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Tamura R, Yamanobe Y, Fujioka M, Morimoto Y, Fukumura M, Nakaya M, Oishi Y, Sato M, Ueda R, Fujiwara H, Hikichi T, Noji S, Oishi N, Ozawa H, Ogawa K, Kawakami Y, Ohira T, Yoshida K, Toda M. Phase I/II Study of a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Vaccine in Patients With NF2-Related Schwannomatosis. J Clin Oncol 2024; 42:2578-2587. [PMID: 38776485 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The humanized antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody bevacizumab (Bev) is efficacious for the treatment of NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2), previously known as neurofibromatosis type 2. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of a VEGF receptor (VEGFR) vaccine containing VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 peptides in patients with NF2 with progressive schwannomas (jRCTs031180184). MATERIALS AND METHODS VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 peptides were injected subcutaneously into infra-axillary and inguinal regions, once a week for 4 weeks and then once a month for 4 months. The primary end point was safety. Secondary end points included tolerability, hearing response, imaging response, and immunologic response. RESULTS Sixteen patients with NF2 with progressive schwannomas completed treatment and were assessed. No severe vaccine-related adverse events occurred. Among the 13 patients with assessable hearing, word recognition score improved in five patients at 6 months and two at 12 months. Progression of average hearing level of pure tone was 0.168 dB/mo during the year of treatment period, whereas long-term progression was 0.364 dB/mo. Among all 16 patients, a partial response was observed in more than one schwannoma in four (including one in which Bev had not been effective), minor response in 5, and stable disease in 4. Both VEGFR1-specific and VEGFR2-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were induced in 11 patients. Two years after vaccination, a radiologic response was achieved in nine of 20 assessable schwannomas. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the safety and preliminary efficacy of VEGFR peptide vaccination in patients with NF2. Memory-induced CTLs after VEGFR vaccination may persistently suppress tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Yamanobe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Fujioka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yukina Morimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Fukumura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Nakaya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Oishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuto Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Ueda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Fujiwara
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shinobu Noji
- Division of Cellular Signaling Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Oishi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ozawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ogawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Immunology, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Narita, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohira
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Wei T, Zeng C, Li Q, Xiao Z, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Ren L. FOXM1/DEPDC1 feedback loop promotes hepatocarcinogenesis and represents promising targets for cancer therapy. Cancer Sci 2024. [PMID: 39004911 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is a key regulator of mitosis and is identified as an oncogene involved in several kinds of human malignancies. However, how it induces carcinogenesis and related therapeutic approaches remains not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to identify a regulatory axis involving FOXM1 and its target gene DEP domain containing 1 (DEPDC1) and investigate their biological functions. FOXM1 bound to the promoter and transcriptionally induced DEPDC1 expression, in turn, DEPDC1 physically interacted with FOXM1, promoted its nuclear translocation, and reinforced its transcriptional activities. The FOXM1/DEPDC1 axis was indispensable for cancer cells, as evidenced by the fact that DEPDC1 rescued cell growth inhibition caused by FOXM1 knockdown, and silencing DEPDC1 efficiently attenuated tumor growth in a murine hepatocellular carcinoma model. Furthermore, strong positive associations between FOXM1/DEPDC1 axis and poor clinical outcome were observed in human hepatocellular carcinoma samples, further indicating their significance for hepatocarcinogenesis. Finally, we attempted to exploit immunotherapy approaches to target the FOXM1/DEPDC1 axis. Several HLA-A24:02-restricted T-cell epitopes targeting FOXM1 or DEPDC1 were identified through bioinformatic analysis. Then, T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells targeting FOXM1262-270 or DEPDC1294-302 were successfully established and proved to efficiently eradicate tumor cells. Our findings highlight the significance of the FOXM1/DEPDC1 axis in the process of oncogenesis and indicate their potential as immunotherapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wei
- Cytotherapy Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenquan Zeng
- Cytotherapy Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qineng Li
- Cytotherapy Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Leisheng Zhang
- Jinan Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Bioengineering, Science and Technology Innovation Center, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan, The Teaching Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiangnu Zhang
