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Neighbors C, Leigh Leasure J, Shank F, Ryan P, Najjar LZ, Sze C, Henderson CE, Young CM. Physical activity as a moderator of the association between alcohol consumption and hangovers. Addict Behav 2024; 159:108145. [PMID: 39216177 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Frequently mentioned anecdotally, hangovers are under-investigated within the scientific study of alcohol, as is the role of physical activity (PA) on hangovers. The well-established positive association between PA and AC (AC) suggests that PA may buffer negative physiological consequences of AC, including hangovers. The present study was therefore conducted in order to determine whether PA influences hangovers. Undergraduates (N=1676) from two large universities in the United States who experienced at least one hangover in the past three months and who engaged in at least 30 min of moderate PA per week were recruited to participate. Participants completed online questionnaires about their AC, PA, and frequency and severity of hangover symptoms. Both between- and within-person associations between AC and hangover were examined, factoring in the potential moderating effects of both moderate and vigorous PA. Small effects were observed for correlations between PA and outcomes assessing AC and hangovers (rs ranged from 0.09 to 0.15). Results also revealed that individuals who consumed more alcohol per month experienced hangovers more frequently and had more severe symptoms. These associations were attenuated among individuals who spent more hours engaging in vigorous but not moderate PA. The current study is the first to show PA influences the experience of hangovers, and we posit this may be a mechanism underlying the positive relationship between PA and AC. Our findings advance the growing literature on alcohol use and PA and may contribute to the development of interventions for alcohol-related problems and alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Leigh Leasure
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Faith Shank
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Paige Ryan
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Laian Z Najjar
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cody Sze
- Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA.
| | - Craig E Henderson
- Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA.
| | - Chelsie M Young
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
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Balikji J, Mackus M, Garssen J, Hoogbergen MM, Verster JC. Immune Fitness, Migraine, and Headache Complaints in Individuals with Self-Reported Impaired Wound Healing. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:2245-2253. [PMID: 37293517 PMCID: PMC10246567 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s413258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Having chronic wounds and impaired wound healing are associated with psychological distress. The current study aims to evaluate migraine and headache complaints in young adults with self-reported impaired wound healing. Methods A survey was conducted among N=1935 young adults (83.6% women), 18-30 years old, living in the Netherlands. Wound healing status was verified, immune fitness was assessed using a single-item rating scale, and ID Migraine was completed. In addition, several questions were answered on past year's headache experiences (including frequency, quantity, type, location, and severity). Results In both the control group (p < 0.001) and the IWH group (p = 0.002) immune fitness was significantly lower among those that reported headaches compared to those that reported no headaches. Individuals with self-reported impaired wound healing (IWH) scored significantly higher on the ID Migraine scale, and individuals of the IWH group scored significantly more often positive for migraine (ie, an ID Migraine score ≥2). They reported a younger age of onset of experiencing headaches, and significantly more often reported having a beating or pounding headache than the control group. Compared to the control group, the IWH group reported being significantly more limited in their daily activities compared to the control group. Conclusion Headaches and migraines are more frequently reported by individuals with self-reported impaired wound healing, and their reported immune fitness is significantly poorer compared to healthy controls. These headache and migraine complaints significantly limit them in their daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Balikji
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, the Netherlands
| | - Marlou Mackus
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, the Netherlands
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Catharina Ziekenhuis, Eindhoven, 5623 EJ, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten M Hoogbergen
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Nutricia Danone Research, Utrecht, 3584 CT, the Netherlands
| | - Joris C Verster
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, the Netherlands
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia
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Verster JC, Donders JA, Boogaard AS, Bruce G. Predictors of Hangover Frequency and Severity: The Impact of Alcohol Consumption, Mental Resilience, Personality, Lifestyle, Coping and Mood. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12113811. [PMID: 37298006 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12113811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental resilience is the ability to bounce back from daily life stressors such as divorce or losing a job. Extensive research has demonstrated a negative relationship between mental resilience and alcohol consumption. That is, both the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption are greater in individuals with lower levels of mental resilience. There has, however, been little scientific attention paid to the relationship between mental resilience and alcohol hangover severity. The objective of this study was to evaluate psychological factors that may impact the frequency and severity of alcohol hangovers, including alcohol intake itself, mental resilience, personality, baseline mood, lifestyle, and coping mechanisms. An online survey was conducted among Dutch adults (N = 153) who had a hangover after their heaviest drinking occasion in the period before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic (15 January to 14 March 2020). Questions were asked about their alcohol consumption and hangover severity on their heaviest drinking occasion. Mental resilience was assessed with the Brief Mental Resilience scale, personality with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale (EPQ-RSS), mood via single item assessments, and lifestyle and coping with the modified Fantastic Lifestyle Checklist. The partial correlation, corrected for estimated peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC), between mental resilience and hangover severity was not significant (r = 0.010, p = 0.848). Furthermore, no significant correlations were found between hangover severity or frequency and personality and baseline mood. For lifestyle and coping factors, a negative correlation was found between the use of tobacco and toxins (i.e., drugs, medicines, caffeine) and the frequency of experiencing hangovers. Regression analysis revealed that hangover severity after the heaviest drinking occasion (31.2%) was the best predictor of hangover frequency, and that subjective intoxication on the heaviest drinking occasion (38.4%) was the best predictor of next-day hangover severity. Mood, mental resilience, and personality were not relevant predictors of hangover frequency and severity. In conclusion, mental resilience, personality, and baseline mood do not predict hangover frequency and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris C Verster
