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Poester VR, Xavier MO, Munhoz LS, Basso RP, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Freitas DFS, Pasqualotto AC. Sporothrix brasiliensis Causing Atypical Sporotrichosis in Brazil: A Systematic Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:287. [PMID: 38667958 PMCID: PMC11051268 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis, has become hyperendemic and a serious public health issue in Brazil and an emerging disease throughout the world. Typical sporotrichosis is defined as fixed or lymphocutaneous lesion development, however, reports of atypical presentations have been described in hyperendemic areas, which may result in a worse prognosis. Thus, considering an increase in atypical cases and in more severe extracutaneous cases and hospitalizations reported in Brazil, we aimed to perform a systematic review to search for hypersensitivity reactions (HRs) and extracutaneous presentations associated with zoonotic sporotrichosis. A systematic review was performed, following the PRISMA guidelines to search for atypical/extracutaneous cases (mucosal, osteoarthritis, HRs, pulmonary, meningeal) of zoonotic sporotrichosis. A total of 791 published cases over 26 years (1998-2023) in eleven Brazilian states were reviewed. Most cases corresponded to a HR (47%; n = 370), followed by mucosal (32%; n = 256), multifocal (8%; n = 60), osteoarthritis (7%; n = 59), meningeal (4%; n = 32), and pulmonary (2%; n = 14) infections. When available (n = 607), the outcome was death in 7% (n = 43) of cases. Here, we show a frequent and worrisome scenario of zoonotic sporotrichosis in Brazil, with a high and dispersed incidence of atypical/extracutaneous cases throughout the Brazilian territory. Therefore, educational measures are necessary to make health professionals and the overall population aware of this fungal pathogen in Brazil as well as in other countries in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanice Rodrigues Poester
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96200-190, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; (V.R.P.); (M.O.X.); (L.S.M.); (R.P.B.)
- Mycology Laboratory of FAMED-FURG, Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96200-190, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; (V.R.P.); (M.O.X.); (L.S.M.); (R.P.B.)
- Mycology Laboratory of FAMED-FURG, Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil
| | - Lívia Silveira Munhoz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96200-190, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; (V.R.P.); (M.O.X.); (L.S.M.); (R.P.B.)
- Mycology Laboratory of FAMED-FURG, Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil
| | - Rossana Patricia Basso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96200-190, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; (V.R.P.); (M.O.X.); (L.S.M.); (R.P.B.)
- Mycology Laboratory of FAMED-FURG, Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil
- Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Correa Jr., FURG/Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH), Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil; (R.M.Z.-O.); (D.F.S.F.)
| | - Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil; (R.M.Z.-O.); (D.F.S.F.)
| | - Alessandro Comarú Pasqualotto
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hospital Dom Vicente Scherer, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90020-090, Brazil
- Medicine Department, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-075, RS, Brazil
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de Oliveira VF, Petrucci JF, Taborda M, Brener PZ, Kremer PGDBB, Randi BA, Magri ASGK, Magri MMC, Levin AS, Silva GD. Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of central nervous system sporotrichosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13697. [PMID: 38374494 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical features of central nervous system (CNS) sporotrichosis are derived from case reports and a limited series of cases. Our objective was to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis of CNS sporotrichosis. METHODS We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and LILACS on 9 September 2023. Our inclusion criteria were documentation of Sporothrix and demonstrated CNS involvement. A metaproportion or metamean analysis was performed to estimate a summary proportion with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS We included 52 cases of CNS sporotrichosis published from 1966 to 2023. Forty-six patients were male (88%, 95% CI: 77-95), and the mean age was 39 years (95% CI: 36-43). Close contact with cats was reported in 55% of cases (95% CI: 37-72). Thirty-two (61.5%) patients were from Brazil, 18 patients from the United State of America (34.6%). Only two Sporothrix species were reported: S. schenckii (26/41, 63%), and S. brasiliensis (15/41, 37%). The most common neurological symptom was headache. Meningitis was chronic in approximately 80% of cases. A significant majority of the patients were immunocompromised. HIV infection was the primary cause of immunosuppression (85%, 95% CI: 61-95). Overall mortality was 56% (22/39). The comparison of Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed a higher mortality with a statistically significant difference in immunosuppressed patients (p = .019). CONCLUSION CNS sporotrichosis represents a notable cause of chronic meningitis, especially in individuals living in the Americas with HIV infection and concurrent skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Falcão de Oliveira
