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Zhao D, Zhuang W, Wang Y, Xu X, Qiao L. In-depth mass spectrometry analysis of rhGH administration altered energy metabolism and steroidogenesis. Talanta 2024; 266:125069. [PMID: 37574608 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone, as a proteohormone, is primarily known of its dramatic effect on longitudinal growth. Recombinant DNA technology has provided a safe, abundant and comparatively cheap supply of human GH for growth hormone-deficient individuals. However, many healthy subjects, especially athletics, administrate GH for enhanced athletic performance or strength. A better and more comprehensive understanding of rhGH effect in healthy individuals is urgent and essential. In this study, we recruited 14 healthy young male and injected rhGH once. Untargeted LC-MS metabolomics profiling of serum and urine was performed before and after the rhGH injection. The GH-induced dysregulation of energy related pathways, such as amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, glycolysis and TCA cycle, was revealed. Moreover, individuals supplemented with micro-doses of rhGH exhibited significantly changed urinary steroidal profiles, suggesting a role of rhGH in both energy metabolism and steroidogenesis. We expect that our results will be helpful to provide new evidence on the effects of rhGH injection and provide potential biomarkers for rhGH administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, and Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Wenqian Zhuang
- Research Institute for Doping Control, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Research Institute for Doping Control, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Research Institute for Doping Control, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, and Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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Yang H, Chen M, Wang Y, Jiang L, Wang L, Duan L, Gong F, Zhu H, Pan H. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-based Metabolic Profiling of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2272-2281. [PMID: 36883594 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients with adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) are at increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic profiles in AGHD patients have been insufficiently evaluated. OBJECTIVE This work aims to explore serum metabolite profiles by metabolomics analysis and assess potential metabolites associated with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment. METHODS Thirty-one AGHD patients and 31 healthy controls were enrolled. Untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectroscopy was conducted in all patients and controls at baseline and during 12 months of rhGH treatment in 11 AGHD patients. Data were processed by principal component analysis, variable importance in projection scoring, orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis, and MetaboAnalyst 5.0. We further explored the associations between metabolites and clinical parameters. RESULTS Metabolomics indicated a distinct metabolic pattern between AGHD patients and healthy controls. The perturbed pathways mainly include the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, fatty acid elongation, degradation, and biosynthesis. rhGH treatment increased the levels of specific glycerophospholipids compounds and reduced fatty acid ester compounds. Significant correlations existed between the 40 identified metabolites and insulin-like growth factor-1 SD score (IGF-1 SDS), body composition, and glucose and lipid metabolism plasma markers. During rhGH treatment, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between deoxycholic acid glycine conjugate and waist-to-hip ratio, while a statistically significant positive correlation existed between decanoylcarnitine and serum low-density lipoprotein levels. CONCLUSION AGHD patients have unique metabolomic profiles. rhGH treatment alters the serum levels of several fatty acid compounds/amino acids, which may contribute to the improvement of metabolic status in AGHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Meiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lingjuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fengying Gong
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
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Pînzariu O, Georgescu CE. Metabolomics in acromegaly: a systematic review. J Investig Med 2023:10815589231169452. [PMID: 37139720 DOI: 10.1177/10815589231169452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic response heterogeneity in acromegaly persists, despite the medical-surgical advances of recent years. Thus, personalized medicine implementation, which focuses on each patient, is justified. Metabolomics would decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic response heterogeneity. Identification of altered metabolic pathways would open new horizons in the therapeutic management of acromegaly. This research aimed to evaluate the metabolomic profile in acromegaly and metabolomics' contributions to understanding disease pathogenesis. A systematic review was carried out by querying four electronic databases and evaluating patients with acromegaly through metabolomic techniques. In all, 21 studies containing 362 patients were eligible. Choline, the ubiquitous metabolite identified in growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenomas (Pas) by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), negatively correlated with somatostatin receptors type 2 expression and positively correlated with magnetic resonance imaging T2 signal and Ki-67 index. Moreover, elevated choline and choline/creatine ratio differentiated between sparsely and densely granulated GH-secreting PAs. MRS detected low hepatic lipid content in active acromegaly, which increased after disease control. The panel of metabolites of acromegaly deciphered by mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques mainly included amino acids (especially branched-chain amino acids and taurine), glyceric acid, and lipids. The most altered pathways in acromegaly were the metabolism of glucose (particularly the downregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway), linoleic acid, sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, arginine/proline, and taurine/hypotaurine. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization coupled with MS imaging confirmed the functional nature of GH-secreting PAs and accurately discriminated PAs from healthy pituitary tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Pînzariu