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Julie A Donders
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne S Boogaard
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gillian Bruce
- Division of Psychology and Social Work, School of Education and Social Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
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Verster JC, Mulder KEW, Verheul MCE, van Oostrom EC, Hendriksen PA, Scholey A, Garssen J. Test-retest reliability of single-item assessments of immune fitness, mood, and quality of life. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15280. [PMID: 37089305 PMCID: PMC10113843 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of single-item assessments is increasingly important and popular, as these enable quick real-time assessments in clinical practice or research. In this study we investigated the test-retest reliability of single-item assessments of mood ("stress", "anxiety", "depression", "fatigue", "loneliness", "being active", "optimism", and "happiness"), quality of life, and immune fitness in N = 108 participants. The analysis revealed high test-retest correlations between the single-item assessments (r = 0.67 to 0.90), moderate to excellent intraclass correlations (r = 0.672 to 0.889), and the Bland-Altman analysis revealed agreement between all test-retest assessments, except for depression. Taken together, it can be concluded that the single-item assessments of mood, quality and immune fitness have a good test-retest reliability. This strengthens the rationale for using these single item assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris C. Verster
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia
- Corresponding author. Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Kiki EW. Mulder
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn CE. Verheul
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Evi C. van Oostrom
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pauline A. Hendriksen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Nutrition Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Nutricia Danone Research, 3584CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Verster JC, Kraneveld AD, Garssen J. The Assessment of Immune Fitness. J Clin Med 2022; 12:jcm12010022. [PMID: 36614822 PMCID: PMC9821524 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune fitness (i.e., adequate functioning of the immune system) is essential to maintain health, prevent and resolve disease, and improve quality of life. This article provides an overview of how to assess immune fitness. It discusses how a single-item rating scale can be used to assess immune fitness. The scale can be used in conjunction with a single "yes" or "no" question asking whether the individual is experiencing reduced immune fitness. Retrospective assessments can be complemented with the Immune Status Questionnaire (ISQ) to provide more insight into the type and frequency of experiencing specific immune-related complaints. Momentary assessments of immune fitness can be complemented with biomarker measurements in body fluids. As individuals may be unaware of systemic inflammation (e.g., biomarker concentrations outside the normal range), it remains critical to combine immune fitness assessments with biomarker measurements of immune functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris C. Verster
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-302-536-909
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Nutricia Danone Research, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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van Oostrom EC, Mulder KEW, Verheul MCE, Hendriksen PA, Thijssen S, Kraneveld AD, Vlieg-Boerstra B, Garssen J, Verster JC. A healthier daily diet is associated with greater immune fitness. PHARMANUTRITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2022.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Chavarria J, Fridberg DJ, King AC. Acute alcohol rewarding effects as a risk factor for hangover frequency. Addict Behav 2022; 129:107279. [PMID: 35184004 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Acute subjective alcohol effects appear to play an important role in predicting alcohol hangover. However, no studies have used a laboratory-based alcohol challenge to examine the concurrent or longitudinal effects of subjective alcohol responses on hangover frequency. As such, we investigated the direct and indirect effects of alcohol stimulation, sedation, liking and wanting, as measured in a controlled setting, on hangover frequency over five years. METHOD Participants were 294 young adult light-to-heavy social drinkers (aged 21-35 years, 42% female) enrolled in the Chicago Social Drinking Project. The study utilized a placebo-controlled, double blind, laboratory alcohol challenge and a battery of measures including the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale, Drug Effects Questionnaire, Hangover Symptom Scale, and alcohol use Quantity-Frequency Interview, with the latter two re-administered after five years. RESULTS Through the use of a path analysis, the present study found significant direct effects from alcohol liking to hangover frequency at initial testing. In addition, there were multiple significant indirect effects from greater alcohol liking and wanting to greater alcohol use quantity-frequency and, in turn, greater hangover frequency at initial testing and 5-year follow-up. Last, there were significant indirect effects from greater alcohol sedation to less alcohol use quantity-frequency and, in turn, less hangover frequency at initial testing and 5-year follow-up. CONCLUSION This study highlights the role of the hedonic reward and motivational salience of alcohol as potential mechanisms of alcohol-related consequences (i.e., hangover) among light-to-heavy social drinking young adults.