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Figueiredo Petrucci
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane Taborda
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bruno Azevedo Randi
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Satie Gonçalves Kono Magri
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcello Mihailenko Chaves Magri
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna S Levin
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Diogo Silva
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Falcão EMM, Freitas DFS, Coutinho ZF, Quintella LP, Muniz MDM, Almeida-Paes R, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, de Macedo PM, do Valle ACF. Trends in the Epidemiological and Clinical Profile of Paracoccidioidomycosis in the Endemic Area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:946. [PMID: 37755054 PMCID: PMC10532664 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a neglected endemic mycosis in Latin America. Most cases occur in Brazil. It is classified as PCM infection and PCM disease and is subdivided into chronic (adult type) or acute (juvenile type) disease, with the latter being less frequent and more severe. In 2016, we reported an increase in the numbers of patients diagnosed with acute PCM after a highway's construction. We conducted a study at INI-Fiocruz, a reference center for infectious diseases, including endemic mycoses, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, aiming to deepen the analysis of this new clinical and epidemiological profile of PCM. The authors developed a retrospective study including 170 patients diagnosed with PCM between 2010 and 2019. There was an increase in the number of atypical and severe forms, starting in 2014. In subsequent years, we detected a higher incidence of adverse outcomes with patients requiring more hospitalizations and an increased mortality rate. We estimate that PCM has become more severe throughout the Rio de Janeiro state, affecting a greater number of young individuals and leading to a greater number of and longer hospitalizations. Surveillance measures and close monitoring of future notification data in the state, with emphasis on children, adolescents, and young adults are necessary for a better understanding of the perpetuation of this public health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Mastrangelo Marinho Falcão
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (D.F.S.F.); (P.M.d.M.); (A.C.F.d.V.)
| | - Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (D.F.S.F.); (P.M.d.M.); (A.C.F.d.V.)
| | - Ziadir Francisco Coutinho
- Germano Sinval Faria School Health Center, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
| | - Leonardo Pereira Quintella
- Anatomical Pathology Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
| | - Mauro de Medeiros Muniz
- Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (M.d.M.M.); (R.A.-P.); (R.M.Z.-O.)
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (M.d.M.M.); (R.A.-P.); (R.M.Z.-O.)
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (M.d.M.M.); (R.A.-P.); (R.M.Z.-O.)
| | - Priscila Marques de Macedo
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (D.F.S.F.); (P.M.d.M.); (A.C.F.d.V.)
| | - Antonio Carlos Francesconi do Valle
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (D.F.S.F.); (P.M.d.M.); (A.C.F.d.V.)
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Pan M, Zhai Z, Peng J, Zhang J, Yang Y. 53-Year-Old Male With Progressively Worsening Memory and Responsiveness. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:928-930. [PMID: 37722109 PMCID: PMC10506773 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mianluan Pan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihao Zhai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Junping Peng
- Department of Radiology, Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianquan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - YunFeng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Perrault JL, Endelman LA, Kraemer MR, Chen D, Lake WB, Salamat MS. Intramedullary disseminated sporotrichosis in an immunocompetent patient: case report and review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:450. [PMID: 37415105 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disseminated sporotrichosis is a severe opportunistic infection that often affects immunocompromised patients after a cutaneous inoculation. Here we present a rare case of disseminated sporotrichosis discovered as a solitary intramedullary thoracic spinal cord lesion in an immunocompetent patient. CASE DESCRIPTION A 37-year-old man presented with progressive lower limb weakness and sensory changes over 1 week. A spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a contrast-enhancing intramedullary lesion centered at T10. The patient was afebrile and reported no history of trauma or cutaneous lesions. The lesion was unresponsive to a trial of corticosteroids. A thoracic laminectomy was performed and a biopsy obtained. A cutaneous lesion on the arm was concurrently discovered, which was also biopsied. Both the skin and spinal cord biopsies showed Sporothrix schenckii by macroscopic and microscopic morphology which were later confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION This is a rare case of intramedullary disseminated sporotrichosis affecting the central nervous system of an immunocompetent patient. This unusual presentation should be taken into consideration when such intramedullary lesions are encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Perrault
