1
|
Dubey S, Chen CW, Patel AK, Bhatia SK, Singhania RR, Dong CD. Development in health-promoting essential polyunsaturated fatty acids production by microalgae: a review. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 61:847-860. [PMID: 38487279 PMCID: PMC10933236 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) found in microalgae, primarily omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) are essential nutrients with positive effects on diseases such as hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and coronary risk. Researchers still seek improvement in PUFA yield at a large scale for better commercial prospects. This review summarizes advancements in microalgae PUFA research for their cost-effective production and potential applications. Moreover, it discusses the most promising cultivation modes using organic and inorganic sources. It also discusses biomass hydrolysates to increase PUFA production as an alternative and sustainable organic source. For cost-effective PUFA production, heterotrophic, mixotrophic, and photoheterotrophic cultivation modes are assessed with traditional photoautotrophic production modes. Also, mixotrophic cultivation has fascinating sustainable attributes over other trophic modes. Furthermore, it provides insight into growth phase (stage I) improvement strategies to accumulate biomass and the complementing effects of other stress-inducing strategies during the production phase (stage II) on PUFA enhancement under these cultivation modes. The role of an excessive or limiting range of salinity, nutrients, carbon source, and light intensity were the most effective parameter in stage II for accumulating higher PUFAs such as ω-3 and ω-6. This article outlines the commercial potential of microalgae for omega PUFA production. They reduce the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, and hypertension and play an important role in their emerging role in healthy lifestyle management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhant Dubey
- College of Hydrosphere, Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- College of Hydrosphere, Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan
- College of Hydrosphere, Sustainable Environment Research Centre, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- College of Hydrosphere, Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 029 India
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- College of Hydrosphere, Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 029 India
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- College of Hydrosphere, Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan
- College of Hydrosphere, Sustainable Environment Research Centre, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Verwee E, Van de Walle D, De Bruyne M, Mienis E, Sekulic M, Chaerle P, Vyverman W, Foubert I, Dewettinck K. Visualisation of microalgal lipid bodies through electron microscopy. J Microsc 2024; 293:118-131. [PMID: 38149687 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) were evaluated for their ability to detect lipid bodies in microalgae. To do so, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nannochloropsis oculata cells were harvested in both the mid-exponential and early stationary growth phase. Two different cryo-SEM cutting methods were compared: cryo-planing and freeze-fracturing. The results showed that, despite the longer preparation time, TEM visualisation preceded by cryo-immobilisation allows a clear detection of lipid bodies and is preferable to cryo-SEM. Using freeze-fracturing, lipid bodies were rarely detected. This was only feasible if crystalline layers in the internal structure, most likely related to sterol esters or di-saturated triacylglycerols, were revealed. Furthermore, lipid bodies could not be detected using cryo-planing. Cryo-SEM is also not the preferred technique to recognise other organelles besides lipid bodies, yet it did reveal chloroplasts in both species and filament-containing organelles in cryo-planed Nannochloropsis oculata samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Verwee
- Department of Food Technology, Food Structure & Function research group, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Davy Van de Walle
- Department of Food Technology, Food Structure & Function research group, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michiel De Bruyne
- VIB BioImaging Core VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Esther Mienis
- Research Unit Food & Lipids, KU Leuven Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mirna Sekulic
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Chaerle
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, BCCM/DCG Diatoms Collection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Vyverman
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Imogen Foubert
- Research Unit Food & Lipids, KU Leuven Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Dewettinck
- Department of Food Technology, Food Structure & Function research group, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jareonsin S, Mahanil K, Phinyo K, Srinuanpan S, Pekkoh J, Kameya M, Arai H, Ishii M, Chundet R, Sattayawat P, Pumas C. Unlocking microalgal host-exploring dark-growing microalgae transformation for sustainable high-value phytochemical production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1296216. [PMID: 38026874 PMCID: PMC10666632 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1296216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have emerged as a promising, next-generation sustainable resource with versatile applications, particularly as expression platforms and green cell factories. They possess the ability to overcome the limitations of terrestrial plants, such non-arable land, water scarcity, time-intensive growth, and seasonal changes. However, the heterologous expression of interested genes in microalgae under heterotrophic cultivation (dark mode) remains a niche area within the field of engineering technologies. In this study, the green microalga, Chlorella sorokiniana AARL G015 was chosen as a potential candidate due to its remarkable capacity for rapid growth in complete darkness, its ability to utilize diverse carbon sources, and its potential for wastewater treatment in a circular bioeconomy model. The aims of this study were to advance microalgal genetic engineering via dark cultivation, thereby positioning the strain as promising dark-host for expressing heterologous genes to produce high-value phytochemicals and ingredients for food and feed. To facilitate comprehensive screening based on resistance, eleven common antibiotics were tested under heterotrophic condition. As the most effective selectable markers for this strain, G418, hygromycin, and streptomycin exhibited growth inhibition rates of 98%, 93%, and 92%, respectively, ensuring robust long-term transgenic growth. Successful transformation was achieved through microalgal cell cocultivation with Agrobacterium under complete darkness verified through the expression of green fluorescence protein and β-glucuronidase. In summary, this study pioneers an alternative dark-host microalgal platform, using, Chlorella, under dark mode, presenting an easy protocol for heterologous gene transformation for microalgal host, devoid of the need for expensive equipment and light for industrial production. Furthermore, the developed genetic transformation methodology presents a sustainable way for production of high-value nutrients, dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, proteins and pharmaceuticals using heterotrophic microalgae as an innovative host system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surumpa Jareonsin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Applied Microbiology (International Program) in Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kanjana Mahanil
