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Liu B, Yang H, Liao Q, Wang M, Huang J, Xu R, Shan Z, Zhong H, Li T, Li C, Fu Y, Rong X. Altered gut microbiota is associated with the formation of occult hepatitis B virus infection. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0023924. [PMID: 38785430 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00239-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a common blood transmission pathogen worldwide, can lead to viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and other liver diseases. In particular, occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) may be caused by an immune response leading to suppressed virus replication. Gut microbiota can change the immunity status of the human body and, therefore, affect the replication of HBV. Thus, to identify whether there are differences in gut microbiota between HBV carriers and OBI carriers, we collected fecal samples from 18 HBV carriers, 24 OBI blood donors, and also 20 healthy blood donors as negative control. After 16S sequencing, we found that the abundance of Faecalibacterium was significantly reduced in samples from OBI blood donors compared with those from healthy blood donors. Compared with samples from HBV carriers, the samples from OBI blood donors had a significantly increased abundance of Subdoligranulum, which might stimulate immune activation, thus inhibiting HBV replication and contributing to the formation of occult infection. Our findings revealed the potential role of gut microbiota in the formation of OBI and further provided a novel strategy for the treatment of HBV infection.IMPORTANCEOccult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) is a special form of hepatitis B virus infection with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA negative. Gut microbiota may contribute to the immune response leading to suppressed virus replication and, thus, participates in the development of OBI. The study on gut microbiota of OBI blood donors provides novel data considerably advancing our understanding of the immune mechanism for the determination of occult hepatitis B virus infection, which is helpful for improving the strategy of the treatment of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochao Liu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion and Hematology, Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hualong Yang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Liao
- Institute of Blood Transfusion and Hematology, Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion and Hematology, Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jieting Huang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion and Hematology, Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ru Xu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion and Hematology, Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengang Shan
- Institute of Blood Transfusion and Hematology, Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huishan Zhong
- Institute of Blood Transfusion and Hematology, Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengyao Li
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongshui Fu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion and Hematology, Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Rong
- Institute of Blood Transfusion and Hematology, Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Zhang R, Qiu W, Sun X, Li J, Geng X, Yu S, Liu Y, Huang H, Li M, Fan Z, Li M, Lv G. Gut microbiota dynamics in a 1-year follow-up after adult liver transplantation in Northeast China. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1266635. [PMID: 38187130 PMCID: PMC10766776 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1266635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Liver transplantation (LTx) is the most effective treatment for end-stage liver diseases. Gut microorganisms influence the host physiology. We aim to profile the dynamics of gut microbiota in the perioperative period and a 1-year follow-up of LTx recipients in Northeast China. Methods: A total of 257 fecal samples were longitudinally collected from 85 LTx patients using anal swabs from pre-LTx to 1-year post-LTx. A total of 48 fecal samples from end-stage liver disease patients without LTx served as the control. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze gut microbiota diversity, bacterial genera, phenotype classification, and metabolic pathways. Results: The diversity of gut microbiota decreased significantly after transplantation, accompanied by a profound change in the microbial structure, which is characterized by increased abundance of facultative anaerobic bacteria dominated by g_Enterococcus and reduced anaerobic bacteria composition. Predicted functional analysis also revealed disturbances in the metabolic pathway of the gut microbiota. After LTx, the diversity of microbiota gradually recovered but to a less preoperative level after 1 year of recovery. Compared with pre-transplantation, the microbiome structure was characterized by an increase in Acidaminococcus and Acidithiobacillus after 1 year of transplantation. Conclusion: LTx and perioperative treatment triggered gut microbial dysbiosis. The gut microbiota was restructured after LTx to near to but significantly differed from that of pre-LTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaochen Geng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shichao Yu
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Heyu Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhongqi Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mingqian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Magdy Wasfy R, Mbaye B, Borentain P, Tidjani Alou M, Murillo Ruiz ML, Caputo A, Andrieu C, Armstrong N, Million M, Gerolami R. Ethanol-Producing Enterocloster bolteae Is Enriched in Chronic Hepatitis B-Associated Gut Dysbiosis: A Case-Control Culturomics Study. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2437. [PMID: 37894093 PMCID: PMC10608849 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health epidemic that causes fatal complications, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The link between HBV-related dysbiosis and specific bacterial taxa is still under investigation. Enterocloster is emerging as a new genus (formerly Clostridium), including Enterocloster bolteae, a gut pathogen previously associated with dysbiosis and human diseases such as autism, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Its role in liver diseases, especially HBV infection, is not reported. METHODS The fecal samples of eight patients with chronic HBV infection and ten healthy individuals were analyzed using the high-throughput culturomics approach and compared to 16S rRNA sequencing. Quantification of ethanol, known for its damaging effect on the liver, produced from bacterial strains enriched in chronic HBV was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Using culturomics, 29,120 isolated colonies were analyzed by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF); 340 species were identified (240 species in chronic HBV samples, 254 species in control samples) belonging to 169 genera and 6 phyla. In the chronic HBV group, 65 species were already known in the literature; 48 were associated with humans but had not been previously found in the gut, and 17 had never been associated with humans previously. Six species were newly isolated in our study. By comparing bacterial species frequency, three bacterial genera were serendipitously found with significantly enriched bacterial diversity in patients with chronic HBV: Enterocloster, Clostridium, and Streptococcus (p = 0.0016, p = 0.041, p = 0.053, respectively). However, metagenomics could not identify this enrichment, possibly concerning its insufficient taxonomical resolution (equivocal assignment of operational taxonomic units). At the species level, the significantly enriched species in the chronic HBV group almost all belonged to class Clostridia, such as Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium sporogenes, Enterocloster aldenensis, Enterocloster bolteae, Enterocloster clostridioformis, and Clostridium innocuum. Two E. bolteae strains, isolated from two patients with chronic HBV infection, showed high ethanol production (27 and 200 mM). CONCLUSIONS Culturomics allowed us to identify Enterocloster species, specifically, E. bolteae, enriched in the gut microbiota of patients with chronic HBV. These species had never been isolated in chronic HBV infection before. Moreover, ethanol production by E. bolteae strains isolated from the chronic HBV group could contribute to liver disease progression. Additionally, culturomics might be critical for better elucidating the relationship between dysbiosis and chronic HBV infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Magdy Wasfy
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France (M.T.A.); (C.A.)