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8
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COVID-19 Lockdown Effects on Academic Functioning, Mood, and Health Correlates: Data from Dutch Pharmacy Students, PhD Candidates and Postdocs. DATA 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/data6110120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed results have been published on the impact of the 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and its associated lockdown periods on academic functioning, mood, and health correlates such as alcohol consumption. Whereas a number of students report an impaired academic performance and increased alcohol intake during lockdown periods, other students report no change or an improvement in academic functioning and a reduced alcohol consumption. This data descriptor article describes the dataset of a study investigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on academic functioning. To investigate this, an online survey was conducted among Dutch pharmacy students, PhD candidates and postdoctoral researchers (postdocs) of Utrecht University, the Netherlands. Compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, the survey assessed possible changes in self-reported academic functioning, mood and health correlates such as alcohol consumption, perceived immune functioning and sleep quality. Retrospective assessments were made for four periods, including (1) the year 2019 (the period before COVID-19), (2) the first lockdown period (15 March–11 May 2020), (3) summer 2020 (no lockdown) and (4) the second lockdown (November 2020–April 2021). This article describes the content of the survey and corresponding dataset. The survey had a response rate of 24.3% and was completed by 345 participants.
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Tracy EL, Reid KJ, Baron KG. The relationship between sleep and physical activity: The moderating role of daily alcohol consumption. Sleep 2021; 44:6261962. [PMID: 34009345 PMCID: PMC8503823 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Studies have demonstrated a daily, bidirectional relationship between sleep and physical activity. However, little is known about how other health behaviors, such as alcohol consumption affect this relationship. This study examined how daily and average alcohol consumption affects the relationships between sleep and physical activity. METHODS Participants included 70 men and women, ages 18-50 with sleep duration >6.5 h. Participants wore an actigraph, physical activity monitor and recorded number of alcoholic drinks by daily food logs for 7 days. Results were analyzed using multi-level models to evaluate the 7-day average (i.e., between-person effects) and daily effects (i.e., within-person effects) simultaneously. RESULTS Those with more average (7 day) minutes of vigorous physical activity had less wake after sleep onset (WASO). Furthermore, a higher number of alcoholic drinks was associated with longer sleep duration and higher WASO over 7 days. Days with a higher number of alcoholic drinks were associated with higher WASO and sleep fragmentation that night. Alcohol intake moderated the average (7 day) and daily relationships between sleep and physical activity such that high average (7 days) WASO was associated with shorter average total physical activity duration, but only for those with higher alcohol intake. In addition, longer physical activity duration during the day was associated with lower sleep fragmentation that night, but only for those with lower alcohol intake. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that in a naturalistic setting, alcohol intake negatively impacts sleep and diminishes the benefits of physical activity on sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Lee Tracy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn Jean Reid
- Department of Neurology Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kelly Glazer Baron
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Immune Responses after Heavy Alcohol Consumption: Cytokine Concentrations in Hangover-Sensitive and Hangover-Resistant Drinkers. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9040395. [PMID: 33916085 PMCID: PMC8067124 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated immunological changes during an alcohol hangover, and the possible difference between hangover-resistant and hangover-sensitive drinkers in terms of immune reactivity. Using a semi-naturalistic design, N = 36 healthy social drinkers (18 to 30 years old) provided saliva samples on a control day (after drinking no alcohol) and on a post-alcohol day. Hangover severity was rated directly after saliva collection. Cytokine concentrations, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and hangover severity were compared between both test days and between hangover-sensitive and -resistant drinkers. Data from N = 35 drinkers (17 hangover-sensitive and 18 hangover-resistant) were included in the statistical analyses. Relative to the control day, there were significant increases in saliva IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations on the post-alcohol day. No significant differences in cytokine concentrations were found between hangover-sensitive and hangover-resistant drinkers, nor did any change in cytokine concentration correlate significantly with hangover severity. In line with previous controlled studies assessing cytokines in blood, the current naturalistic study using saliva samples also demonstrated that the immune system responds to high-level alcohol intake. However, further research is warranted, as, in contrast to previous findings in blood samples, changes in saliva cytokine concentrations did not differ significantly between hangover-sensitive and hangover-resistant drinkers, nor did they correlate significantly with hangover severity.