- Biomedicine Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Cytotherapy Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Duan Z, Yang D, Yuan P, Dai X, Chen G, Wu D. Advances, opportunities and challenges in developing therapeutic cancer vaccines. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 193:104198. [PMID: 37949152 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines have shown promising efficacy in helping immunotherapy for cancer patients, but the systematic characterization of the clinical application and the method for improving efficacy is lacking. Here, we mainly summarize the classification of therapeutic cancer vaccines, including protein vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, cellular vaccines and anti-idiotypic antibody vaccines, and subdivide the above vaccines according to different types and delivery forms. Additionally, we outline the clinical efficacy and safety of vaccines, as well as the combination strategies of therapeutic cancer vaccines with other therapies. This review will provide a detailed overview and rationale for the future clinical application and development of therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Duan
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiaoming Dai
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Guodong Chen
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Daichao Wu
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Tan Y, Chen H, Gou X, Fan Q, Chen J. Tumor vaccines: Toward multidimensional anti-tumor therapies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2271334. [PMID: 37905395 PMCID: PMC10760370 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2271334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, immunotherapies have offered hope for patients with advanced cancer. However, they show distinct benefits and limited clinical effects. Tumor vaccines have the potential to prime tumor-antigen-specific T cells and induce broad subsets of immune responses, ultimately eradicating tumor cells. Here, we classify tumor vaccines by their anti-tumor mechanisms, which include boosting the immune system, overcoming tumor immunosuppression, and modulating tumor angiogenesis. We focus on multidimensional tumor vaccine strategies using combinations of two or three of the above mechanisms, as these are superior to single-dimensional treatments. This review offers a perspective on tumor vaccine strategies and the future role of vaccine therapies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Tan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huiyuan Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xi Gou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiuying Fan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Juanjuan Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Tabnak P, Hasanzade Bashkandi A, Ebrahimnezhad M, Soleimani M. Forkhead box transcription factors (FOXOs and FOXM1) in glioma: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:238. [PMID: 37821870 PMCID: PMC10568859 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most aggressive and malignant type of primary brain tumor, comprises the majority of central nervous system deaths, and is categorized into different subgroups according to its histological characteristics, including astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), and mixed tumors. The forkhead box (FOX) transcription factors comprise a collection of proteins that play various roles in numerous complex molecular cascades and have been discovered to be differentially expressed in distinct glioma subtypes. FOXM1 and FOXOs have been recognized as crucial transcription factors in tumor cells, including glioma cells. Accumulating data indicates that FOXM1 acts as an oncogene in various types of cancers, and a significant part of studies has investigated its function in glioma. Although recent studies considered FOXO subgroups as tumor suppressors, there are pieces of evidence that they may have an oncogenic role. This review will discuss the subtle functions of FOXOs and FOXM1 in gliomas, dissecting their regulatory network with other proteins, microRNAs and their role in glioma progression, including stem cell differentiation and therapy resistance/sensitivity, alongside highlighting recent pharmacological progress for modulating their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Tabnak
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Ebrahimnezhad
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Soleimani
- Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Zahedipour F, Hosseini SA, Astaneh M, Kesharwani P, Jaafari MR, Sahebkar A. Application of VEGF/VEGFR peptide vaccines in cancer: a systematic review of clinical trials. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023:104032. [PMID: 37217108 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide vaccines that target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway have shown promising results in inducing strong anti-tumor immune responses with minimal toxicity in various clinical studies. This systematic review was conducted to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy, immune response, survival rate, and side effects of VEGF/VEGF receptor-based peptide vaccines. VEGF/VEGFR2 peptide vaccines were found to be safe and effective in inducing anti-tumor immune responses, while induced moderate clinical benefit. In this regard, further clinical trials are necessary to fully evaluate their clinical effects and the exact correlation between induction of immune response and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zahedipour
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyede Atefe Hosseini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojgan Astaneh
- Department of immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India; Centre for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India.
