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Podgórski R, Wojasiński M, Małolepszy A, Jaroszewicz J, Ciach T. Fabrication of 3D-Printed Scaffolds with Multiscale Porosity. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:29186-29204. [PMID: 39005818 PMCID: PMC11238315 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
3D printing is a promising technique for producing bone implants, but there is still a need to adjust efficiency, facilitate production, and improve biocompatibility. Porous materials have a proven positive effect on the regeneration of bone tissue, but their production is associated with numerous limitations. In this work, we described a simple method of producing polymer or polymer-ceramic filaments for 3D-printing scaffolds by adding micrometer-scale porous structures on scaffold surfaces. Scaffolds included polycaprolactone (PCL) as the primary polymer, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) as the ceramic filler, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a porogen. The pressurized filament extrusion gave flexible filaments composed of PCL, β-TCP, and PEG, which are ready to use in fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printers. Washing of 3D-printed scaffolds in ethanol solution removed PEG and revealed a microporous structure and ceramic particles on the scaffold's surfaces. Furthermore, 3D-printed materials exhibit good printing precision, no cytotoxic properties, and highly impact MG63 cell alignment. Although combining PCL, PEG, and β-TCP is quite popular, the presented method allows the production of porous scaffolds with a well-organized structure without advanced equipment, and the produced filaments can be used to 3D print scaffolds on a simple commercially available 3D printer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Podgórski
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Wojasiński
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Małolepszy
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Jaroszewicz
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies, CEZAMAT, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
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Tunable Properties via Composition Modulations of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Xanthan Gum/Oxalic Acid Hydrogels. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072657. [PMID: 35407989 PMCID: PMC9000745 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The design of hydrogel networks with tuned properties is essential for new innovative biomedical materials. Herein, poly(vinyl alcohol) and xanthan gum were used to develop hydrogels by the freeze/thaw cycles method in the presence of oxalic acid as a crosslinker. The structure and morphology of the obtained hydrogels were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and swelling behavior. The SEM analysis revealed that the surface morphology was mostly affected by the blending ratio between the two components, namely, poly(vinyl alcohol) and xanthan gum. From the swelling study, it was observed that the presence of oxalic acid influenced the hydrophilicity of blends. The hydrogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol) without xanthan gum led to structures with a smaller pore diameter, a lower swelling degree in pH 7.4 buffer solution, and a higher elastic modulus. The antimicrobial activity of the prepared hydrogels was tested and the results showed that the hydrogels conferred antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus 25923 ATCC) and Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli 25922 ATCC).
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Kim C, Lee JW, Heo JH, Park C, Kim DH, Yi GS, Kang HC, Jung HS, Shin H, Lee JH. Natural bone-mimicking nanopore-incorporated hydroxyapatite scaffolds for enhanced bone tissue regeneration. Biomater Res 2022; 26:7. [PMID: 35216625 PMCID: PMC8876184 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A considerable number of studies has been carried out to develop alloplastic bone graft materials such as hydroxyapatite (HAP) that mimic the hierarchical structure of natural bones with multiple levels of pores: macro-, micro-, and nanopores. Although nanopores are known to play many essential roles in natural bones, only a few studies have focused on HAPs containing them; none of those studies investigated the functions of nanopores in biological systems. Method We developed a simple yet powerful method to introduce nanopores into alloplastic HAP bone graft materials in large quantities by simply pressing HAP nanoparticles and sintering them at a low temperature. Results The size of nanopores in HAP scaffolds can be controlled between 16.5 and 30.2 nm by changing the sintering temperature. When nanopores with a size of ~ 30.2 nm, similar to that of nanopores in natural bones, are introduced into HAP scaffolds, the mechanical strength and cell proliferation and differentiation rates are significantly increased. The developed HAP scaffolds containing nanopores (SNPs) are biocompatible, with negligible erythema and inflammatory reactions. In addition, they enhance the bone regeneration when are implanted into a rabbit model. Furthermore, the bone regeneration efficiency of the HAP-based SNP is better than that of a commercially available bone graft material. Conclusion Nanopores of HAP scaffolds are very important for improving the bone regeneration efficiency and may be one of the key factors to consider in designing highly efficient next-generation alloplastic bone graft materials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40824-022-00253-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansong Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Heo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheolhyun Park
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Hwan Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Sung Yi
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Chang Kang
- Probiomimetic Research Institute, Bundang Technopark, Seongnam, 13219, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Shin
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at Sungkyunkwan University, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Garczyk Ż, Jaegermann Z, Duda P, Swinarew AS, Stach S. Ceramic Biomaterial Pores Stereology Analysis by the Use of Microtomography. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092207. [PMID: 33923089 PMCID: PMC8123274 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to analyze microtomographic data to determine the geometric dimensions of a ceramic porous material’s internal structure. Samples of a porous corundum biomaterial were the research material. The samples were prepared by chemical foaming and were measured using an X-ray scanner. In the next stage, 3D images of the samples were generated and analyzed using Thermo Scientific Avizo software. The analysis enabled the isolation of individual pores. Then, the parameters characterizing the pore geometry and the porosity of the samples were calculated. The last part of the research consisted of verifying the developed method by comparing the obtained results with the parameters obtained from the microscopic examinations of the biomaterial. The comparison of the results confirmed the correctness of the developed method. The developed methodology can be used to analyze biomaterial samples to assess the geometric dimensions of biomaterial pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Żaneta Garczyk
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Będzińska 39, 41-205 Sosnowiec, Poland; (P.D.); (A.S.S.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(0)-32-3689745
| | - Zbigniew Jaegermann
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Cementowa 8, 31-983 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Piotr Duda
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Będzińska 39, 41-205 Sosnowiec, Poland; (P.D.); (A.S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Andrzej S. Swinarew
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Będzińska 39, 41-205 Sosnowiec, Poland; (P.D.); (A.S.S.); (S.S.)
- Institute of Sport Science, Department of Swimming and Water Rescue, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Sebastian Stach
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Będzińska 39, 41-205 Sosnowiec, Poland; (P.D.); (A.S.S.); (S.S.)
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Ylä-Soininmäki A, Moritz N, Turco G, Paoletti S, Aro HT. Quantitative characterization of porous commercial and experimental bone graft substitutes with microcomputed tomography. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101:1538-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ylä-Soininmäki
- Orthopaedic Research Unit; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Niko Moritz
- Orthopaedic Research Unit; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Centre for Clinical Biomaterials-TCBC; Institute of Dentistry; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Gianluca Turco
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Trieste; Trieste Italy
| | - Sergio Paoletti
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Trieste; Trieste Italy
| | - Hannu T. Aro
- Orthopaedic Research Unit; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
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