- MEPHI, IRD, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Babacar Mbaye
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France (M.T.A.); (C.A.)
- MEPHI, IRD, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Borentain
- Unité Hépatologie, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Maryam Tidjani Alou
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France (M.T.A.); (C.A.)
- MEPHI, IRD, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Maria Leticia Murillo Ruiz
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France (M.T.A.); (C.A.)
- MEPHI, IRD, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Aurelia Caputo
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France (M.T.A.); (C.A.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Claudia Andrieu
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France (M.T.A.); (C.A.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Nicholas Armstrong
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France (M.T.A.); (C.A.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu Million
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France (M.T.A.); (C.A.)
- MEPHI, IRD, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Rene Gerolami
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France (M.T.A.); (C.A.)
- MEPHI, IRD, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité Hépatologie, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), 13005 Marseille, France
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Long J, Gong J, Zhu H, Liu X, Li L, Chen B, Ren H, Liu C, Lu H, Zhang J, Wang B. Difference of gut microbiota between patients with negative and positive HBeAg in chronic hepatitis B and the effect of tenofovir alafenamide on intestinal flora. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1232180. [PMID: 37799607 PMCID: PMC10548823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1232180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe liver diseases, such as liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, are mainly caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). This study investigated the differences between gut microbiota in HBeAg-positive and negative groups of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and investigated the effect of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) on gut microbiota. Methods This prospective study included patients with CHB not taking nucleoside antivirals (No-NAs group, n = 95) and those taking TAF (TAF group, n = 60). We divided CHB patients into two groups according to the HBeAg status of the subjects on the day of data collection. Phase 1 are HBeAg-negative patients and phase 2 are HBeAg-positive patients. We investigated the improvement of clinical symptoms by TAF, as well as differences in gut microbiota between different groups by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Results Gut microbiota demonstrated significant differences between patients with HBeAg-positive and -negative CHB. Both the No-NAs and TAF Phase 2 subgroups demonstrated significantly increased microbiota richness and diversity, showing greater heterogeneity. Additionally, the Phase 2 subgroup exhibited a low abundance of pathways associated with glucose metabolism and amino acid metabolism. The TAF group demonstrated a significantly decreased HBV load, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase and a significant increase in prealbumin compared with the No-NAs group. No significant difference was found in uric acid, creatinine, blood calcium, inorganic phosphorus, eGFR, and β2-microglobulin concentrations between the two groups. Additionally, the urea level in the TAF group was significantly lower than that in the No-NAs group, but with no significant effect on other indicators such as eGFR and β2-microglobulin. Conclusion This study revealed significant differences in gut microbiota composition and function between patients with HBeAg-positive and -negative CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingru Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Jing’an District Central Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bicui Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- Shanghai Mobio Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Shanghai Mobio Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Huiping Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jing’An Branch of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Jing’an District Central Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Reuben RC, Beugnon R, Jurburg SD. COVID-19 alters human microbiomes: a meta-analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1211348. [PMID: 37600938 PMCID: PMC10433767 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1211348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected a substantial portion of the world's population, and novel consequences of COVID-19 on the human body are continuously being uncovered. The human microbiome plays an essential role in host health and well-being, and multiple studies targeting specific populations have reported altered microbiomes in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Given the global scale and massive incidence of COVID on the global population, determining whether the effects of COVID-19 on the human microbiome are consistent and generalizable across populations is essential. Methods We performed a synthesis of human microbiome responses to COVID-19. We collected 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence data from 11 studies sampling the oral and nasopharyngeal or gut microbiome of COVID-19-infected and uninfected subjects. Our synthesis included 1,159 respiratory (oral and nasopharyngeal) microbiome samples and 267 gut microbiome samples from patients in 11 cities across four countries. Results Our reanalyses revealed communitywide alterations in the respiratory and gut microbiomes across human populations. We found significant overall reductions in the gut microbial diversity of COVID-19-infected patients, but not in the respiratory microbiome. Furthermore, we found more consistent community shifts in the gut microbiomes of infected patients than in the respiratory microbiomes, although the microbiomes in both sites exhibited higher host-to-host variation in infected patients. In respiratory microbiomes, COVID-19 infection resulted in an increase in the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria, including Mycoplasma. Discussion Our findings shed light on the impact of COVID-19 on the human-associated microbiome across populations, and highlight the need for further research into the relationship between long-term effects of COVID-19 and altered microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rine Christopher Reuben
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rémy Beugnon
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Stephanie D. Jurburg
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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Research Progress of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Liver Diseases. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041683. [PMID: 36836218 PMCID: PMC9960958 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggested that gut microbiota is associated with liver diseases through the gut-liver axis. The imbalance of gut microbiota could be correlated with the occurrence, development, and prognosis of a series of liver diseases, including alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) seems to be a method to normalize the patient's gut microbiota. This method has been traced back to the 4th century. In recent decade, FMT has been highly regarded in several clinical trials. As a novel approach to reconstruct the intestinal microecological balance, FMT has been used to treat the chronic liver diseases. Therefore, in this review, the role of FMT in the treatment of liver diseases was summarized. In addition, the relationship between gut and liver was explored through the gut-liver axis, and the definition, objectives, advantages, and procedures of FMT were described. Finally, the clinical value of FMT therapy in liver transplant (LT) recipients was briefly discussed.