- University of Pikeville Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, 147 Sycamore Street, Pikeville, KY, 41501, USA
| | - Levi A Endelman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Mark R Kraemer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Derrick Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Wendell B Lake
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - M Shahriar Salamat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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6
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Santana LM, Peçanha PM, Falqueto A, Kruschewsky WLM, Grão-Velloso TR, Gonçalves SS, Rosa-Júnior M. "Star of Bethlehem sign" in the analysis of the evolution of brain lesions during and after treatment for neuroparacoccidioidomycosis. Radiol Bras 2023; 56:195-201. [PMID: 37829584 PMCID: PMC10567095 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2023.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the clinical and radiological evolution of lesions during and after treatment in patients diagnosed with neuroparacoccidioidomycosis (NPCM). Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study of the medical records, computed tomography scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of patients with NPCM treated between September 2013 and January 2022. Results Of 36 cases of NPCM, eight were included in the study. One patient presented only with pachymeningeal and skull involvement, and seven presented with pseudotumors in the brain. Collectively, the eight patients presented with 52 lesions, of which 46 (88.5%) were supratentorial. There were 32 lesions with a diameter ≤ 1.2 cm, of which 27 (84.4%) disappeared during the treatment. In three cases, there were lesions > 1.2 cm that showed a characteristic pattern of evolution on MRI: an eccentric gadolinium contrast-enhanced nodule, with a subsequent decreased in the size and degree of contrast enhancement of the lesions. Conclusion In NPCM, supratentorial lesions seem to predominate. Lesions ≤ 1.2 cm tend to disappear completely during treatment. Lesions > 1.2 cm tend to present with a similar pattern, designated the "Star of Bethlehem sign", throughout treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa M. Santana
- Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio Moraes da
Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (HUCAM/UFES/EBSERH), Vitória,
ES, Brazil
| | | | - Aloísio Falqueto
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES),
Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Wdson L. M. Kruschewsky
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da
Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcos Rosa-Júnior
- Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio Moraes da
Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (HUCAM/UFES/EBSERH), Vitória,
ES, Brazil
- Santi Medicina Diagnóstica, Vitória, ES, Brazil
- Hospital Meridional Vitória, Kora Saúde,
Vitória, ES, Brazil
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Alves Júnior SF, Marchiori E, Ventura N. Paracoccidioidomycosis of the central nervous system with pulmonary involvement: typical imaging findings. Acta Neurol Belg 2023; 123:227-229. [PMID: 33394382 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Ferreira Alves Júnior
- Radiology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Edson Marchiori
- Radiology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nina Ventura
- Radiology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Blastomycosis: A Review of Mycological and Clinical Aspects. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010117. [PMID: 36675937 PMCID: PMC9863754 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Blastomycosis is caused by a thermally dimorphic fungus that thrives in moist acidic soil. Blastomyces dermatitidis is the species responsible for most infections in North America and is especially common in areas around the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence Seaway, and in several south-central and southeastern United States. Other Blastomyces species have more recently been discovered to cause disease in distinct geographic regions around the world. Infection almost always occurs following inhalation of conidia produced in the mold phase. Acute pulmonary infection ranges from asymptomatic to typical community-acquired pneumonia; more chronic forms of pulmonary infection can present as mass-like lesions or cavitary pneumonia. Infrequently, pulmonary infection can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome that is associated with a high mortality rate. After initial pulmonary infection, hematogenous dissemination of the yeast form of Blastomyces is common. Most often this is manifested by cutaneous lesions, but osteoarticular, genitourinary, and central nervous system (CNS) involvement also occurs. The diagnosis of blastomycosis can be made by growth of the mold phase of Blastomyces spp. in culture or by histopathological identification of the distinctive features of the yeast form in tissues. Detection of cell wall antigens of Blastomyces in urine or serum provides a rapid method for a probable diagnosis of blastomycosis, but cross-reactivity with other endemic mycoses commonly occurs. Treatment of severe pulmonary or disseminated blastomycosis and CNS blastomycosis initially is with a lipid formulation of amphotericin B. After improvement, therapy can be changed to an oral azole, almost always itraconazole. With mild to moderate pulmonary or disseminated blastomycosis, oral itraconazole treatment is recommended.