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Jin Z, Peng F, Zhang C, Tao S, Xu D, Zhu Z. Expression, regulating mechanism and therapeutic target of KIF20A in multiple cancer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13195. [PMID: 36798768 PMCID: PMC9925975 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin family member 20A (KIF20A) is a member of the kinesin family. It transports chromosomes during mitosis, plays a key role in cell division. Recently, studies proved that KIF20A was highly expressed in cancer. High expression of KIF20A was correlated with poor overall survival (OS). In this review, we summarized all the cancer that highly expressed KIF20A, described the role of KIF20A in cancer. We also organized phase I and phase II clinical trials of KIF20A peptides vaccine. All results indicated that KIF20A was a promising therapeutic target for multiple cancer.
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Key Words
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BTC, biliary tract cancer
- CPC, chromosomal passenger complex
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- Cancer
- Cdk1, cyclin-dependent kinase 1
- DLG5, discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 5
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- Expression
- FoxM1, forkhead box protein M1
- GC, gastric cancer
- GEM, gemcitabine
- Gli2, glioma-associated oncogene 2
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- HNMT, head-and-neck malignant tumor
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- JAK, Janus kinase
- KIF20A
- KIF20A, kinesin family member 20A
- LP, long peptide
- MHC I, major histocompatibility complex I
- MKlp2, mitotic kinesin-like protein 2
- Mad2, mitotic arrest deficient 2
- OS, overall survival
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- Plk1, polo-like kinase 1
- Regulating mechanisms
- Therapeutic target
- circRNA, circular RNA
- miRNA, microRNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jin
- Department of Respirology & Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuang Tao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Damo Xu
- Department of Respirology & Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China,Corresponding author. Department of Respirology & Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China,Corresponding author. Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Krolicki L, Kunikowska J, Bruchertseifer F, Koziara H, Morgenstern A, Krolicki B, Rosiak E, Pawlak D, Merlo A. Nuclear medicine therapy of CNS tumors. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Chen S. Glioma Subtypes Based on the Activity Changes of Immunologic and Hallmark Gene Sets in Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:879233. [PMID: 35774141 PMCID: PMC9236851 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.879233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioma is the most common primary cranial brain tumor that arises from the cancelation of glial cells (which can be in the brain or spinal cord). It is due to innate genetic risk factors or induced by a carcinogenic environment. If left untreated, the disease has a poor prognosis. METHODS In this study, we downloaded glioma data from TCGA database and GEO (GSE4412). The GSEA database was used to screen tumor microenvironment-related gene sets. Cancer subtypes were classified by GSVA enrichment method. RESULTS By GSVA enrichment analysis, we obtain three Gliomas cancer subtypes. After further survival prognosis analysis and biological function analysis, we obtained 13 tumor microenvironment gene sets and 14 core genes that affect patients' survival prognosis, and these genes have the potential to become targets for targeted therapies and disease detection. CONCLUSION We screened a total of 13 gene sets through a series of enrichment analyses, statistical and prognostic analyses, etc. Among them, 14 core genes were identified, namely: TOP2A, TPX2, BUB1, AURKB, AURKA, CDK1, BUB1B, CCNA2, CCNB2, CDCA8, CDC20, KIF11, KIF20A and KIF2C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Chen
- Taikang (Ningbo) Hospital Co., Ltd. Yinzhou, Ningbo, China
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10
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Design and In Silico Evaluation of a Novel Cyclic Disulfide-Rich anti-VEGF Peptide as a Potential Antiangiogenic Drug. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Sastry NG, Wan X, Huang T, Alvarez AA, Pangeni RP, Song X, James CD, Horbinski CM, Brennan CW, Nakano I, Hu B, Cheng SY. LY6K promotes glioblastoma tumorigenicity via CAV-1-mediated ERK1/2 signaling enhancement. Neuro Oncol 2021; 22:1315-1326. [PMID: 32055849 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus K (LY6K) is a putative oncogene in various cancers. Elevated expression of LY6K is correlated with poor patient prognosis in glioblastoma (GBM). The aim of this study is to advance our understanding of the mechanism by which LY6K contributes to GBM tumor biology. METHODS Bioinformatic data mining was used to investigate LY6K expression in relation to GBM clinical outcome. To understand the role of LY6K in GBM, we utilized patient-derived glioma stemlike cells (GSCs) and U87 cells and employed immunoblotting, immunofluorescent