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Zhang X, Zhang J, Shang Z, Duan Y, Du Y, Kan B, Yang S. Linear and non-linear relationships between body fat mass distribution and bone mineral density in adults: The NHANES, 2011-2018. Prev Med 2024; 186:108092. [PMID: 39117151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between body fat mass and bone mineral density (BMD) remains controversial. This research aimed to explore the linear or non-linear relationship between body fat mass and BMD among adults in the United States. METHODS This cross-sectional study identified adults aged 18 years or older in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 to 2018. After adjusting for covariates, linear relationships between body fat mass and BMD in different genders were tested by generalized linear models, and potential non-linear relationships were explored by generalized additive models and piecewise linear regression models. RESULTS The research included 4691 (57.9% of the total sample) males and 3417 (42.1% the of total sample) females. In both males and females, we found a negative association between android or total body fat mass and lumbar spine BMD and a positive association between appendicular, android, gynoid, or total body fat mass and whole body BMD (all P < 0.05). The relationships between body fat mass in all regions and lumbar spine BMD were U-shaped in males and inverted U-shaped in females (all Pnon-linear < 0.05). Inverted U-shaped relationships existed between body fat mass in all regions and whole body BMD in females (all Pnon-linear < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Body fat mass was negatively and linearly associated with lumbar spine BMD, but positively associated with whole body BMD. Body fat mass had a U-shaped relationship with lumbar spine BMD in males and an inverted U-shaped association with lumbar spine and whole body BMD in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhaoyue Shang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yanlin Duan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yongliang Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bo Kan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuman Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Liu H, Bao M, Liu M, Deng F, Wen X, Wan P, Lin X, Dong G, Li Z, Han J. The Association between Serum Copper and Bone Mineral Density among Adolescents Aged 12 to 19 in the United States. Nutrients 2024; 16:453. [PMID: 38337737 PMCID: PMC10857197 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone mineral density (BMD) is a key parameter widely used in the assessment of bone health. Although many investigations have explored the relationship between trace elements and BMD, there are fewer studies focused on serum copper and BMD, especially for adolescents. Using data extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we applied a multiple-linear regression and smooth curve fitting to assess the relationship between serum copper and BMD. A total of 910 participants were finally included in this study. After adjusting for relevant covariates, serum copper was negatively associated with lumbar spine BMD (β = -0.057, 95% CI: -0.109 to -0.005), trunk bone BMD (β = -0.068, 95% CI: -0.110 to -0.026), pelvis BMD (β = -0.085, 95% CI: -0.145 to -0.024), subtotal BMD (β = -0.072, 95% CI: -0.111 to -0.033), and total BMD (β = -0.051, 95% CI: -0.087 to -0.016) (p < 0.05). In quartile analysis, the highest level of serum copper was associated with decreased BMD when compared with those at the lowest quartile (p < 0.05). The stratified analysis revealed a significant interaction between age and the effects of serum copper on trunk bone BMD (p = 0.022) and pelvis BMD (p = 0.018). Meanwhile, the higher level of serum copper was negatively associated with BMD in males, and gender modified the relationship (p < 0.001). Future longitudinal studies will be necessary for a more definitive interpretation of our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobiao Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.L.); (M.B.); (F.D.); (X.W.); (P.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Miaoye Bao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.L.); (M.B.); (F.D.); (X.W.); (P.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Mian Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China;
| | - Feidan Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.L.); (M.B.); (F.D.); (X.W.); (P.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinyue Wen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.L.); (M.B.); (F.D.); (X.W.); (P.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Ping Wan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.L.); (M.B.); (F.D.); (X.W.); (P.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.L.); (M.B.); (F.D.); (X.W.); (P.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Institute of Industrial Hygiene of Ordance Industry, Xi’an 710065, China;
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.L.); (M.B.); (F.D.); (X.W.); (P.W.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.L.); (M.B.); (F.D.); (X.W.); (P.W.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
- Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 712000, China
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710061, China
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