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Silva GD, Guedes BF, Junqueira IR, Gomes HR, Vidal JE. Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to chronic meningitis in Brazil: a narrative review. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2022; 80:1167-1177. [PMID: 36577417 PMCID: PMC9797267 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic meningitis (CM) is characterized by neurological symptoms associated with the evidence of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis lasting > 4 weeks. Studies on the management of CM in Brazil are scarce. OBJECTIVE To critically review the literature on CM and propose a rational approach in the Brazilian scenario. METHODS Narrative literature review discussing the epidemiology, clinical evaluation, basic and advanced diagnostic testing, and empirical and targeted therapy for the most relevant causes of CM. The present review was contextualized with the local experience of the authors. In addition, we propose an algorithm for the management of CM in Brazil. RESULTS In Brazil, tuberculosis and cryptococcosis are endemic and should always be considered in CM patients. In addition to these diseases, neurosyphilis and other endemic conditions should be included in the differential diagnosis, including neurocysticercosis, Baggio-Yoshinari syndrome, and endemic mycosis. After infectious etiologies, meningeal carcinomatosis and autoimmune diseases should be considered. Unbiased and targeted methods should be used based on availability and clinical and epidemiological data. CONCLUSION We propose a rational approach to CM in Brazil, considering the epidemiological scenario, systematizing the etiological investigation, and evaluating the timely use of empirical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Diogo Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.,Address for correspondence Guilherme Diogo Silva
| | - Bruno Fukelmann Guedes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
| | - Ióri Rodrigues Junqueira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
| | - Hélio Rodrigues Gomes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
| | - José Ernesto Vidal
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, São Paulo SP, Brazil.,Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
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10
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Lima MA, Freitas DFS, Oliveira RVC, Fichman V, Varon AG, Freitas AD, Lamas CC, Andrade HB, Veloso VG, Almeida-Paes R, Almeida-Silva F, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, de Macedo PM, Valle ACF, Silva MTT, Araújo AQC, Gutierrez-Galhardo MC. Meningeal Sporotrichosis Due to Sporothrix brasiliensis: A 21-Year Cohort Study from a Brazilian Reference Center. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:17. [PMID: 36675837 PMCID: PMC9863964 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningeal sporotrichosis is rare and occurs predominantly in immunosuppressed individuals. This retrospective study explored clinical and laboratory characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of patients with disseminated sporotrichosis who underwent lumbar puncture (LP) at a Brazilian reference center from 1999 to 2020. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models were used to estimate overall survival and hazard ratios. Among 57 enrolled patients, 17 had meningitis. Fifteen (88.2%) had HIV infection, and in 6 of them, neurological manifestations occurred because of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). The most frequent symptom was headache (88.2%). Meningeal symptoms at first LP were absent in 7/17 (41.2%) patients. Sporothrix was diagnosed in cerebrospinal fluid either by culture or by polymerase chain reaction in seven and four patients, respectively. All but one patient received prolonged courses of amphotericin B formulations, and seven received posaconazole, but relapses were frequent. Lethality among patients with meningitis was 64.7%, with a higher chance of death compared to those without meningitis (HR = 3.87; IC95% = 1.23;12.17). Meningeal sporotrichosis occurs mostly in people with HIV and can be associated with IRIS. Screening LP is indicated in patients with disseminated disease despite the absence of neurological complaints. Meningitis is associated with poor prognosis, and better treatment strategies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Lima
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Neurology Section, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Dayvison F. S. Freitas
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Raquel V. C. Oliveira
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Vivian Fichman
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Andréa G. Varon
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Andréa D. Freitas
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane C. Lamas
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Hugo B. Andrade
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Valdilea G. Veloso
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Almeida-Silva
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Priscila M. de Macedo
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. F. Valle
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcus T. T. Silva
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Q. C. Araújo
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Deolindo Couto Institute of Neurology (INDC), The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 22290-140, Brazil
| | - Maria C. Gutierrez-Galhardo
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), FIOCRUZ, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
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11
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Talaromyces marneffei Infection: Virulence, Intracellular Lifestyle and Host Defense Mechanisms. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020200. [PMID: 35205954 PMCID: PMC8880324 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Talaromycosis (Penicilliosis) is an opportunistic mycosis caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei. Similar to other major causes of systemic mycoses, the extent of disease and outcomes are the results of complex interactions between this opportunistic human pathogen and a host’s immune response. This review will highlight the current knowledge regarding the dynamic interaction between T. marneffei and mammalian hosts, particularly highlighting important aspects of virulence factors, intracellular lifestyle and the mechanisms of immune defense as well as the strategies of the pathogen for manipulating and evading host immune cells.