- Department of Endocrinology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen Emanuela Georgescu
- Department of Endocrinology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Endocrinology Clinic, Cluj County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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De San-Martin BS, Ferreira VG, Bitencourt MR, Pereira PCG, Carrilho E, de Assunção NA, de Carvalho LRS. Metabolomics as a potential tool for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency (GHD): a review. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2021; 64:654-663. [PMID: 33085993 PMCID: PMC10528619 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics uses several analytical tools to identify the chemical diversity of metabolites present in organisms. These metabolites are low molecular weight molecules (<1500 Da) classified as a final or intermediary product of metabolic processes. The application of this omics technology has become prominent in inferring physiological conditions through reporting on the phenotypic state; therefore, the introduction of metabolomics into clinical studies has been growing in recent years due to its efficiency in discriminating pathophysiological states. Regarding endocrine diseases, there is a great interest in verifying comprehensive and individualized physiological scenarios, in particular for growth hormone deficiency (GHD). The current GHD diagnostic tests are laborious and invasive and there is no exam with ideal reproducibility and sensitivity for diagnosis neither standard GH cut-off point. Therefore, this review was focussed on articles that applied metabolomics in the search for new biomarkers for GHD. The present work shows that the applications of metabolomics in GHD are still limited, since the little complementarily of analytical techniques, a low number of samples, GHD combined to other deficiencies, and idiopathic diagnosis shows a lack of progress. The results of the research are relevant and similar; however, their results do not provide an application for clinical practice due to the lack of multidisciplinary actions that would be needed to mediate the translation of the knowledge produced in the laboratory, if transferred to the medical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Sena De San-Martin
- Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Vinícius Guimarães Ferreira
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos da Universidade de São Paulo (IQSC-USP), São Carlos, SP, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica - INCTBio, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Mariana Rechia Bitencourt
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo Cesar Gonçalves Pereira
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos da Universidade de São Paulo (IQSC-USP), São Carlos, SP, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica - INCTBio, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Nilson Antônio de Assunção
- Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brasil,
| | - Luciani Renata Silveira de Carvalho
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brasil,
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Caputo M, Pigni S, Agosti E, Daffara T, Ferrero A, Filigheddu N, Prodam F. Regulation of GH and GH Signaling by Nutrients. Cells 2021; 10:1376. [PMID: 34199514 PMCID: PMC8227158 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) are pleiotropic hormones with important roles in lifespan. They promote growth, anabolic actions, and body maintenance, and in conditions of energy deprivation, favor catabolic feedback mechanisms switching from carbohydrate oxidation to lipolysis, with the aim to preserve protein storages and survival. IGF-I/insulin signaling was also the first one identified in the regulation of lifespan in relation to the nutrient-sensing. Indeed, nutrients are crucial modifiers of the GH/IGF-I axis, and these hormones also regulate the complex orchestration of utilization of nutrients in cell and tissues. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the reciprocal feedback among the GH/IGF-I axis, macro and micronutrients, and dietary regimens, including caloric restriction. Expanding the depth of information on this topic could open perspectives in nutrition management, prevention, and treatment of GH/IGF-I deficiency or excess during life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Caputo
- SCDU of Endocrinology, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (T.D.); (A.F.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Stella Pigni
- SCDU of Endocrinology, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (T.D.); (A.F.)
| | - Emanuela Agosti
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Tommaso Daffara
- SCDU of Endocrinology, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (T.D.); (A.F.)
| | - Alice Ferrero
- SCDU of Endocrinology, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (T.D.); (A.F.)
