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Anacléto MJP, Linares MS, Faria APJ, da Silva Azevedo EP, Brasil LS, Juen L, Ligeiro R. Trichoptera Life Stages Present Distinct Responses to Environmental Conditions in Amazonian Streams. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:314-322. [PMID: 38110657 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-023-01108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Biological communities have their biodiversity patterns affected by environmental, spatial, and biogeographic factors that vary from taxa to taxa, and often between life stages. This is especially true when there are differences in the habitat the species use in each of them. Individuals of the insect order Trichoptera are mostly aquatic in their larval stage and terrestrial in their adult stage, which may result in different behaviors and environmental requirements. Our goal was to evaluate the congruence between the larval and adult stages of Trichoptera in Amazonian streams regarding their abundance, richness, and assemblage composition. Additionally, we tried to identify the main environmental factors related to each life stage. For this, larvae and adults of Trichoptera were sampled in the same sites at 12 streams in the Caxiuanã National Forest, Pará state, Brazil. Adult assemblages had greater richness of genera and abundance of individuals than the larval ones, and there was no congruence in the genera composition between these life stages. Our results also showed that different environmental variables structured Trichoptera larvae and adults. Since the sampling of larvae and adults proved to be complementary in the studied streams, we advise that Trichoptera diversity surveys consider both life stages of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José P Anacléto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
- Lab de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Marden Seabra Linares
- Instituto de Biociências, Depto de Botânica e Ecologia, Univ Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Univ Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Justino Faria
- Lab de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Lab de Zoologia, Univ Estadual Do Piauí, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Insetos Aquáticos, Campo Maior, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Schlemmer Brasil
- Lab de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Univ Federal de Mato Grosso, Pontal do Araguaia, MT, Brazil
| | - Leandro Juen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Lab de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Raphael Ligeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Lab de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
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2
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McCormick AR, Phillips JS, Botsch JC, Einarsson Á, Gardarsson A, Ives AR. Reconstructing midge consumer-resource dynamics using carbon stable isotope signatures of archived specimens. Ecology 2023; 104:e3901. [PMID: 36310437 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Population cycles can be caused by consumer-resource interactions. Confirming the role of consumer-resource interactions, however, can be challenging due to an absence of data for the resource candidate. For example, interactions between midge larvae and benthic algae likely govern the high-amplitude population fluctuations of Tanytarsus gracilentus in Lake Mývatn, Iceland, but there are no records of benthic resources concurrent with adult midge population counts. Here, we investigate consumer population dynamics using the carbon stable isotope signatures of archived T. gracilentus specimens collected from 1977 to 2015, under the assumption that midge δ13 C values reflect those of resources they consumed as larvae. We used the time series for population abundance and δ13 C to estimate interactions between midges and resources while accounting for measurement error and possible preservation effects on isotope values. Results were consistent with consumer-resource interactions: high δ13 C values preceded peaks in the midge population, and δ13 C values tended to decline after midges reached high abundance. One interpretation of this dynamic coupling is that midge isotope signatures reflect temporal variation in benthic algal δ13 C values, which we expected to mirror primary production. Following from this explanation, high benthic production (enriched δ13 C values) would contribute to increased midge abundance, and high midge abundance would result in declining benthic production (depleted δ13 C values). An additional and related explanation is that midges deplete benthic algal abundance once they reach peak densities, causing midges to increase their relative reliance on other resources including detritus and associated microorganisms. Such a shift in resource use would be consistent with the subsequent decline in midge δ13 C values. Our study adds evidence that midge-resource interactions drive T. gracilentus fluctuations and demonstrates a novel application of stable isotope time-series data to understand consumer population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R McCormick
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joseph S Phillips
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jamieson C Botsch
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Árni Einarsson
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Mývatn Research Station, Skútustaðir, Iceland
| | - Arnthor Gardarsson
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Anthony R Ives