staining, radiation treatment, and orthotopic GBM xenograft models. RESULTS Our results show that increased expression of LY6K inversely correlates with GBM patient survival. LY6K promotes tumorigenicity in GBM cells both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism underlying this tumorigenic behavior is enhancement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling. Interestingly, we observed that tumor-promoting LY6K-ERK1/2 signaling is mediated by the interaction of LY6K with caveolin-1, rather than through oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling. Moreover, association of LY6K with the cell membrane is crucial for its tumorigenic functions. Finally, DNA methylation maintains LY6K silencing, and hypomethylation of the LY6K promoter increases its expression. In GSCs, ionizing radiation leads to demethylation of the LY6K promoter, thereby increasing LY6K expression and GSC resistance to radiation. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the importance of the contribution of LY6K to GBM tumor biology and suggests LY6K as a potential membrane target for treating GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namratha G Sastry
- Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xuechao Wan
- Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tianzhi Huang
- Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Angel A Alvarez
- Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rajendra P Pangeni
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Xiao Song
- Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charles David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Craig M Horbinski
- Department of Pathology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Cameron W Brennan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Huang C, Chen J, Ding F, Yang L, Zhang S, Wang X, Shi Y, Zhu Y. Related parameters of affinity and stability prediction of HLA-A*2402 restricted antigen peptides based on molecular docking. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:673. [PMID: 33987371 PMCID: PMC8106073 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) plays an important role in cell immune response, and stable interaction between polypeptides and MHC-I ensures efficient presentation of polypeptide-MHC-I (pMHC-I) molecular complexes to T cells. The aim of this study was to explore ways to improve the affinity and stability of the p-Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-A*2402 complex. Methods The peptide sequences of the restricted antigen peptides for HLA-A*2402 and the results of the in vitro competitive binding test were retrieved from the literature. The affinity values were predicted using NetMHCpan v4.1 server, and the stability values were predicted using the NetMHCstab v1.0 server. Auto Vina was used to dock peptides to HLA-A*2402 protein in a flexible docking manner, while Flexpepdock was employed to optimize the docking morphology. Maestro was used to analyze the intermolecular forces and the binding affinity of the complex, while MM-GBSA was used to calculate the binding free energy values. Results The intermolecular interactions that maintained the affinity and stability of peptide-HLA-A*2402 complex relied mainly on HB, followed by pi stack. The binding affinity values of molecular docking were associated with the predicted values of affinity and stability, the binding affinity and the binding free energy, as well as the intermolecular force pi-stack. The pi stack had a significant negative correlation with binding affinity and binding free energy. The replacement of the residues of the polypeptides that did not form pi-stack interactions with HLA-A*2402 improved the affinity and/or stability compared to before replacement. Conclusions The generation and increase in the number of pi-stacks between peptides and HLA-A*2402 molecules may help improve the affinity and stability of p-HLA-A*2402 complexes. The prediction of intermolecular forces and binding affinity of peptide-HLA by means of molecular docking is a supplement to the current commonly used prediction databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Department of Proctology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuechun Wang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University 4th School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Shi
- Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Drouin A, Wallbillich N, Theberge M, Liu S, Katz J, Bellovoda K, Se Yun Cheon S, Gootkind F, Bierman E, Zavras J, Berberich MJ, Kalocsay M, Guastaldi F, Salvadori N, Troulis M, Fusco DN. Impact of Zika virus on the human type I interferon osteoimmune response. Cytokine 2021; 137:155342. [PMID: 33130337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The developing field of osteoimmunology supports importance of an interferon (IFN) response pathway in osteoblasts. Clarifying osteoblast-IFN interactions is important because IFN is used as salvage anti-tumor therapy but systemic toxicity is high with variable clinical results. In addition, osteoblast response to systemic bursts and disruptions of IFN pathways induced by viral infection may influence bone remodeling. ZIKA virus (ZIKV) infection impacts bone development in humans and IFN response in