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The Alcohol Hangover Research Group: Ten Years of Progress in Research on the Causes, Consequences, and Treatment of the Alcohol Hangover. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113670. [PMID: 33207574 PMCID: PMC7696633 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The alcohol hangover is defined as the combination of negative mental and physical symptoms, which can be experienced after a single episode of alcohol consumption, starting when blood alcohol concentration (BAC) approaches zero. Here, we present the book "The alcohol hangover: causes, consequences, and treatment", written to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the Alcohol Hangover Research Group (AHRG), summarizing recent advances in the field of alcohol hangover research.
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van de Loo AJ, Mackus M, Kwon O, Krishnakumar IM, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD, Scholey A, Verster JC. The Inflammatory Response to Alcohol Consumption and Its Role in the Pathology of Alcohol Hangover. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2081. [PMID: 32630717 PMCID: PMC7408936 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies are focusing on the inflammatory response to alcohol as a potentially important determinant of hangover severity. In this article, data from two studies were re-evaluated to investigate the relationship between hangover severity and relevant biomarkers of alcohol metabolism, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response to alcohol. Hangover severity was significantly and positively correlated with blood concentrations of biomarkers of the inflammatory response to alcohol, in particular, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP). At 4 h after alcohol consumption, blood ethanol concentration (but not acetaldehyde) was significantly and positively associated with elevated levels of IL-6, suggesting a direct inflammatory effect of ethanol. In addition, biomarkers of oxidative stress, i.e., malondialdehyde and 8-isoprostrane, were significantly correlated with hangover severity, suggesting that oxidative stress also contributes to the inflammatory response. The timing of the assessments suggests initial slow elimination of ethanol in the first hours after alcohol consumption. As a consequence, more ethanol is present in the second half of the night and the next morning, which will elicit more oxidative stress and a more profound inflammatory response. Together, these processes result in more severe hangovers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora J.A.E. van de Loo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.J.A.E.v.d.L.); (M.M.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marlou Mackus
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.J.A.E.v.d.L.); (M.M.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Oran Kwon
- BioFood Laboratory/BioFood Network, Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea;
| | | | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.J.A.E.v.d.L.); (M.M.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Nutricia Danone Research, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.J.A.E.v.d.L.); (M.M.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, VIC 3122 Melbourne, Australia;
| | - Joris C. Verster
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.J.A.E.v.d.L.); (M.M.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- BioFood Laboratory/BioFood Network, Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea;
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van de Loo AJAE, Kerssemakers N, Scholey A, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD, Verster JC. Perceived Immune Fitness, Individual Strength and Hangover Severity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4039. [PMID: 32517084 PMCID: PMC7311961 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Various factors may contribute to alcohol hangover severity. The purpose of the current investigation was to evaluate the possible impact of alcohol consumption patterns, perceived immune status, and baseline fatigue on hangover severity. A survey was completed by a convenience sample of N = 199 Dutch students who reported on their latest past month's heavy drinking occasion, including subjective intoxication (perceived drunkenness) and next-day hangover severity, which were rated on single-item scales ranging from 0 (absent) to 10 (extreme). In addition, perceived (momentary) immune fitness was assessed, and the Checklist Individual Strength (CIS) was completed to assess baseline fatigue. The analysis revealed that instead of the amount of alcohol consumed or estimated blood alcohol concentration, it appeared that subjective intoxication (i.e., level of drunkenness) was the most important determinant of alcohol hangover severity. Especially in men, albeit modest, it was perceived that immune fitness also significantly contributed to the level of hangover severity experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora J. A. E. van de Loo
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Nikki Kerssemakers
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
