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Snowball JM, Jarrold BB, DeAngelis Y, Li C, Rovito HA, Hare MC, Laughlin T, Evdokiou AL, Oblong JE. Integration of transcriptomics and spatial biology analyses reveals Galactomyces ferment filtrate promotes epidermal interconnectivity via induction of keratinocyte differentiation, proliferation and cellular bioenergetics. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024. [PMID: 38924095 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human skin is the first line of defence from environmental factors such as solar radiation and is susceptible to premature ageing, including a disruption in epidermal differentiation and homeostasis. We evaluated the impact of a Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate (GFF) on epidermal differentiation and response to oxidative stress. METHODS We used transcriptomics, both spatial and traditional, to assess the impact of GFF on epidermal biology and homeostasis in keratinocytes (primary or immortalized) and in ex vivo skin explant tissue. The effect of GFF on cell adhesion rates, cellular ATP levels and proliferation rates were quantitated. Oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic rates were measured under normal and stress-induced conditions. RESULTS Transcriptomics from keratinocytes and ex vivo skin explants from multiple donors show GFF induces keratinocyte differentiation, skin barrier development and cell adhesion while simultaneously repressing cellular stress and inflammatory related processes. Spatial transcriptomics profiling of ex vivo skin indicated basal keratinocytes at the epidermal-dermal junction and cornifying keratinocytes in the top layer of the epidermis as the primary cell types influenced by GFF treatment. Additionally, GFF significantly increases crosstalk between suprabasal and basal keratinocytes. To support these findings, we show that GFF can significantly increase cell adhesion and proliferation in keratinocytes. GFF also protected overall cellular bioenergetics under metabolic or oxidative stress conditions. CONCLUSION Our findings provide novel insights into cellular differences and epidermal spatial localization in response to GFF, supporting previous findings that this filtrate has a significant impact on epidermal biology and homeostasis, particularly on spatially defined crosstalk. We propose that GFF can help maintain epidermal health by enhancing keratinocyte crosstalk and differentiation/proliferation balance as well as promoting an enhanced response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chuiying Li
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Wang Y, Niu Y, Ye C, He X, Frederique L, Zhang Z, Hsu K, Lin X, Andrew S, Zhang X, Frederic F, Wu Y. Efficacy of a moisturizing cream and facial mask for alleviating skin problems associated with medical mask use: A half-face, randomized controlled study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:2097-2102. [PMID: 38400600 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged use of medical masks has increased skin-related issues. AIM To evaluate the efficacy of a facial cream and facial mask in mitigating medical mask related skin symptoms. METHODS Healthy women were randomly assigned to apply a facial cream (n = 32) or a facial mask plus a facial cream (n = 32) on half-faces after wearing medical masks for 4 h (Tb). Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), dryness score, and redness area were assessed at Tb and 10 min after using the cream (T1) in the facial cream group, and at Tb, 1 h after using the facial mask (T2), and 10 min after using the cream (T3) in the combined use group. RESULTS In the facial cream group, the treated half-face showed significantly better improvements from Tb to T1 in TEWL (-2.95 ± 0.38 vs. -0.68 ± 0.35 g/h·cm2, p < 0.001) and skin dryness score (-1.00 ± 0.12 vs. 0.00 ± 0.00, p < 0.001). In the combined use group, the treated half-face showed significantly better improvements from Tb to T2 and T3 in TEWL (T2, -3.46 ± 0.33 vs. -0.09 ± 0.13 g/h·cm2; T3, -4.67 ± 0.31 vs. -0.28 ± 0.22 g/h·cm2) and skin dryness score (T2, -0.63 ± 0.13 vs. 0.03 ± 0.03; T3, -0.94 ± 0.17 vs. 0.19 ± 0.07) (all p < 0.001) then the untreated half-face. The combined use group had significantly lower TEWL at T3 than T2 (p < 0.05). The reduction in redness area was similar between the treated and untreated half-faces in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The test facial cream and mask significantly improved skin barrier function and alleviated dryness symptoms associated with medical mask use, with the combined use offering superior benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Research and Innovation Center, L'Oréal China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueqing Niu
- Research and Innovation Center, L'Oréal China, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengda Ye
- Research and Innovation Center, L'Oréal China, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng He
- Research and Innovation Center, L'Oréal China, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Zhongxing Zhang
- L'Oreal Dermatological Beauty, L'Oréal China, Shanghai, China
| | - Kungchi Hsu
- Research and Innovation Center, L'Oréal China, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinrong Lin
- Research and Innovation Center, L'Oréal China, Shanghai, China
| | - Steel Andrew
- Research and Innovation Center, L'Oréal China, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianghua Zhang
- L'Oreal Dermatological Beauty, L'Oréal China, Shanghai, China
| | - Flament Frederic
- Research and Innovation Center, L'Oréal France, Chevilly-Larue, France
| | - Yan Wu
- Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Significant Reversal of Facial Wrinkle, Pigmented Spot and Roughness by Daily Application of Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate-Containing Skin Products for 12 Months-An 11-Year Longitudinal Skin Aging Rejuvenation Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031168. [PMID: 36769815 PMCID: PMC9917576 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial skin aging is an important psychophysical and social concern, especially in women. We compared facial parameters reflecting aging of the skin in 1999 and 2010 in 86 female volunteers. Then, all subjects applied three Galactomyces ferment filtrate-containing skin care products (G3 products; SK-II Facial Treatment Essence, SK-II Cellumination Essence, and SK-II Skin Signature Cream) twice daily for 12 months (M), with the skin parameters being measured at 2 M, 8 M, and 12 M during this period. Facial skin aging parameters such as wrinkles, hyperpigmented spots, and roughness significantly deteriorated during the 11-year interval. This 11-year aging process was associated with reduced hydration and increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Notably, treatment with G3 products significantly and cumulatively increased skin hydration with a correlated reduction of TEWL during the 12 M treatment period. Such treatment also significantly and cumulatively reversed the 11-year facial skin aging in the three parameters of wrinkles, spots, and roughness. These results suggest that facial skin retains the potential to recover from the aging process when it is applied with appropriate cosmetic agents.