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Kaczor M, Bulak P, Proc-Pietrycha K, Kirichenko-Babko M, Bieganowski A. The Variety of Applications of Hermetia illucens in Industrial and Agricultural Areas-Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:25. [PMID: 36671718 PMCID: PMC9855018 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae, Linnaeus, 1978), commonly known as the black soldier fly (BSF), is a saprophytic insect, which in recent years has attracted significant attention from both the scientific community and industry. The unrestrained appetite of the larvae, the ability to forage on various organic waste, and the rapid growth and low environmental impact of its breeding has made it one of the insect species bred on an industrial scale, in the hope of producing fodder or other ingredients for various animals. The variety of research related to this insect has shown that feed production is not the only benefit of its use. H. illucens has many features and properties that could be of interest from the point of view of many other industries. Biomass utilization, chitin and chitosan source, biogas, and biodiesel production, entomoremediation, the antimicrobial properties of its peptides, and the fertilizer potential of its wastes, are just some of its potential uses. This review brings together the work of four years of study into H. illucens. It summarizes the current state of knowledge and introduces the characteristics of this insect that may be helpful in managing its breeding, as well as its use in agro-industrial fields. Knowledge gaps and under-studied areas were also highlighted, which could help identify future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kaczor
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Bulak
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kinga Proc-Pietrycha
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marina Kirichenko-Babko
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, B. Khmelnitsky 15, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrzej Bieganowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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McIntosh AR, Greig HS, Howard S. Regulation of open populations of a stream insect through larval density-dependence. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1582-1595. [PMID: 35362147 PMCID: PMC9541859 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In organisms with complex life cycles, the various stages occupy different habitats creating demographically open populations. The dynamics of these populations will depend on the occurrence and timing of stochastic influences relative to demographic density dependence, but understanding of these fundamentals, especially in the face of climate warming, has been hampered by the difficulty of empirical studies. Using a logically feasible organism, we conducted a replicated density‐perturbation experiment to manipulate late‐instar larvae of nine populations of a stream caddisfly, Zelandopsyche ingens, and measured the resulting abundance over 2 years covering the complete life cycle of one cohort to evaluate influences on dynamics. Negative density feedback occurred in the larval stage, and was sufficiently strong to counteract variation in abundance due to manipulation of larval density, adult caddis dispersal in the terrestrial environment as well as downstream drift of newly hatched and older larvae in the current. This supports theory indicating regulation of open populations must involve density dependence in local populations sufficient to offset variability associated with dispersal, especially during recruitment, and pinpoints the occurrence to late in the larval life cycle and driven by food resource abundance. There were large variations in adult, egg mass and early instar abundance that were not related to abundance in the previous stage, or the manipulation, pointing to large stochastic influences. Thus, the results also highlight the complementary nature of stochastic and deterministic influences on open populations. Such density dependence will enhance population persistence in situations where variable dispersal and transitioning between life stages frequently creates mismatches between abundance and the local availability of resources, such as might become more common with climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus R McIntosh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Hamish S Greig
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.,Present address: School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, ME, USA
| | - Simon Howard
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
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Zhao M, Wang CY, Sun L, He Z, Yang PL, Liao HJ, Feng Y. Edible Aquatic Insects: Diversities, Nutrition, and Safety. Foods 2021; 10:3033. [PMID: 34945584 PMCID: PMC8700862 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible insects have great potential to be human food; among them, aquatic insects have unique characteristics and deserve special attention. Before consuming these insects, the nutrition and food safety should always be considered. In this review, we summarized the species diversity, nutrition composition, and food safety of edible aquatic insects, and also compared their distinguished characteristics with those of terrestrial insects. Generally, in contrast with the role of plant feeders that most terrestrial edible insect species play, most aquatic edible insects are carnivorous animals. Besides the differences in physiology and metabolism, there are differences in fat, fatty acid, limiting/flavor amino acid, and mineral element contents between terrestrial and aquatic insects. Furthermore, heavy metal, pesticide residue, and uric acid composition, concerning food safety, are also discussed. Combined with the nutritional characteristics of aquatic insects, it is not recommended to eat the wild resources on a large scale. For the aquatic insects with large consumption, it is better to realize the standardized cultivation before they can be safely eaten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (M.Z.); (C.-Y.W.); (L.S.); (Z.H.); (P.-L.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (M.Z.); (C.-Y.W.); (L.S.); (Z.H.); (P.-L.Y.)
| | - Long Sun
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (M.Z.); (C.-Y.W.); (L.S.); (Z.H.); (P.-L.Y.)
| | - Zhao He
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (M.Z.); (C.-Y.W.); (L.S.); (Z.H.); (P.-L.Y.)
| | - Pan-Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (M.Z.); (C.-Y.W.); (L.S.); (Z.H.); (P.-L.Y.)
| | - Huai-Jian Liao
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (M.Z.); (C.-Y.W.); (L.S.); (Z.H.); (P.-L.Y.)