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Shen Y, Wu SD, Chen Y, Li XY, Zhu Q, Nakayama K, Zhang WQ, Weng CZ, Zhang J, Wang HK, Wu J, Jiang W. Alterations in gut microbiome and metabolomics in chronic hepatitis B infection-associated liver disease and their impact on peripheral immune response. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2155018. [PMID: 36519342 PMCID: PMC9757487 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2155018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis has been reported in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection, however its role in CHB progression and antiviral treatment remains to be clarified. Herein, the present study aimed to characterize gut microbiota (GM) in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection-associated liver diseases (HBV-CLD) by combining microbiome with metabolome analyses and to evaluate their effects on peripheral immunity. Fecal samples from HBV-CLD patients (n = 64) and healthy controls (n = 17) were collected for 16s rRNA sequencing. Fecal metabolomics was measured with untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in subgroups of 58 subjects. Lineage changes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were determined upon exposure to bacterial extracts (BE) from HBV-CLD patients. Integrated analyses of microbiome with metabolome revealed a remarkable shift of gut microbiota and metabolites in HBV-CLD patients, and disease progression and antiviral treatment were found to be two main contributing factors for the shift. Concordant decreases in Turicibacter with 4-hydroxyretinoic acid were detected to be inversely correlated with serum AST levels through host-microbiota-metabolite interaction analysis in cirrhotic patients. Moreover, depletion of E.hallii group with elevated choline was restored in patients with 5-year antiviral treatment. PBMC exposure to BE from non-cirrhotic patients enhanced expansion of T helper 17 cells; however, BE from cirrhotics attenuated T helper 1 cell count. CHB progression and antiviral treatment are two main factors contributing to the compositional shift in microbiome and metabolome of HBV-CLD patients. Peripheral immunity might be an intermediate link in gut microbe-host interplay underlying CHB pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Di Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China,Department of Gastroenterology& Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen Branch of Fudan University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yue Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Kiyoko Nakayama
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan-Qin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Zhao Weng
- Department of Gastroenterology& Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen Branch of Fudan University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology& Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen Branch of Fudan University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hai-Kun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China,Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China,Jian Wu Department of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 138 Yixue Yuan Road, P. O. Box 228, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China,Department of Gastroenterology& Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen Branch of Fudan University, Xiamen, China,CONTACT Wei Jiang Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen Branch of Fudan University,180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
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Nguyen HH, Lee SS. Fluctuating hepatitis B viremia: Full of sound and fury, signifying nothing? Saudi J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:319-321. [PMID: 35946260 PMCID: PMC9752534 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_307_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Henry H. Nguyen
- Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Canada
| | - Samuel S. Lee
- Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Canada,Address for correspondence: Dr. Samuel S. Lee, Health Science Centre, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1. E-mail:
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Li YG, Yu ZJ, Li A, Ren ZG. Gut microbiota alteration and modulation in hepatitis B virus-related fibrosis and complications: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic inventions. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:3555-3572. [PMID: 36161048 PMCID: PMC9372803 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i28.3555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has posed a threat to public health, mainly resulting in liver damage. With long-term accumulation of extracellular matrix, patients with chronic hepatitis B are at high risk of developing into liver fibrosis and cirrhosis and even life-threatening hepatic carcinoma. The occurrence of complications such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatic encephalopathy greatly increases disability and mortality. With deeper understanding of the bidirectional interaction between the liver and the gut (gut-liver axis), there is a growing consensus that the human health closely relates to the gut microbiota. Supported by animal and human studies, the gut microbiota alters as the HBV-related liver fibrosis initials and progresses, characterized as the decrease of the ratio between “good” and “potentially pathogenic” microbes. When the primary disease is controlled via antiviral treatment, the gut microbiota dysfunction tends to be improved. Conversely, the recovery of gut microbiota can promote the regression of liver fibrosis. Therapeutic strategies targeted on gut microbiota (rifaximin, probiotics, engineered probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation) have been applied to animal models and patients, obtaining satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Guang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Zu-Jiang Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Ang Li
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
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10
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Li R, Yi X, Yang J, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Liu X, Huang X, Wan Y, Fu X, Shu W, Zhang W, Wang Z. Gut Microbiome Signatures in the Progression of Hepatitis B Virus-Induced Liver Disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:916061. [PMID: 35733959 PMCID: PMC9208012 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.916061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced liver disease, which progresses from chronic hepatitis B, to liver cirrhosis, and eventually to hepatocellular carcinoma. Studies have analyzed the gut microbiome at each stage of HBV-induced liver diseases, but a consensus has not been reached on the microbial signatures across these stages. Here, we conducted by a systematic meta-analysis of 486 fecal samples from publicly available 16S rRNA gene datasets across all disease stages, and validated the results by a gut microbiome characterization on an independent cohort of 15 controls, 23 chronic hepatitis B, 20 liver cirrhosis, and 22 hepatocellular carcinoma patients. The integrative analyses revealed 13 genera consistently altered at each of the disease stages both in public and validation datasets, suggesting highly robust microbiome signatures. Specifically, Colidextribacter and Monoglobus were enriched in healthy controls. An unclassified Lachnospiraceae genus was specifically elevated in chronic hepatitis B, whereas Bilophia was depleted. Prevotella and Oscillibacter were depleted in liver cirrhosis. And Coprococcus and Faecalibacterium were depleted in hepatocellular carcinoma. Classifiers established using these 13 genera showed diagnostic power across all disease stages in a cross-validation between public and validation datasets (AUC = 0.65–0.832). The identified microbial taxonomy serves as non-invasive biomarkers for monitoring the progression of HBV-induced liver disease, and may contribute to microbiome-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranxi Li
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Basic and Translational Medical Research, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhu Yi