- Nutricia Research, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Joris C. Verster
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
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Berghäuser J, Bensmann W, Zink N, Endrass T, Beste C, Stock AK. Alcohol Hangover Does Not Alter the Application of Model-Based and Model-Free Learning Strategies. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051453. [PMID: 32414137 PMCID: PMC7290484 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent alcohol binges shift behavior from goal-directed to habitual processing modes. This shift in reward-associated learning strategies plays a key role in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorders and seems to persist during (early stages of) sobriety in at-risk drinkers. Yet still, it has remained unclear whether this phenomenon might be associated with alcohol hangover and thus also be found in social drinkers. In an experimental crossover design, n = 25 healthy young male participants performed a two-step decision-making task once sober and once hungover (i.e., when reaching sobriety after consuming 2.6 g of alcohol per estimated liter of total body water). This task allows the separation of effortful model-based and computationally less demanding model-free learning strategies. The experimental induction of alcohol hangover was successful, but we found no significant hangover effects on model-based and model-free learning scores, the balance between model-free and model-based valuation (ω), or perseveration tendencies (π). Bayesian analyses provided positive evidence for the null hypothesis for all measures except π (anecdotal evidence for the null hypothesis). Taken together, alcohol hangover, which results from a single binge drinking episode, does not impair the application of effortful and computationally costly model-based learning strategies and/or increase model-free learning strategies. This supports the notion that the behavioral deficits observed in at-risk drinkers are most likely not caused by the immediate aftereffects of individual binge drinking events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Berghäuser
- Chair of Addiction Research, Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology TU Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (J.B.); (T.E.)
| | - Wiebke Bensmann
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (W.B.); (N.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Nicolas Zink
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (W.B.); (N.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Tanja Endrass
- Chair of Addiction Research, Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology TU Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (J.B.); (T.E.)
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (W.B.); (N.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (W.B.); (N.Z.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence:
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The Effects of SJP-001 on Alcohol Hangover Severity: A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9040932. [PMID: 32244274 PMCID: PMC7230243 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Despite a clear market need and many hangover products available, currently there is no hangover treatment that is supported by substantial scientific evidence demonstrating its efficacy and safety. A pilot study was conducted to investigate the effects of a potential new hangover treatment, SJP-001, and its constituents (220 mg naproxen and 60 mg fexofenadine) on hangover severity. Methods. N = 13 healthy social drinkers (36.3 ± 8.9 years old) participated in a double-blind, factorial design, cross-over study. On each test day, they consumed their own choice of alcohol up to a self-reported level sufficient to elicit a next-day hangover. Treatments were administered prior to onset of drinking. Next morning, hangover severity was assessed with the Acute Hangover Scale (AHS). Subjects were included in the efficacy analysis only if they reported a hangover after placebo. Results. N = 5 subjects (60% male, 35.2 ± 9.0 years old) were included in the analysis. They consumed a mean (SD) of 4.6 ± 1.1 units of alcohol and had an average peak breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) of 0.065% across conditions. Compared to placebo, SJP-001 significantly improved the AHS overall hangover severity score (0.8 ± 0.3 versus 1.5 ± 0.9, p = 0.042). Compared to placebo, SJP-001 also reduced scores on the individual item ‘hangover’, although the observed improvement (−1.6) did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.102). The differences from placebo after naproxen alone and fexofenadine alone were not statistically significant. SJP-001 also improved scores for the individual hangover symptoms tired, thirsty, headache, dizziness, nausea, and loss of appetite, but these effects did not reach statistical significance. Discussion. Compared to placebo, SJP-001 significantly reduced overall hangover severity. The effects of SJP-001 should be further examined in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a larger sample size and controlled administration of sufficient amounts of alcohol to provoke a more substantial alcohol hangover.