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Yan X, Tsuji G, Hashimoto-Hachiya A, Furue M. Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate Potentiates an Anti-Inflammaging System in Keratinocytes. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6338. [PMID: 36362566 PMCID: PMC9657190 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Skincare products play a crucial role in preventing the dry skin induced by various causes. Certain ingredients can help to improve the efficacy of skincare products. Galactomyces ferment filtrate (GFF) is such a functional ingredient. Its use originated from the empirical observation that the hands of sake brewers who deal with yeast fermentation retain a beautiful and youthful appearance. Consequently, skincare products based on GFF are widely used throughout the world. Recent studies have demonstrated that GFF activates an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and upregulates the expression of filaggrin, a pivotal endogenous source of natural moisturizing factors, in epidermal keratinocytes. It also activates nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2), the antioxidative master transcription factor, and exhibits potent antioxidative activity against oxidative stress induced by ultraviolet irradiation and proinflammatory cytokines, which also accelerate inflammaging. GFF-mediated NRF2 activation downregulates the expression of CDKN2A, which is known to be overexpressed in senescent keratinocytes. Moreover, GFF enhances epidermal terminal differentiation by upregulating the expression of caspase-14, claudin-1, and claudin-4. It also promotes the synthesis of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-37 and downregulates the expression of proallergic cytokine IL-33 in keratinocytes. In addition, GFF downregulates the expression of the CXCL14 and IL6R genes, which are involved in inflammaging. These beneficial properties might underpin the potent barrier-protecting and anti-inflammaging effects of GFF-containing skin formulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Yan
- SK-II Science Communications, Kobe Innovation Center, Procter and Gamble Innovation, Kobe 651-0088, Japan
| | - Gaku Tsuji
- Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akiko Hashimoto-Hachiya
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Nakajima A, Sakae N, Yan X, Hakozaki T, Zhao W, Laughlin T, Furue M. Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Keratinocytes Treated with Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate, a Beneficial Cosmetic Ingredient. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164645. [PMID: 36012891 PMCID: PMC9409768 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactomyces ferment filtrate (GFF, Pitera™) is a cosmetic ingredient known to have multiple skin care benefits, such as reducing redness and pore size via the topical application of its moisturizer form. Although GFF is known to act partly as an antioxidative agonist for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), its significance in keratinocyte biology is not fully understood. In this study, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis of GFF-treated human keratinocytes. Three different lots of GFF consistently modulated 99 (22 upregulated and 77 downregulated) genes, including upregulating cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), a specific downstream gene for AHR activation. GFF also enhanced the expression of epidermal differentiation/barrier-related genes, such as small proline-rich proteins 1A and 1B (SPRR1A and SPRR1B), as well as wound healing-related genes such as serpin B2 (SERPINB2). Genes encoding components of tight junctions claudin-1 (CLDN1) and claudin-4 (CLDN4) were also target genes upregulated in the GFF-treated keratinocytes. In contrast, the three lots of GFF consistently downregulated the expression of inflammation-related genes such as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14 (CXCL14) and interleukin-6 receptor (IL6R). These results highlight the beneficial properties of GFF in maintaining keratinocyte homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nakajima
- Kobe Innovation Center, Procter and Gamble Innovation GK, Kobe 651-0088, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Nahoko Sakae
- Kobe Innovation Center, Procter and Gamble Innovation GK, Kobe 651-0088, Japan
| | - Xianghong Yan
- Kobe Innovation Center, Procter and Gamble Innovation GK, Kobe 651-0088, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hakozaki
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Wenzhu Zhao
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Timothy Laughlin
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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