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhao Yang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Basic and Translational Medical Research, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Basic and Translational Medical Research, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xili Huang
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Basic and Translational Medical Research, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xihua Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wensheng Shu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wensheng Shu
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Science and Education, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Wenjie Zhang
| | - Zhang Wang
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Basic and Translational Medical Research, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhang Wang
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11
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Chen B, Huang H, Pan CQ. The role of gut microbiota in hepatitis B disease progression and treatment. J Viral Hepat 2022; 29:94-106. [PMID: 34415656 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Current therapeutic interventions can only suppress hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication or reduce complications without a cure. Therefore, further development of new treatment methods is critical for the global eradication of HBV. Accumulating evidence suggests that the liver and gut share an interconnected relationship referred to as the 'Gut-Liver Axis', where exchanges happen bi-directionally. The gut itself is the host to a unique microbiota profile which has metabolic, immunological, neurological and nutritional functions. Gut microbiota is not only constantly intersecting with the liver but also associated with hepatic injury when dysbiosis occurs. In recent years, there has been increased interest in gut microbiota and its implications on liver disease treatment. Progress has been made in understanding the complex relationship between chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and gut microbiota. New investigative techniques such as colony-free sequencing enabled new perspectives into this field. Mouse models and human studies revealed that HBV infection is associated with significant alteration of gut microbiota, which differ depending on the stage of CHB disease progression. Different mechanisms of the hepatic injury from gut microbiota dysbiosis have also been proposed based on findings of increased intestinal permeability to toxins, disruption of normal bacterial metabolism, and colonization of the gut by oral microbiota. New treatment methods targeting gut microbiota in CHB, such as probiotics and faecal microbiota transplant, have also gained promising results in recent years. The current review recapitulated the most recent investigations into the relationship between gut microbiota and CHB to provide research directions towards the new therapeutic target of CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Chen
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Harry Huang
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Calvin Q Pan
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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12
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Wang K, Zhang Z, Mo ZS, Yang XH, Lin BL, Peng L, Xu Y, Lei CY, Zhuang XD, Lu L, Yang RF, Chen T, Gao ZL. Gut microbiota as prognosis markers for patients with HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-15. [PMID: 34006193 PMCID: PMC8143260 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1921925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota in the hepatitis B virus related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) is poorly defined. We aim to uncover the characteristics of the gut microbiota in HBV-ACLF and in other HBV associated pathologies. We analyzed the gut microbiome in patients with HBV-ACLF or other HBV associated pathologies and healthy individuals by 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples. 212 patients with HBV-ACLF, 252 with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 162 with HBV-associated cirrhosis (HBV-LC) and 877 healthy individuals were recruited for the study. CHB and HBV-LC patients are grouped as HBV-Other. We discovered striking differences in the microbiome diversity between the HBV-ACLF, HBV-Other and healthy groups using 16S rRNA sequencing. The ratio of cocci to bacilli was significantly elevated in the HBV-ACLF group compared with healthy group. Further analysis within the HBV-ACLF group identified 52 genera showing distinct richness within the group where Enterococcus was enriched in the progression group whilst Faecalibacterium was enriched in the regression group. Metagenomic sequencing validated these findings and further uncovered an enrichment of Lactobacillus casei paracasei in progression group, while Alistipes senegalensis, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Parabacteroides merdae dominated the regression group. Importantly, our analysis revealed that there was a rapid increase of Enterococcus faecium during the progression of HBV-ACLF. The gut microbiota displayed distinct composition at different phases of HBV-ACLF. High abundance of Enterococcus is associated with progression while that of Faecalibacterium is associated with regression of HBV-ACLF. Therefore, the microbiota features hold promising potential as prognostic markers for HBV-ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Research and Development Department, Guangdong Longsee Biomedical Corporation, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Shuo Mo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing-Liang Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Research and Development Department, Guangdong Longsee Biomedical Corporation, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun-Yan Lei
- Research and Development Department, Guangdong Longsee Biomedical Corporation, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ling Lu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui-Fu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China,Rui-Fu Yang State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Research and Development Department, Guangdong Longsee Biomedical Corporation, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,Tao Chen Research and Development Department, Guangdong Longsee Biomedical Corporation, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,CONTACT Zhi-Liang Gao Department of Infectious Diseases and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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13
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Joo EJ, Cheong HS, Kwon MJ, Sohn W, Kim HN, Cho YK. Relationship between gut microbiome diversity and hepatitis B viral load in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:65. [PMID: 34717727 PMCID: PMC8557478 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is associated with a reduced risk of developing dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Given that the gut microbiota plays a significant role in cholesterol metabolism, we compared the differences in gut microbial diversity and composition between HBV-infected and uninfected subjects. Results A prospective case–control study was designed comprising healthy controls (group A) and HBV-infected individuals (group B) in a 1:1 ratio (57 participants each; total = 114). The patients in group B were divided into two subgroups according to their HBV DNA loads: B1 < 2000 IU/mL (N = 40) and B2 ≥ 2000 IU/mL (N = 17). In a pairwise comparison of HBV-infected individuals and controls, higher alpha diversity was noted in group B, and the difference was significant only in patients in group B1. Alloprevotella and Eubacterium coprostanoligenes were predominant in group B1 compared to the control, whereas the abundance of Bacteroides fragilis and Prevotella 2 was lower. Conclusions The gut microbiome in HBV-infected individuals with a low viral load is highly diverse and is dominated by specific taxa involved in fatty acid and lipid metabolism. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a correlation between the presence of certain bacterial taxa and chronic HBV infection depending on the load of HBV DNA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13099-021-00461-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Joo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Suk Cheong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sohn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Na Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03181, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Kyun Cho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03181, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Maslennikov R, Ivashkin V, Efremova I, Poluektova E, Shirokova E. Probiotics in hepatology: An update. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:1154-1166. [PMID: 34630882 PMCID: PMC8473492 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i9.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut–liver axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. Probiotics are living bacteria that may be used to correct disorders of this axis. Notable progress has been made in the study of probiotic drugs for the treatment of various liver diseases in the last decade. It has been proven that probiotics are useful for hepatic encephalopathy, but their effects on other symptoms and syndromes of cirrhosis are poorly studied. Their effectiveness in the treatment of metabolic associated fatty liver disease has been shown both in experimental models and in clinical trials, but their effect on the prognosis of this disease has not been described. The beneficial effects of probiotics in alcoholic liver disease have been shown in many experimental studies, but there are very few clinical trials to support these findings. The effects of probiotics on the course of other liver diseases are either poorly studied (such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, chronic hepatitis B and C, and autoimmune hepatitis) or not studied at all (such as primary biliary cholangitis, hepatitis A and E, Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis, storage diseases, and vascular liver diseases). Thus, despite the progress in the study of probiotics in hepatology over the past decade, there are many unexplored and unclear questions surrounding this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Maslennikov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia
- Scientific Community for Human Microbiome Research, Moscow 119435, Russia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Consultative and Diagnostic Center of the Moscow City Health Department, Moscow 107564, Russia
| | - Vladimir Ivashkin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia
- Scientific Community for Human Microbiome Research, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Irina Efremova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Elena Poluektova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia
- Scientific Community for Human Microbiome Research, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Elena Shirokova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia
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15
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Milosevic I, Russo E, Vujovic A, Barac A, Stevanovic O, Gitto S, Amedei A. Microbiota and viral hepatitis: State of the art of a complex matter. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:5488-5501. [PMID: 34588747 PMCID: PMC8433613 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i33.5488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in gut microbiota influence both the gut and liver, which are strictly connected by the so-called “gut–liver axis”. The gut microbiota acts as a major determinant of this relationship in the onset and clinical course of liver diseases. According to the results of several studies, gut dysbiosis is linked to viral hepatitis, mainly hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infection. Gut bacteria-derived metabolites and cellular components are key molecules that affect liver function and modulate the pathology of viral hepatitis. Recent studies showed that the gut microbiota produces various molecules, such as peptidoglycans, lipopolysaccharides, DNA, lipoteichoic acid, indole-derivatives, bile acids, and trimethylamine, which are translocated to the liver and interact with liver immune cells causing pathological effects. Therefore, the existence of crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the liver and its implications on host health and pathologic status are essential factors impacting the etiology and therapeutic approach. Concrete mechanisms behind the pathogenic role of gut-derived components on the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis remain unclear and not understood. In this review, we discuss the current findings of research on the bidirectional relationship of the components of gut microbiota and the progression of liver diseases and viral hepatitis and vice versa. Moreover, this paper highlights the current therapeutic and preventive strategies, such as fecal transplantation, used to restore the gut microbiota composition and so improve host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Milosevic
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 101801, Serbia
| | - Edda Russo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze 50100, Italy
| | - Ankica Vujovic
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 101801, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 101801, Serbia
| | - Olja Stevanovic
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 101801, Serbia
| | - Stefano Gitto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze 50100, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze 50100, Italy
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16
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Di Cristanziano V, Farowski F, Berrilli F, Santoro M, Di Cave D, Glé C, Daeumer M, Thielen A, Wirtz M, Kaiser R, Eberhardt KA, Vehreschild MJGT, D’Alfonso R. Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota Composition Associated to the Presence of Commensal and Pathogen Microorganisms in Côte d'Ivoire. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081763. [PMID: 34442844 PMCID: PMC8400437 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The human gut microbiota is a microbial ecosystem contributing to the maintenance of host health with functions related to immune and metabolic aspects. Relations between microbiota and enteric pathogens in sub-Saharan Africa are scarcely investigated. The present study explored gut microbiota composition associated to the presence of common enteric pathogens and commensal microorganisms, e.g., Blastocystis and Entamoeba species, in children and adults from semi-urban and non-urban localities in Côte d’Ivoire. Methods: Seventy-six stool samples were analyzed for microbiota composition by 16S rRDNA sequencing. The presence of adeno-, entero-, parechoviruses, bacterial and protozoal pathogens, Blastocystis, and commensal Entamoeba species, was analyzed by different molecular assays. Results: Twelve individuals resulted negative for any tested microorganisms, 64 subjects were positive for one or more microorganisms. Adenovirus, enterovirus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), and Blastocystis were frequently detected. Conclusions: The bacterial composition driven by Prevotellaceae and Ruminococcaceae confirmed the biotype related to the traditional dietary and cooking practices in low-income countries. Clear separation in UniFrac distance in subjects co-harboring Entamoeba hartmanni and Blastocystis was evidenced. Alpha diversity variation in negative control group versus only Blastocystis positive suggested its possible regulatory contribution on intestinal microbiota. Pathogenic bacteria and virus did not affect the positive outcome of co-harbored Blastocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Di Cristanziano
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.W.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-221-478-85828
| | - Fedja Farowski
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.F.); (M.J.G.T.V.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Federica Berrilli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (D.D.C.)