vitro. Consistently, initial evidence of permissivity to ZIKV has been reported in human osteoblasts. HYPOTHESIS Osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells are permissive to ZIKV and responsive to IFN. METHODS Multiple approaches were used to assess whether Saos-2 cells are permissive to ZIKV infection and exhibit IFN-mediated ZIKV suppression. Proteomic methods were used to evaluate impact of ZIKV and IFN on Saos-2 cells. RESULTS Evidence is presented confirming Saos-2 cells are permissive to ZIKV and support IFN-mediated suppression of ZIKV. ZIKV and IFN differentially impact the Saos-2 proteome, exemplified by HELZ2 protein which is upregulated by IFN but non responsive to ZIKV. Both ZIKV and IFN suppress proteins associated with microcephaly/pseudo-TORCH syndrome (BI1, KI20A and UBP18), and ZIKV induces potential entry factor PLVAP. CONCLUSIONS Transient ZIKV infection influences osteoimmune state, and IFN and ZIKV activate distinct proteomes in Saos-2 cells, which could inform therapeutic, engineered, disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Drouin
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70114, United States; Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70114, United States
| | - Nicholas Wallbillich
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70114, United States
| | - Marc Theberge
- Tulane University, 6823 St Charles Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States
| | - Sharon Liu
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70114, United States
| | - Joshua Katz
- Tulane University, 6823 St Charles Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States
| | - Kamela Bellovoda
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Scarlett Se Yun Cheon
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Frederick Gootkind
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Emily Bierman
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Jason Zavras
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Matthew J Berberich
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Armenise Building, 200 Longwood, Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Marian Kalocsay
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Armenise Building, 200 Longwood, Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Fernando Guastaldi
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Nicolas Salvadori
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD)-PHPT, Marseille, France; Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Maria Troulis
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Dahlene N Fusco
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70114, United States.
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Tamura R, Morimoto Y, Sato M, Hikichi T, Yoshida K, Toda M. A Pilot Study of the Adverse Events Caused by the Combined Use of Bevacizumab and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-Targeted Vaccination for Patients with a Malignant Glioma. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030498. [PMID: 32887369 PMCID: PMC7564945 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapy, targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A/VEGF receptors (VEGFRs), is beneficial for tumor growth prevention in a malignant glioma. A simultaneous blockade using both bevacizumab (Bev), which targets circulating VEGF-A, and a multi-kinase inhibitor on VEGFRs was more effective for advanced solid cancers, including melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. However, previous clinical trials demonstrated a high adverse event rate. Additionally, no studies previously assessed treatment efficacy and safety using both VEGF-A and VEGFR-targeted agents for malignant gliomas. We had conducted clinical trials investigating VEGFRs peptide vaccination in patients with malignant gliomas, in which the treatment exhibited safety and yielded therapeutic effects in some patients. The combined use of Bev and VEGFRs vaccination may enhance the anti-tumor effect in malignant gliomas. In this pilot study, the adverse event profile in patients treated with Bev after the vaccination was investigated to establish this treatment strategy, in comparison to those treated with Bev collected from the published data or treated with the vaccination alone. In our previous clinical studies on patients with malignant gliomas, Bev was administered to 13 patients after VEGFRs vaccinations. One patient had a Grade 4 pulmonary embolism. Two patients had Grade 2 cerebral infarctions. There were no significant differences in the adverse event rates among patients treated with Bev, with the vaccination, or with Bev after the vaccination. Although careful observation is imperative for patients after this combination treatment strategy, VEGFRs-targeted vaccination may coexist with Bev for malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.M.); (M.S.); (K.Y.)
| | - Yukina Morimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.M.); (M.S.); (K.Y.)
| | - Mizuto Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.M.); (M.S.); (K.Y.)
| | - Tetsuro Hikichi
- OncoTherapy Science Inc., 3-2-1, Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan;
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.M.); (M.S.); (K.Y.)
