 33 μg L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Novelli
- Núcleo de Estudos em Ecossistemas Aquáticos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador SanCarlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Ghasemi V, Moharramipour S, Tahmasbi G. Biological activity of some plant essential oils against Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae), an ectoparasitic mite of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Exp Appl Acarol 2011; 55:147-154. [PMID: 21484423 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-011-9457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate acaricidal activity of the essential oils of Thymus kotschyanus, Ferula assa-foetida and Eucalyptus camaldulensis against Varroa destructor under laboratory conditions. Moreover, fumigant toxicity of these oils was tested on Apis mellifera. After preliminary dose-setting experiments, mites and honey bees were exposed to different concentrations of the oil, with 10 h exposure time. Essential oil of T. kotschyanus appeared the most potent fumigant for V. destructor (LC(50) = 1.07, 95% confidence limit (CL) = 0.87-1.26 μl/l air), followed by E. camaldulensis (LC(50) = 1.74, 95% CL = 0.96-2.50 μl/l air). The lowest acaricidal activity (LC(50) = 2.46, 95% CL = 2.10-2.86 μl/l air) was attributed to essential oil of F. assa-foetida. Surprisingly, among the three oils tested, essential oil of T. kotschyanus had the lowest insecticidal activity against A. mellifera (LC(50) = 5.08, 95% CL = 4.54-5.06 μl/l air). These findings proved that essential oil of T. kotschyanus has potential of practical value for use as alternative acaricide in the management of varroa in apiaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ghasemi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
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Duhan A, Kumari B. Degradation studies of fenazaquin in soil under field and laboratory conditions. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2011; 87:180-183. [PMID: 21667312 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of fenazaquin in sandy loam soil was investigated under field and laboratory conditions. Fenazaquin (Magister 10EC) was applied @ 125 and 250 g a.i./ha in field and in pot under field capacity moisture in laboratory. Samples drawn periodically were analyzed on GC-NPD. The residues of fenazaquin in both the doses and conditions dissipated almost 90% in 90 days. Half-life period were 32.04 and 31.35 days at two doses, respectively at field conditions and 30.10 and 28.94 days at laboratory conditions. Dissipation was approximated to first order kinetics in both conditions having correlation coefficient ranging from -0.9848 to -0.9914.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Duhan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Roma GC, Furquim KCS, Bechara GH, Camargo Mathias MI. Cytotoxic effects of permethrin in oocytes of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) fully engorged females: I. Direct or indirect action of the acaricide in germ cells? Exp Appl Acarol 2011; 53:287-299. [PMID: 20960224 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-010-9401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Given the wide use of synthetic chemicals to control ticks, this study evaluated the effects of the permethrin pyrethroid on oocytes of Rhipicephalus sanguineus fully engorged females in order to examine whether this compound, in addition to the proven neurotoxic effect, also acts directly on germ cells. The results revealed that permethrin effectively inhibits and/or interrupts the reproductive process of R. sanguineus. Exposed oocytes exhibited prominent structural changes such as altered shape of cells and germ vesicle (oocyte nucleus), cytoplasmic vacuolation, and decrease of yolk granules. The composition of the latter, however, was not altered. These findings confirm those already reported by Roma et al. (Food Chem Toxicol 48:825-830, 2010) demonstrating that permethrin acts on germ cells of R. sanguineus via direct absorption from the hemolymph by pedicel cells, or by the oocyte plasmic membrane. On the other hand, these results contradict studies reporting that acaricides act exclusively on the nervous systems of ticks and that all the changes in other organs are a result from the indirect action of these chemical compounds, because blocking of the nervous system would compromise the normal metabolism of other organs (dependent on sensory information).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Cristina Roma
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Avenida 24 A, 1515, CP 199, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this work was to determine residues of acaricides in recycled Spanish beeswax. RESULTS Chlorfenvinphos, fluvalinate, amitraz, bromopropylate, acrinathrin, flumethrin, coumaphos, chlorpyrifos, chlordimeform, endosulfan and malathion residues were determined by GC-µECD/NPD/MS detection. Owing to the extreme instability of amitraz, this analyte was transformed into the stable end-metabolite 2,4-dimethylaniline, later derivatised with heptafluorobutyric anhydride and determined by GC-µECD/MS. Recoveries from spiked samples ranged from 86 to 108%, while quantification limits varied from 0.10 to 0.30 mg kg(-1) using GC-µECD/NPD, and from 12 to 85 µg kg(-1) by GC-MSD. Of a total of 197 samples analysed, only eight samples (4%) were free of residues of chlorfenvinphos (0.019-10.6 mg kg(-1)), fluvalinate was present in 93.6% of samples analysed (0.027 -88.7 mg kg(-1)), while coumaphos was confirmed in only five of the 134 samples analysed at concentrations of less than 195 µg kg(-1). The remaining acaricides were identified with different levels of incidence at concentrations from 12 to 231 µg kg(-1). CONCLUSIONS Residues of acaricides were found in an extensive number of beeswax samples. The contamination with chlorfenvinphos and tau-fluvalinate was very relevant, particularly as chlorfenvinphos is not legally authorised for use in beekeeping. The possible impacts of the main acaricides detected on larval and adult honey bees are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Serra-Bonvehí
- Research and Development Department of Nederland Co, Viladecans, Barcelona, Spain.
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Adamczyk S, Lázaro R, Pérez-Arquillué C, Bayarri S, Herrera A. Impact of the use of fluvalinate on different types of beeswax from Spanish hives. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2010; 58:733-739. [PMID: 19756841 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-009-9387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Acaricides are applied in agriculture as phytosanitary products against pests and in apiculture to control the bee parasite Varroa destructor. Poor apicultural practices could result in an accumulation of residues in honeybees, in the environment, and in beeswax and other bee products by migration from the wax comb into stored honey through a process of diffusion and consequently constitute a potential risk for humans. In this study, six different types of beeswax samples were analysed for the determination of residues of fluvalinate, coumaphos, and bromopropylate and its metabolite 4,4'-dibromobenzophenone, all of which are the most commonly acaricides used by Spanish beekeepers against V. destructor. The analytic method consists of solid-phase extraction on a SPE Florisil cartridge and high-performance liquid chromatography separation using a photo diode array detector. The results show that fluvalinate residues were detected in 36.3% of samples, ranging from 1.2 to 6.6 microg/g wax. Residues of coumaphos, bromopropylate, and 4,4'-dibromobenzophenone were not found to be greater than their detection limits. This study indicates that the analysis of these compounds in beeswax samples could be used as bioindicators of fluvalinate sanitary treatment and handling practices applied by beekeepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Adamczyk
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
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Abstract
Fifty honey samples from Virginia USA were analyzed for the presence of fluvalinate and coumaphos residues. Samples were collected from hives and from bottled honey provided by beekeepers. No coumaphos or fluvalinate residues above the limit of quantification (0.05 mg/kg) were detected in any of the samples, although trace levels (<0.05 mg/kg) of coumaphos were detected in three samples from hives and trace levels of fluvalinate were found in one hive sample. No residues were detected in any of the bottled honey samples and none of the samples exceeded the US EPA tolerance levels for either miticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Fell
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, 324 Price Hall (MC0319), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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