| | - Maristella Santoro
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (D.D.C.)
| | - David Di Cave
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (D.D.C.)
| | - Christophe Glé
- Centre Don Orione Pour Handicapés Physiques, Bonoua BP 21, Côte d’Ivoire; (C.G.); (R.D.)
| | - Martin Daeumer
- Seq-IT GmbH & Co KG, 67655 Kaiserslautern, Germany; (M.D.); (A.T.)
| | | | - Maike Wirtz
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.W.); (R.K.)
| | - Rolf Kaiser
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.W.); (R.K.)
| | - Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (F.F.); (M.J.G.T.V.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rossella D’Alfonso
- Centre Don Orione Pour Handicapés Physiques, Bonoua BP 21, Côte d’Ivoire; (C.G.); (R.D.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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17
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Liu Y. Effect of intestinal microbiota imbalance associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection on the expression of microRNA‑192 and GLP‑1. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:662. [PMID: 34296287 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has an impact on intestinal microbiota imbalance to induce diabetes mellitus (DM), but the underlying mechanisms still remain to be explored. The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory role of microRNA‑192 (miR‑192‑5p) and glucagon‑like peptide‑1 (GLP‑1) in intestinal microbiota imbalance by recruiting patients with DM infected with HBV. In the present study, patients with HBV infection and different levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) were recruited and divided into three groups. Intestinal microbiota analysis was performed to evaluate the fecal bacterial composition of patients in various groups. Quantitative PCR was performed to explore the differential expression of miR‑192‑5p and GLP‑1 in the feces, peripheral blood and intestinal mucosal tissue samples of each patient. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the expression of GLP‑1 protein in the intestinal mucosal tissue samples. Luciferase assays were performed by cell transfection of miR‑192‑5p mimics/precursors/inhibitors to study the inhibitory effect of miR‑192‑5p on GLP‑1 expression. Intestinal microbiota imbalance was observed in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‑positive patients with high ALT. The expression of miR‑192‑5p was significantly elevated in the feces, peripheral blood and intestinal mucosal tissue samples of HBsAg‑positive patients with high ALT along with decreased GLP‑1 mRNA and protein expression. Luciferase activity of GLP‑1 vector was inhibited by miR‑192‑5p mimics and promoted by miR‑192‑5p inhibitors. Transfection of miR‑192‑5p precursors resulted in upregulation of miR‑192‑5p and downregulation of GLP‑1, while miR‑192‑5p inhibitors remarkably suppressed the expression of miR‑192‑5p and notably induced the expression of GLP‑1. These results showed a regulatory network involving HBV infection, intestinal microbiota imbalance, and miR‑192‑5p and GLP‑1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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18
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Kassa Y, Million Y, Gedefie A, Moges F. Alteration of Gut Microbiota and Its Impact on Immune Response in Patients with Chronic HBV Infection: A Review. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:2571-2578. [PMID: 34262302 PMCID: PMC8274626 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s305901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a source of substantial global health problems, particularly in economically underdeveloped and/or developing countries. It is the primary cause of severe liver disorders such as liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver is connected by the bile duct to the small intestine that carries bile produced in the liver to the intestine. The liver is the initial organ exposed to materials originating from the gut including dietary compounds, bacteria, and their products. Human intestines harbor a wide diversity of the community of microbes which are collectively termed as gut microbiota. In chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus, microbial alteration of the gut is a source of systemic immune activation. Besides, gut permeability is altered in hepatitis B virus-infected patients with an increased bacterial translocation and endotoxin load in the portal vein that caused toll-like receptor activation in the liver, which facilitates immune-mediated liver injury. Toll-like receptors further triggered the host-wide inflammatory response by inducing signaling cascades such as nuclear factor-kappa B-linked pathways and by accelerating cytokine secretion like tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which evokes chronic inflammation and leads to liver lesion formation, fibrosis progression, and cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma development. In conclusion, changes in intestinal flora play an important role in encouraging the production of chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus. Therefore, careful attention should be given to the maintenance of intestinal microecology of patients which can provide a sound foundation for the treatment of chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshimebet Kassa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Yihenew Million
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Gedefie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Feleke Moges
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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19