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.M.); (M.S.); (K.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Tamura R, Morimoto Y, Kosugi K, Sato M, Oishi Y, Ueda R, Kikuchi R, Nagashima H, Hikichi T, Noji S, Kawakami Y, Sasaki H, Yoshida K, Toda M. Clinical and histopathological analyses of VEGF receptors peptide vaccine in patients with primary glioblastoma - a case series. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:196. [PMID: 32164575 PMCID: PMC7066743 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-6589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A/ VAGF receptors (VEGFRs) signaling plays a pivotal role in the tumor angiogenesis and the development of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in glioblastomas. We have previously conducted exploratory clinical studies investigating VEGFRs peptide vaccination with and without multiple glioma oncoantigens in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. Recently, an exploratory clinical investigation of VEGFRs peptide vaccination was conducted in patients with progressive neurofibromatosis type 2. Those studies suggested that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) induced by the vaccination can directly kill a wide variety of cells associated with tumor growth, including tumor vessels, tumor cells, and immunosuppressive cells expressing VEGFR1 and/or 2. In the present study, synergistic activity of the combination of VEGFRs peptide vaccination with chemotherapy was evaluated. METHODS We performed the first clinical trial to assess VEGFR1 and 2 vaccination along with temozolomide (TMZ) -based chemoradiotherapy for the patients with primary glioblastomas. Furthermore, histopathological changes after the vaccination were evaluated using paired pre- and post- vaccination specimens. RESULTS The disappearance of radiographically enhanced lesion was observed in 2 patients after the vaccination, including one in which the methylation of the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter was not observed. The histopathological findings of pre- and post-vaccination specimens demonstrated that tumor vessels showed negative or slight VEGFRs expressions after the vaccination and most endothelial cells were covered with PDGFR-β-positive pericytes. Notably, CTLs induced by VEGFRs peptide vaccination attacked not only tumor vessels but also tumor cells and regulatory T cells expressing VEGFRs even in recurrent tumors. CONCLUSIONS VEGFR1 and 2 vaccination may have a preliminary synergistic effect when administered with TMZ. The limitation of the present study was the paucity of the number of the samples. Further studies involving more patients are warranted to confirm the findings of this study. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered as UMIN000013381 (University Hospital Medical Information Network-Clinical Trial Registry: UMIN-CTR) on 5 March, 2014 and with the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCT) as jRCTs031180170 on 1 March, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yukina Morimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenzo Kosugi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mizuto Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yumiko Oishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Ueda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ryogo Kikuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 254-0019, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nagashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Hikichi
- OncoTherapy Science, Inc., 3-2-1, Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, 213-0012, Japan
| | - Shinobu Noji
- Division of Cellular Signaling Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Tamura R, Fujioka M, Morimoto Y, Ohara K, Kosugi K, Oishi Y, Sato M, Ueda R, Fujiwara H, Hikichi T, Noji S, Oishi N, Ogawa K, Kawakami Y, Ohira T, Yoshida K, Toda M. A VEGF receptor vaccine demonstrates preliminary efficacy in neurofibromatosis type 2. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5758. [PMID: 31848332 PMCID: PMC6917794 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13640-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab has shown efficacy for the treatment of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). Theoretically, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can kill both tumor vessel cells and tumor cells expressing VEGFRs. Here we show an exploratory clinical study of VEGFRs peptide vaccine in seven patients with progressive NF2-derived schwannomas. Hearing improves in 2/5 assessable patients (40%) as determined by international guidelines, with increases in word recognition scores. Tumor volume reductions of ≥20% are observed in two patients, including one in which bevacizumab had not been effective. There are no severe adverse events related to the vaccine. Both VEGFR1-specific and VEGFR2-specific CTLs are induced in six patients. Surgery is performed after vaccination in two patients, and significant reductions in the expression of VEGFRs in schwannomas are observed. Therefore, this clinical immunotherapy study demonstrates the safety and preliminary efficacy of VEGFRs peptide vaccination in patients with NF2. The anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody bevacizumab has shown efficacy for the treatment of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). Here, the authors show that VEGFRs peptide vaccination can improve hearing and reduce tumor volume in NF2 patients, including in previously bevacizumab resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Fujioka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yukina Morimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ohara
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenzo Kosugi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yumiko Oishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mizuto Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Ueda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Fujiwara
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Hikichi
- OncoTherapy Science, Inc., 3-2-1, Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, 213-0012, Japan
| | - Shinobu Noji
- Division of Cellular Signaling Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naoki Oishi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ogawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohira
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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