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6
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Dispersal and Migration Patterns of Freshwater Semiaquatic Bugs. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12110976. [PMID: 34821777 PMCID: PMC8624209 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Semiaquatic bugs have colonized the water surface of most aquatic habitats, from small and temporary puddles and streams to the open ocean. Most semiaquatic bugs are wing-polymorphic, as some individuals have fully developed wings (macropterous) and others have shortened wings (brachypterous) or are wingless (apterous). This is characteristic for most temperate water striders, common on lakes, fishponds, and pools around the world. The report presented here is based on the collection of more than 23,000 individuals of nine species of semiaquatic bugs that were individually marked by a unique code and released. The recaptures revealed several distinct dispersal strategies, with differences among individual species. Collection of the marked bugs also helped to describe dispersal via the water surface by flightless individuals. Using the results of the presented survey, our knowledge of these interesting insects is considerably extended, and it can help us to understand the general dispersal patterns of aquatic insects. Abstract Semiaquatic bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) are mostly wing-polymorphic species with flight dispersal as an important life history trait, but the specific flight ability and dispersal pattern remain unexplored in most species. This report presents the results of a long-term survey based on the individual marking of more than 23,000 specimens of eight water striders (Gerridae) and a water cricket Velia caprai (Veliidae). Three distinct lentic habitats were sampled (solitary fishponds, systems of nearby fishponds and systems of small, often temporary pools) and one lotic habitat—a small forest stream. Recaptures revealed that three gerrid species tend to stay at the breeding site, but can differ in dispersal via the water surface. Reproductive flightless females disperse most actively via the water surface, possibly bypassing the trade-off between dispersal and reproduction. One species has a sex-dependent dispersal pattern, with females being rather philopatric, whereas males often disperse. Three other gerrid species are highly dispersive and tend to change breeding site. V. caprai, the only lotic species included in this survey, tend to move upstream and possibly compensate for the downstream drift.
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Rahman MATMT, Negishi JN, Akasaka T, Nakamura F. Estimates of resource transfer via winged adult insects from the hyporheic zone in a gravel-bed river. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4656-4669. [PMID: 33976838 PMCID: PMC8093731 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyporheic zone (HZ) locates below the riverbed providing habitat for macroinvertebrates from where the winged adult insects (i.e., hyporheic insects, HIs) emerge and bring out aquatic resources to the riparian zone. This study estimated mean daily flux as dry biomass (BM), carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) deriving from the dominant HI species Alloperla ishikariana (Plecoptera, Chloroperlidae) for a 4th-order gravel-bed river during the early-summer to summer periods. We hypothesized that HIs were an important contributor in total aquatic resources to the riparian zone. In 2017 and 2018, we set parallelly (May to August) and perpendicularly (June to October) oriented Malaise traps to catch the lateral and longitudinal directional dispersing winged adults of A. ishikariana, and other Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera from the river and estimated the directional fluxes of them. We further split the directional fluxes as moving away or back to the channel (for lateral) and from down- to upstream or up- to downstream (for longitudinal). Alloperla ishikariana was similar to other Plecoptera species and differed clearly from Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera in directional characteristics of resources flux, suggesting that the extent and directions of HZ-derived resource transfer depend on taxon-specific flight behaviors of HIs. Contributions of A. ishikariana to the riparian zone in total aquatic C and N transfer seasonally varied and were lower in May (5%-6%) and August (2%-4%) and the highest in July (52%-70%). These conservative estimates largely increased (9% in May) after the supplementary inclusion of Diptera (Chironomidae and Tipulidae), part of which were considered HIs. We demonstrated that HZ could seasonally contribute a significant portion of aquatic resources to the riparian zone and highlighted the potential importance of HZ in nutrient balance in the river-riparian ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza A. T. M. Tanvir Rahman
- Laboratory of Watershed Conservation and Management, Graduate School of Environmental ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Department of Environmental SciencesJahangirnagar UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Junjiro N. Negishi
- Laboratory of Watershed Conservation and Management, Faculty of Environmental Earth ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Takumi Akasaka
- Laboratory of Conservation Ecology, Department of Agriculture and Animal ScienceObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary MedicineObihiroJapan
| | - Futoshi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Ecosystem Management, Research Faculty of AgricultureHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
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Asadi Sharif E, Yahyavi B, Bayrami A, Rahim Pouran S, Atazadeh E, Singh R, Abdul Raman AA. Physicochemical and biological status of Aghlagan river, Iran: effects of seasonal changes and point source pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:15339-15349. [PMID: 33236302 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the macroinvertebrates have been widely used as bio-indicator for river water quality assessment in developed countries, its application is new in Iran and data on the health status of the most ecologically important rivers in Iran is scarce. The present study aimed at monitoring and assessing the ecological quality of Aghlagan river, northwest of Iran, using integrated physicochemical-biological approaches. A total of 14,423 samplings were carried out from the headwater to downstream sites at four stations (S1, 2, 3, 4) by a Surber sampler (30 cm × 30 cm) from June 2018 to April 2019. The results obtained from macroinvertebrate biotic index revealed that the genera of Gammarus (Amphipoda) and Baetis (Ephemeroptera) were the most abundant in all seasons. The PAST software was applied to analyze the diversity indices (Shannon-Weiner diversity, Evenness, and Simpson indices). Based on the cluster analysis, S3 established the least similarity to other stations. The average frequency of each macroinvertebrate species was determined by one-factor analysis of similarities (ANOSIM). In accordance with canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), temperature and phosphate were found as the dominant factors effecting the macroinvertebrate assemblage and distribution. Moreover, the results obtained from the biological indices concluded very good quality of S4 by Helsinhoff and EPT indices and fair quality using BMWP index. The data on the macrobenthos assemblage and dynamics in the Aghlagan river across a hydraulic gradient provided useful information on water management efforts that assist us to find sustainable solutions for the enhanced quality of the river by balancing environmental and human values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Asadi Sharif