| | - Nicoletta Filigheddu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Flavia Prodam
- SCDU of Endocrinology, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (T.D.); (A.F.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
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Biagetti B, Aulinas A, Casteras A, Pérez-Hoyos S, Simó R. HOMA-IR in acromegaly: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pituitary 2021; 24:146-158. [PMID: 33085039 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review is aimed at examining whether the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) is higher in Caucasian, adult, treatment-naïve patients with acromegaly (ACRO) than in the reference population independently of diabetes presence and to evaluate the impact of treatment [surgery and somatostatin analogues (SSAs)] on its assessment. METHODS We systematically reviewed in PubMed and Web of Science from July 1985 to December 2019, registered with the code number CRD42020148737. The inclusion criteria comprised studies conducted in Caucasian adult treatment-naïve patients with active ACRO in whom HOMA-IR or basal insulin and glucose were reported. Three reviewers screened eligible publications, extracted the outcomes, and assessed the risk of biases. RESULTS Of 118 originally selected studies, 15 met the inclusion criteria. HOMA-IR was higher in ACRO than the reference population, with mean difference and (95% confidence intervals) of 2.04 (0.65-3.44), even in ACRO patients without diabetes, 1.89 (1.06-2.73). HOMA-IR significantly decreased after treatment with either surgery or SSAs - 2.53 (- 3.24- - 1.81) and - 2.30 (- 3.05- - 1.56); respectively. However, the reduction of HOMA-IR due to SSAs did not improve basal glucose. CONCLUSION HOMA-IR in treatment-naïve ACRO patients is higher than in the reference population, even in patients without diabetes. This finding, confirms that insulin resistance is an early event in ACRO. Our results also suggest that HOMA-IR is not an adequate tool for assessing insulin resistance in those patients treated with SSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betina Biagetti
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall D'Hebron Research Institute and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Aulinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau and Sant Pau-Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERERUnidad 747), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic Central University of Catalonia (UVic/UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Anna Casteras
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall D'Hebron Research Institute and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Pérez-Hoyos
- Genetics Microbiology and Statistics Department, Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Vall D'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Simó
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall D'Hebron Research Institute and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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GH/IGF-1 Abnormalities and Muscle Impairment: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010415. [PMID: 33401779 PMCID: PMC7795003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of skeletal muscle function is one of the most debilitating least understood co-morbidity that accompanies acromegaly (ACRO). Despite being one of the major determinants of these patients’ poor quality of life, there is limited evidence related to the underlying mechanisms and treatment options. Although growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels are associated, albeit not indisputable, with the presence and severity of ACRO myopathies the precise effects attributed to increased GH or IGF-1 levels are still unclear. Yet, cell lines and animal models can help us bridge these gaps. This review aims to describe the evidence regarding the role of GH and IGF-1 in muscle anabolism, from the basic to the clinical setting with special emphasis on ACRO. We also pinpoint future perspectives and research lines that should be considered for improving our knowledge in the field.
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Biagetti B, Simó R. Diabetes y HOMA-IR en la acromegalia. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2021; 68:1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Duran-Ortiz S, Young JA, Jara A, Jensen EA, Basu R, List EO, Qian Y, Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE. Differential gene signature in adipose tissue depots of growth hormone transgenic mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12893. [PMID: 33043505 PMCID: PMC7606825 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine growth hormone (bGH) transgenic mice mimic the clinical condition of acromegaly, having high circulating growth hormone (GH) levels. These mice are giant, have decreased adipose tissue (AT) mass, impaired glucose metabolism and a shortened lifespan. The detrimental effects of excess GH have been suggested, in part, to be a result of its depot-specific actions on AT. To investigate this relationship, we evaluated gene expression, biological mechanisms, cellular pathways and predicted microRNA (miRNA) in two AT depots (subcutaneous [Subq] and epididymal [Epi]) from bGH and littermate controls using RNA sequencing analysis. Two analyses on the differentially expressed genes (DEG) were performed: (i) comparison of the same AT depot between bGH and wild-type (WT) mice (genotype comparison) and (ii) comparison of Subq and Epi AT depots within the same genotype (depot comparison). For the genotype comparison, we found a higher number of significant DEG in the Subq AT depot of bGH mice compared to WT controls, corroborating previous reports that GH has a greater impact on the Subq depot. Furthermore, most of the DEG in bGH mice were not shared by WT mice, suggesting that excess GH induces the expression of genes not commonly present in AT. Through gene ontology and pathway analysis, the genotype comparison revealed that the DEG of the Subq depot of bGH mice relate to fatty acid oxidation, branched-chain amino acid degradation and the immune system. Additionally, the AT depot comparison showed that the immune cell activation and T-cell response appear up-regulated in the Subq compared to the Epi AT depot. The miRNA prediction also suggested a modulation of T-cell-related biological process in Subq. In summary, the present study provides a unique resource for understanding the specific differences in gene expression that are driven by both excess GH action and AT depot location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Jonathan A. Young
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Adam Jara
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | | | | | | | | | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Darlene E. Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- Corresponding Author at: Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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