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Ren Z, Wang H, Cui G, Lu H, Wang L, Luo H, Chen X, Ren H, Sun R, Liu W, Liu X, Liu C, Li A, Wang X, Rao B, Yuan C, Zhang H, Sun J, Chen X, Li B, Hu C, Wu Z, Yu Z, Kan Q, Li L. Alterations in the human oral and gut microbiomes and lipidomics in COVID-19. Gut 2021; 70:1253-1265. [PMID: 33789966 PMCID: PMC8042598 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterise the oral microbiome, gut microbiome and serum lipid profiles in patients with active COVID-19 and recovered patients; evaluate the potential of the microbiome as a non-invasive biomarker for COVID-19; and explore correlations between the microbiome and lipid profile. DESIGN We collected and sequenced 392 tongue-coating samples, 172 faecal samples and 155 serum samples from Central China and East China. We characterised microbiome and lipid molecules, constructed microbial classifiers in discovery cohort and verified their diagnostic potential in 74 confirmed patients (CPs) from East China and 37 suspected patients (SPs) with IgG positivity. RESULTS Oral and faecal microbial diversity was significantly decreased in CPs versus healthy controls (HCs). Compared with HCs, butyric acid-producing bacteria were decreased and lipopolysaccharide-producing bacteria were increased in CPs in oral cavity. The classifiers based on 8 optimal oral microbial markers (7 faecal microbial markers) achieved good diagnostic efficiency in different cohorts. Importantly, diagnostic efficacy reached 87.24% in the cross-regional cohort. Moreover, the classifiers successfully diagnosed SPs with IgG antibody positivity as CPs, and diagnostic efficacy reached 92.11% (98.01% of faecal microbiome). Compared with CPs, 47 lipid molecules, including sphingomyelin (SM)(d40:4), SM(d38:5) and monoglyceride(33:5), were depleted, and 122 lipid molecules, including phosphatidylcholine(36:4p), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)(16:0p/20:5) and diglyceride(20:1/18:2), were enriched in confirmed patients recovery. CONCLUSION This study is the first to characterise the oral microbiome in COVID-19, and oral microbiomes and lipid alterations in recovered patients, to explore their correlations and to report the successful establishment and validation of a diagnostic model for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China .,Gene Hospital of Henan Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Gene Hospital of Henan Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guangying Cui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Gene Hospital of Henan Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Guangshan County People’s Hospital, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- Shanghai Mobio Biomedical Technology Co, Ltd, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Ranran Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Gene Hospital of Henan Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Technology College, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Shanghai Mobio Biomedical Technology Co, Ltd, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Gene Hospital of Henan Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Gene Hospital of Henan Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Benchen Rao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Gene Hospital of Henan Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chengyu Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Guangshan County People’s Hospital, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiarui Sun
- Shanghai Mobio Biomedical Technology Co, Ltd, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Gene Hospital of Henan Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bingjie Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chuansong Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangshan County People’s Hospital, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Zhongwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zujiang Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China .,Gene Hospital of Henan Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Quancheng Kan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Gene Hospital of Henan Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China .,Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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20
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Sadiq FA. Is it time for microbiome-based therapies in viral infections? Virus Res 2021; 291:198203. [PMID: 33132161 PMCID: PMC7580679 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases related to viruses, as well as bacterial pathogens, abound in all parts of the world, burdening health and economy. Thus, there is a dire need to find new prevention and treatment strategies to improve clinical practices related to viral infections. Human gut contains trillions of bacteria which have regulatory roles in immune development, homeostasis, and body metabolism. Today, it is difficult to find any prominent viral infection that hasn't had any link with the human gut microbiota. In this opinion-based review article, I argued the significance of manipulating human gut microbiota as novel therapeutics through probiotics or FMT in alleviating complexities related to viral infections, and pinpointed bottlenecks involved in this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmed Sadiq
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 1800 Lihu Avenue, 214122, China
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21
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The Gut Microbiota: How Does It Influence the Development and Progression of Liver Diseases. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110501. [PMID: 33207562 PMCID: PMC7697996 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut–liver axis plays important roles in both the maintenance of a healthy liver and the pathogenesis of liver diseases, where the gut microbiota acts as a major determinant of this relationship. Gut bacteria-derived metabolites and cellular components are key molecules that affect the function of the liver and modulate the pathology of liver diseases. Accumulating evidence showed that gut microbiota produces a myriad of molecules, including lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, and DNA, as well as short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, trimethylamine, and indole derivatives. The translocation of these components to the liver exerts beneficial or pathogenic effects by interacting with liver immune cells. This is a bidirectional relationship. Therefore, the existence of crosstalk between the gut and liver and its implications on host health and diseases are essential for the etiology and treatment of diseases. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the pathogenesis of liver diseases, but still, the mechanisms behind the pathogenic role of gut-derived components on liver pathogenesis remain elusive and not understandable. This review discusses the current progress on the gut microbiota and its components in terms of the progression of liver diseases, and in turn, how liver diseases indirectly affect the intestinal function and induce intestinal inflammation. Moreover, this paper highlights the current therapeutic and preventive strategies used to restore the gut microbiota composition and improve host health.