- Department of Fisheries Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Behnaz Yahyavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Bayrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Shima Rahim Pouran
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Atazadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramesh Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Processing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Tunku Highway, Gadong, BE1410, Darussalam, Brunei
| | - Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Avoidance and aggregation create consistent egg distribution patterns of congeneric caddisflies across spatially variable oviposition landscapes. Oecologia 2020; 192:375-389. [PMID: 31938883 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Amongst oviparous animals, the spatial distribution of individuals is often set initially by where females lay eggs, with potential implications for populations and species coexistence. Do the spatial arrangements of oviposition sites or female behaviours determine spatial patterns of eggs? The consequences of spatial patterns may be context independent if strong behaviours drive patterns; context dependent if the local environment dominates. We tested these ideas using a guild of stream-dwelling caddisflies that oviposit on emergent rocks, focussing on genera with contrasting behaviours. In naturally occurring oviposition landscapes (riffles with emergent rocks), we surveyed the spatial arrangement and environmental characteristics of all emergent rocks, identified and enumerated egg masses on each. Multiple riffles were surveyed to test for spatially invariant patterns and behaviours. In landscapes, we tested for spatial clumping of oviposition sites exploited by each species and for segregation of congeneric species. At oviposition sites, we characterised the frequency distributions of egg masses and tested for species associations. Genus-specific behaviours produced different spatial patterns of egg masses in the same landscapes. Congregative behaviour of Ulmerochorema spp. at landscape scales and an aggregative response at preferred oviposition sites led to clumped patterns, local aggregation and species overlap. In contrast, avoidance behaviours by congeners of Apsilochorema resulted in no or weak clumping, and species segregation in some landscapes. Spatial patterns were consistent across riffles that varied in area and oviposition site density. These results suggest that quite different oviposition behaviours may be context independent, and the consequences of spatial patterns may be spatially invariant also.
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10
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Bino G, Kingsford RT, Archer M, Connolly JH, Day J, Dias K, Goldney D, Gongora J, Grant T, Griffiths J, Hawke T, Klamt M, Lunney D, Mijangos L, Munks S, Sherwin W, Serena M, Temple-Smith P, Thomas J, Williams G, Whittington C. The platypus: evolutionary history, biology, and an uncertain future. J Mammal 2019; 100:308-327. [PMID: 31043761 PMCID: PMC6479513 DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is one of the world's most evolutionarily distinct mammals, one of five extant species of egg-laying mammals, and the only living species within the family Ornithorhynchidae. Modern platypuses are endemic to eastern mainland Australia, Tasmania, and adjacent King Island, with a small introduced population on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, and are widely distributed in permanent river systems from tropical to alpine environments. Accumulating knowledge and technological advancements have provided insights into many aspects of its evolutionary history and biology but have also raised concern about significant knowledge gaps surrounding distribution, population sizes, and trends. The platypus' distribution coincides with many of Australia's major threatening processes, including highly regulated and disrupted rivers, intensive habitat destruction, and fragmentation, and they were extensively hunted for their fur until the early 20th century. Emerging evidence of local population declines and extinctions identifies that ecological thresholds have been crossed in some populations and, if threats are not addressed, the species will continue to decline. In 2016, the IUCN Red Listing for the platypus was elevated to "Near Threatened," but the platypus remains unlisted on threatened species schedules of any Australian state, apart from South Australia, or nationally. In this synthesis, we review the evolutionary history, genetics, biology, and ecology of this extraordinary mammal and highlight prevailing threats. We also outline future research directions and challenges that need to be met to help conserve the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Bino
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard T Kingsford
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Archer
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanne H Connolly
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jenna Day
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kimberly Dias
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Goldney
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jaime Gongora
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tom Grant
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Tahneal Hawke
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa Klamt
- Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Lunney
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Office of Environment and Heritage, Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luis Mijangos
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Munks
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.,Forest Practices Authority, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - William Sherwin
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melody Serena
- Australian Platypus Conservancy, Wiseleigh, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Temple-Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Geoff Williams
- Australian Platypus Conservancy, Wiseleigh, Victoria, Australia
| | - Camilla Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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