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Updating the Definition of the Alcohol Hangover. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030823. [PMID: 32197381 PMCID: PMC7141232 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the Alcohol Hangover Research Group defined the alcohol hangover as “the combination of mental and physical symptoms experienced the day after a single episode of heavy drinking, starting when blood alcohol concentration (BAC) approaches zero”. In the light of new findings and evidence, we carefully reviewed the different components of that definition. Several studies demonstrated that alcohol hangovers are not limited to heavy drinking occasions. Instead, data from both student and non-student samples revealed that at a group level, alcohol hangover may occur at much lower BAC levels than previously thought. Regression analysis further revealed that for individual drinkers, the occurrence of hangovers is more likely when subjects consume more alcohol than they usually do. However, hangovers may also occur at a drinker’s usual BAC, and in some cases even at lower BAC (e.g. in case of illness). We also carefully reviewed and modified other parts of the definition. Finally, hangovers are not necessarily limited to the ‘next day’. They can start at any time of day or night, whenever BAC approaches zero after a single dinking occasion. This may also be on the same day as the drinking occasion (e.g. when drinking in, or until the morning and subsequently having a hangover in the afternoon or evening). To better reflect the new insights and sharpen the description of the concept, we hereby propose to update the definition of the alcohol hangover as follows: “The alcohol hangover refers to the combination of negative mental and physical symptoms which can be experienced after a single episode of alcohol consumption, starting when blood alcohol concentration (BAC) approaches zero”, and recommend to use this new definition in future hangover research.
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Verster JC, van de Loo AJ, Benson S, Scholey A, Stock AK. The Assessment of Overall Hangover Severity. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030786. [PMID: 32183161 PMCID: PMC7141364 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to critically evaluate and compare the different methods to assess overall hangover severity. Currently, there are three multi-item hangover scales that are commonly used for this purpose. All of them comprise a number of hangover symptoms for which an average score is calculated. These scales were compared to a single, 1-item scale assessing overall hangover severity. The results showed that the hangover symptom scales significantly underestimate (subjective) hangover severity, as assessed with a 1-item overall hangover severity scale. A possible reason for this could be that overall hangover severity varies, depending on the frequency of occurrence of individual symptoms included in the respective scale. In contrast, it can be assumed that, when completing a 1-item overall hangover scale, the rating includes all possible hangover symptoms and their impact on cognitive and physical functioning and mood, thus better reflecting the actually experienced hangover severity. On the other hand, solely relying on hangover symptom scales may yield false positives in subjects who report not having a hangover. When the average symptom score is greater than zero, this may lead to non-hungover subjects being categorized as having a hangover, as many of the somatic and psychological hangover symptoms may also be experienced without consuming alcohol (e.g., having a headache). Taken together, the current analyses suggest that a 1-item overall hangover score is superior to hangover symptom scales in accurately assessing overall hangover severity. We therefore recommend using a 1-item overall hangover rating as primary endpoint in future hangover studies that aim to assess overall hangover severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris C Verster
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.V.); (A.J.A.E.v.d.L.)
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (S.B.) (A.S.)
| | - Aurora J.A.E. van de Loo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.V.); (A.J.A.E.v.d.L.)
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Benson
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (S.B.) (A.S.)
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (S.B.) (A.S.)
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Verster JC, Kruisselbrink LD, Slot KA, Anogeianaki A, Adams S, Alford C, Arnoldy L, Ayre E, Balikji S, Benson S, Bruce G, Devenney LE, Frone MR, Gunn C, Heffernan T, Hensel KO, Hogewoning A, Johnson SJ, van Lawick van Pabst AE, van de Loo AJ, Mackus M, Merlo A, Murphy RJ, Owen L, Palmer EO, van Rossum CJ, Scholey A, Terpstra C, Vatsalya V, Vermeulen SA, van Wijk M, Stock AK. Sensitivity to Experiencing Alcohol Hangovers: Reconsideration of the 0.11% Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Threshold for Having a Hangover. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E179. [PMID: 31936502 PMCID: PMC7019760 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2010 Alcohol Hangover Research Group consensus paper defined a cutoff blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.11% as a toxicological threshold indicating that sufficient alcohol had been consumed to develop a hangover. The cutoff was based on previous research and applied mostly in studies comprising student samples. Previously, we showed that sensitivity to hangovers depends on (estimated) BAC during acute intoxication, with a greater percentage of drinkers reporting hangovers at higher BAC levels. However, a substantial number of participants also reported hangovers at comparatively lower BAC levels. This calls the suitability of the 0.11% threshold into question. Recent research has shown that subjective intoxication, i.e., the level of severity of reported drunkenness, and not BAC, is the most important determinant of hangover severity. Non-student samples often have a much lower alcohol intake compared to student samples, and overall BACs often remain below 0.11%. Despite these lower BACs, many non-student participants report having a hangover, especially when their subjective intoxication levels are high. This may be the case when alcohol consumption on the drinking occasion that results in a hangover significantly exceeds their "normal" drinking level, irrespective of whether they meet the 0.11% threshold in any of these conditions. Whereas consumers may have relative tolerance to the adverse effects at their "regular" drinking level, considerably higher alcohol intake-irrespective of the absolute amount-may consequentially result in a next-day hangover. Taken together, these findings suggest that the 0.11% threshold value as a criterion for having a hangover should be abandoned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris C. Verster
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.V.); (K.A.S.); (A.A.); (L.A.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (A.E.v.L.v.P.); (M.M.); (S.A.V.); (M.v.W.)