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22
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Yang XA, Lv F, Wang R, Chang Y, Zhao Y, Cui X, Li H, Yang S, Li S, Zhao X, Mo Z, Yang F. Potential role of intestinal microflora in disease progression among patients with different stages of Hepatitis B. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:50. [PMID: 33117435 PMCID: PMC7590496 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence demonstrate that the gut microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, and faecal microbiota transplantation is considered to be a promising new treatment option. However, there are no reports on the intestinal flora of asymptomatic HBV carriers using next-generation sequencing. This study intends to investigate the potential role of the intestinal microflora in predicting the progression of Hepatitis B patients in different non-cancerous stages. RESULTS A total of 266 patients with different stages of Hepatitis B and 31 healthy controls were included in this study. Some of the subjects (217 cases) underwent 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Compared with the control group (CK), the α diversity of patients in Group A (HBV carrier) slightly increased, while that of patients in the other three groups decreased. Each group of patients, especially those in Group C (cirrhosis) and Group D (acute-on-chronic liver failure), could be separated from the CK using weighted UniFrac PCoA and ANOSIM. LEfSe revealed that 40 taxa belonging to three phyla had an LDA larger than 4. In addition to the comparison between Group B (chronic Hepatitis B) and Group C, the specific flora and potential taxonomic function were also identified. Different microbial communities were found to be highly correlated with clinical indicators and the Child-Pugh scores. Changes in the microbial community were highly related to the alternations of host metabolism, which in turn, was related to the development of Hepatitis B. Our analysis identified a total of 47 strains with potential biomarker functions at all levels except for the phylum level. CONCLUSIONS Faecal microbiota transplantation of some potential beneficial bacteria can change with the occurrence of disease, and HBV carriers might be the most suitable donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-An Yang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Chengde Medical University, Anyuan Road, Chengde, 067000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengchun Lv
- School of Basic Medical Science, Chengde Medical University, Anyuan Road, Chengde, 067000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yange Chang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Chengde Medical University, Anyuan Road, Chengde, 067000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Chengde Medical University, Anyuan Road, Chengde, 067000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Cui
- School of Basic Medical Science, Chengde Medical University, Anyuan Road, Chengde, 067000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haochen Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Chengde Medical University, Anyuan Road, Chengde, 067000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sixi Yang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Chengde Medical University, Anyuan Road, Chengde, 067000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Suting Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Chengde Medical University, Anyuan Road, Chengde, 067000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Zhao
- Clinical Skills Center, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhishuo Mo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No 600, Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510620 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Yang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing, 100101 People’s Republic of China
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23
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Sehgal R, Bedi O, Trehanpati N. Role of Microbiota in Pathogenesis and Management of Viral Hepatitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:341. [PMID: 32850467 PMCID: PMC7431464 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis is a condition that can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis, or liver cancer. These days, gut microbiota becomes an important part of our immune system, which is important for disease progression or recovery. Translocation of gut microbial and metabolic products causes intestinal inflammation by modulating immune cells leading to impairment of the primary barrier. But there are limited studies discussing pathogenesis and management of hepatitis with gut microbiota. In this review, we have discussed the role of gut microbiota in pathogenesis and management of various hepatitis, especially hepatitis B and C. We have discussed the role of bacterial products, LPS-TLR4 pathway, and unmethylated CpG DNA, which ultimately affects downstream NF-kB signaling in hepatitis. Finally, we have discussed the role of fecal microbiota transplantation in the management of hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashi Sehgal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Onkar Bedi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirupma Trehanpati
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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24
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Deng YD, Peng XB, Zhao RR, Ma CQ, Li JN, Yao LQ. The intestinal microbial community dissimilarity in hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis patients with and without at alcohol consumption. Gut Pathog 2019; 11:58. [PMID: 31788031 PMCID: PMC6878713 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-019-0337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection-reduced liver functions are associated with intestinal microbial community dissimilarity. This study aimed to investigate the microbial community dissimilarity in patients with different grades of HBV-related liver cirrhosis. Results Serum endotoxin was increased with Child–Pugh (CP) class (A, B, and C). Veillonellaceae and Lachnospiraceae families were reduced in patients compared with controls. Megamonas and Veillonella genus was reduced and increased in patients compared with controls, respectively, especially in CPB and CPC groups. Correlation analysis showed that endotoxin content was significantly correlated with alcohol consumption (95% CI 0.100, 0.493), CP class (95% CI 0.289, 0.687) and Lachnospiraceae family level (95% CI − 0.539, − 0.122). Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was correlated with the level of Lachnospiraceae family (95% CI 0.013, 0.481), Veillonellaceae family (95% CI 0.284, 0.696), Megamonas genus (95% CI 0.101, 0.518) and Veillonella genus (95% CI 0.134, 0.545). All aforementioned bacteria were independent risk or protective factors for hepatitis. Alcohol consumption changed microbial community. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that elevated Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, reduced Megamonas genus level and increased Veillonella genus level were indicators for HBV-related liver cirrhosis. Alcohol-related pathogenesis was associated with the changed microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Dong Deng
- 1Department of Infection, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, #1 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu China
| | - Xue-Bin Peng
- 1Department of Infection, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, #1 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhao
- 1Department of Infection, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, #1 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu China
| | - Chao-Qun Ma
- 2First Clinical Medicine of Lanzhou University, Medical College of Lanzhou University, #199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu China
| | - Jian-Ning Li
- 1Department of Infection, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, #1 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu China
| | - Li-Qiong Yao
- 3Department of Laboratory, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, #1 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu China
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