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kittiya Phinyo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sirasit Srinuanpan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jeeraporn Pekkoh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Masafumi Kameya
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Ishii
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ruttaporn Chundet
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiangmai, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pachara Sattayawat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chayakorn Pumas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Environmental Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qin J, Kurt E, LBassi T, Sa L, Xie D. Biotechnological production of omega-3 fatty acids: current status and future perspectives. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1280296. [PMID: 38029217 PMCID: PMC10662050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1280296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acids (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have shown major health benefits, but the human body's inability to synthesize them has led to the necessity of dietary intake of the products. The omega-3 fatty acid market has grown significantly, with a global market from an estimated USD 2.10 billion in 2020 to a predicted nearly USD 3.61 billion in 2028. However, obtaining a sufficient supply of high-quality and stable omega-3 fatty acids can be challenging. Currently, fish oil serves as the primary source of omega-3 fatty acids in the market, but it has several drawbacks, including high cost, inconsistent product quality, and major uncertainties in its sustainability and ecological impact. Other significant sources of omega-3 fatty acids include plants and microalgae fermentation, but they face similar challenges in reducing manufacturing costs and improving product quality and sustainability. With the advances in synthetic biology, biotechnological production of omega-3 fatty acids via engineered microbial cell factories still offers the best solution to provide a more stable, sustainable, and affordable source of omega-3 fatty acids by overcoming the major issues associated with conventional sources. This review summarizes the current status, key challenges, and future perspectives for the biotechnological production of major omega-3 fatty acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dongming Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Orefice I, Balzano S, Romano G, Sardo A. Amphidinium spp. as a Source of Antimicrobial, Antifungal, and Anticancer Compounds. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2164. [PMID: 38004303 PMCID: PMC10671881 DOI: 10.3390/life13112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates make up the second largest marine group of marine unicellular eukaryotes in the world ocean and comprise both heterotrophic and autotrophic species, encompassing a wide genetic and chemical diversity. They produce a plethora of secondary metabolites that can be toxic to other species and are mainly used against predators and competing species. Dinoflagellates are indeed often responsible for harmful algal bloom, where their toxic secondary metabolites can accumulate along the food chain, leading to significant damages to the ecosystem and human health. Secondary metabolites from dinoflagellates have been widely investigated for potential biomedical applications and have revealed multiple antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer properties. Species from the genus Amphidinium seem to be particularly interesting for the production of medically relevant compounds. The present review aims at summarising current knowledge on the diversity and the pharmaceutical properties of secondary metabolites from the genus Amphidinium. Specifically, Amphidinium spp. produce a range of polyketides possessing cytotoxic activities such as amphidinolides, caribenolides, amphidinins, and amphidinols. Potent antimicrobial properties against antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains have been observed for several amphidinins. Amphidinols revealed instead strong activities against infectious fungi such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Finally, compounds such as amphidinolides, isocaribenolide-I, and chlorohydrin 2 revealed potent cytotoxic activities against different cancer cell lines. Overall, the wide variety of antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer properties of secondary metabolites from Amphidinium spp. make this genus a highly suitable candidate for future medical applications, spanning from cancer drugs to antimicrobial products that are alternatives to currently available antibiotic and antimycotic products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Angela Sardo
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton 55, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.O.); (S.B.); (G.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Russo MT, Santin A, Zuccarotto A, Leone S, Palumbo A, Ferrante MI, Castellano I. The first genetic engineered system for ovothiol biosynthesis in diatoms reveals a mitochondrial localization for the sulfoxide synthase OvoA. Open Biol 2023; 13:220309. [PMID: 36722300 PMCID: PMC9890322 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatoms represent one of the most abundant groups of microalgae in the ocean and are responsible for approximately 20% of photosynthetically fixed CO2 on Earth. Due to their complex evolutionary history and ability to adapt to different environments, diatoms are endowed with striking molecular biodiversity and unique metabolic activities. Their high growth rate and the possibility to optimize their biomass make them very promising 'biofactories' for biotechnological applications. Among bioactive compounds, diatoms can produce ovothiols, histidine-derivatives, endowed with unique antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and occurring in many marine invertebrates, bacteria and pathogenic protozoa. However, the functional role of ovothiols biosynthesis in organisms remains almost unexplored. In this work, we have characterized the thiol fraction of Phaeodactylum tricornutum, providing the first evidence of the presence of ovothiol B in pennate diatoms. We have used P. tricornutum to overexpress the 5-histidylcysteine sulfoxide synthase ovoA, the gene encoding the key enzyme involved in ovothiol biosynthesis and we have discovered that OvoA localizes in the mitochondria, a finding that uncovers new concepts in cellular redox biochemistry. We have also obtained engineered biolistic clones that can produce higher amount of ovothiol B compared to wild-type cells, suggesting a new strategy for the eco-sustainable production of these molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monia Teresa Russo
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Santin
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Zuccarotto
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Leone
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Immacolata Ferrante
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|