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12
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Kamer C, Pretto BJ, Livramento CR, da Silva RC. Brain paracoccidioidomycosis in an immunosuppressed patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Surg Neurol Int 2022; 12:581. [PMID: 34992898 PMCID: PMC8720419 DOI: 10.25259/sni_1012_2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Brain paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) or neuroparacoccidioidomycosis (NPCM) is a fungal infection of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a dimorphic fungus. The CNS involvement is through bloodstream dissemination. The association between NPCM and systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is rare. However, SLE patients are under risk of opportunistic infections given their immunosuppression status. Case Description: The aim of this case report is to present a 37-year-old female with diagnosis of SLE who presented with progressive and persistent headache in the past 4 months accompanied by the right arm weakness with general and neurologic examination unremarkable. The computerized tomography of the head showed left extra-axial parietooccipital focal hypoattenuation with adjacent bone erosion. The brain magnetic resonance imaging reported left parietooccipital subdural collection associated with focal leptomeningeal thickening with restriction to diffusion and peripheral contrast enhancement. The patient underwent a left craniotomy and dura mater biopsy showed noncaseous granulomatosis with multinucleated giant cells with rounded birefringent structures positive for silver stain, consistent with PCM. Management with itraconazole 200 mg daily was started with a total of 12 months of treatment, with patient presenting resolution of headache and right arm weakness. Conclusion: The diagnosis of NPCM is challenging and a high degree of suspicious should be considered in patients with persistent headache and immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Kamer
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Centro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itajaí, Rio do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Barbara Janke Pretto
- Department of Rheumatology, Rheumatology and Immunotherapy Center of Alto Vale, Rio do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rafael Livramento
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Centro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itajaí, Rio do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rafael Carlos da Silva
- Graduate Medical Education, Piedmont Athens Regional Medical Center, Athens, Georgia, United States
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13
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Majdick K, Kaye K, Shorman MA. Central nervous system blastomycosis clinical characteristics and outcomes. Med Mycol 2021; 59:87-92. [PMID: 32470976 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastomycosis is a local or systemic infection, caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis (B. dermatitidis) or B. gilchristii. Blastomycosis has been described as "the great pretender," alluding to the fact that it manifests in a wide range of symptoms and disease severity. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement, although rare, carries significant mortality. Due to the limited published reports of CNS blastomycosis, we present an updated cohort with eight cases of proven or probable CNS blastomycosis describing presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcomes. Headache was the most common presenting symptom. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) proved to be the superior imaging study. All patients in our cohort were diagnosed by histopathological staining or cultures of tissue or fluid obtained from CNS or extra-CNS lesions. All patients that received treatment with Liposomal amphrotericin B for at least 10 days followed by a prolonged azole therapy did not have relapse. Two patients with late diagnoses died during hospitalization. Our findings confirm the importance of timely diagnosis and treatment of CNS blastomycosis to improve outcomes especially with an azole that have a high CNS penetration and a good intrinsic activity for B. dermatitidis such as voriconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Majdick
- University of Tennessee, Graduate School of Medicine Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Keaton Kaye
- University of Tennessee, Graduate School of Medicine Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mahmoud A Shorman
- University of Tennessee, Graduate School of Medicine Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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14
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Lima MA, Vallier R, Silva MM. Sporothrix brasiliensis meningitis in an immunocompetent patient. Pract Neurol 2021; 21:241-242. [PMID: 33627490 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2020-002915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Sporothrix brasiliensis usually causes infection limited to the skin, subcutaneous tissue and regional lymph nodes. Contamination occurs through inhalation or accidental inoculation from animal scratches and bites. Meningitis is rare and mostly occurs in immunosuppressed patients. Here, we describe an immunocompetent person who developed chronic meningitis and discuss the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of this rare condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Lima
- Neurology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renan Vallier
- Internal Medicine Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos M Silva
- Internal Medicine Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Current and New Perspectives in the Diagnosis of Blastomycosis and Histoplasmosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 7:jof7010012. [PMID: 33383637 PMCID: PMC7823406 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of blastomycosis and histoplasmosis can be difficult for clinicians who rarely see infections caused by these environmentally restricted dimorphic fungi. Historically, the diagnosis of blastomycosis has been established by culture and sometimes by histopathologic identification. Currently, antigen detection in urine and serum has been shown to aid in the rapid diagnosis of blastomycosis, and newer antibody assays are likely to contribute to our diagnostic capability in the near future. The gold standard for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis has been culture of the organism from involved tissues, aided in some patients by histopathological verification of the typical yeast forms in tissues. Antigen detection has contributed greatly to the ability of clinicians to rapidly establish the diagnosis of histoplasmosis, especially in severely ill and immunocompromised patients, and antibody testing for Histoplasma capsulatum provides important adjunctive diagnostic capability for several forms of both acute and chronic histoplasmosis. For both of these endemic mycoses, novel molecular tests are under active investigation, but remain available in only a few reference laboratories. In this review, we provide a synopsis of diagnostic test options that aid in establishing whether a patient has blastomycosis or histoplasmosis.
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16
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Challa S. Invasive Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System in Immune-Competent Hosts. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-020-00384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Waters M, Beliavsky A, Gough K. Talaromyces marneffei fungemia after travel to China in a Canadian patient with AIDS. CMAJ 2020; 192:E92-E95. [PMID: 31988153 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.191136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Waters
- Department of Medicine (Waters) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Beliavsky, Gough), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Infectious Diseases (Gough), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.
| | - Alina Beliavsky
- Department of Medicine (Waters) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Beliavsky, Gough), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Infectious Diseases (Gough), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - Kevin Gough
- Department of Medicine (Waters) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Beliavsky, Gough), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Infectious Diseases (Gough), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont
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