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (E.A.); (S.B.); (A.S.); (C.T.)
| | - L. Darren Kruisselbrink
- Centre of Lifestyle Studies, School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (L.D.K.)
| | - Karin A. Slot
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.V.); (K.A.S.); (A.A.); (L.A.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (A.E.v.L.v.P.); (M.M.); (S.A.V.); (M.v.W.)
| | - Aikaterini Anogeianaki
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.V.); (K.A.S.); (A.A.); (L.A.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (A.E.v.L.v.P.); (M.M.); (S.A.V.); (M.v.W.)
| | - Sally Adams
- Addiction and Mental Health Group, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (S.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Chris Alford
- Psychological Sciences Research Group, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (C.A.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Lizanne Arnoldy
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.V.); (K.A.S.); (A.A.); (L.A.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (A.E.v.L.v.P.); (M.M.); (S.A.V.); (M.v.W.)
| | - Elisabeth Ayre
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (E.A.); (S.B.); (A.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Stephanie Balikji
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.V.); (K.A.S.); (A.A.); (L.A.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (A.E.v.L.v.P.); (M.M.); (S.A.V.); (M.v.W.)
| | - Sarah Benson
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (E.A.); (S.B.); (A.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Gillian Bruce
- Education and Social Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (G.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Lydia E. Devenney
- School of Psychology, Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry BT52 1SA, UK;
| | - Michael R. Frone
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Craig Gunn
- Addiction and Mental Health Group, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (S.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Thomas Heffernan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK;
| | - Kai O. Hensel
- Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK;
- Faculty of Health, Department of Paediatrics, Center for Clinical & Translational Research (CCTR), Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany
| | - Anna Hogewoning
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.V.); (K.A.S.); (A.A.); (L.A.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (A.E.v.L.v.P.); (M.M.); (S.A.V.); (M.v.W.)
| | - Sean J. Johnson
- Psychological Sciences Research Group, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (C.A.); (S.J.J.)
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK
| | - Albertine E. van Lawick van Pabst
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.V.); (K.A.S.); (A.A.); (L.A.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (A.E.v.L.v.P.); (M.M.); (S.A.V.); (M.v.W.)
| | - Aurora J.A.E. van de Loo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.V.); (K.A.S.); (A.A.); (L.A.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (A.E.v.L.v.P.); (M.M.); (S.A.V.); (M.v.W.)
| | - Marlou Mackus
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.V.); (K.A.S.); (A.A.); (L.A.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (A.E.v.L.v.P.); (M.M.); (S.A.V.); (M.v.W.)
| | - Agnese Merlo
- Education and Social Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (G.B.); (A.M.)
| | - René J.L. Murphy
- Centre of Lifestyle Studies, School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (L.D.K.)
| | - Lauren Owen
- Department of Psychology, School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford 5 M6 6PU, UK;
| | - Emily O.C. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
| | - Charmaine J.I. van Rossum
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.V.); (K.A.S.); (A.A.); (L.A.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (A.E.v.L.v.P.); (M.M.); (S.A.V.); (M.v.W.)
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (E.A.); (S.B.); (A.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Chantal Terpstra
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (E.A.); (S.B.); (A.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Robley Rex Louisville VAMC, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
| | - Sterre A. Vermeulen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.V.); (K.A.S.); (A.A.); (L.A.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (A.E.v.L.v.P.); (M.M.); (S.A.V.); (M.v.W.)
| | - Michelle van Wijk
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.V.); (K.A.S.); (A.A.); (L.A.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (A.E.v.L.v.P.); (M.M.); (S.A.V.); (M.v.W.)
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, University of Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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