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Wahab AA, Ibrahim-Fattah IA, Dare PA, Oyedara OO, Yusuf-Omoloye NA, Adeyemi FM. Tuber pathogenicity of Macrophomina phaseolina strain 3 a isolated from rotten cassava tuber from farm lands in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria, its virulence genes and ADMET properties. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:882. [PMID: 39088099 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophomina phaseolina is a pathogen that causes an opportunistic disease that spreads by soil and seeds and affects more than 500 different plant species, like fruits, trees, and row crops. Mycotoxins, such as phaseolinic acid, and phaseolinone, are produced by M. phaseolina isolates in previous investigations; however, the production of these mycotoxins seems to vary depending on the host and the region. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, Macrophomina phaseolina strain 3 A was isolated from rotten cassava tuber and identified using the analysis of the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region. The isolate was inoculated on a fresh healthy cassava tuber at 25 °C and tuber-rotting potential was monitored for 4 weeks. Virulence genes MPH_06603, MPH_06955, and MPH_01521 were determined with designed primers, and secondary metabolites were characterized by FTIR and GCMS. The rotten tuber effect was observed from the 2nd week of the experiment with severe tuber rot and weight reduction. The PCR showed the presence of MPH_06603 virulence gene. The GCMS showed N-Methylpivalamide (115.0 m/z), Butane, 1,4-dimethoxy- (119.0 m/z), and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (126.0 m/z) were the predominant metabolites produced by the pathogen. The compounds in the metabolites inhibit CYP3A4 enzymes, cause eye irritation, and Human Ether-a-go-go-related gene inhibition. CONCLUSION This study revealed that M. phaseolina was responsible for the cassava tuber rot which leads to a lower yield of farm produce. The metabolites produced are toxic and unsafe for human consumption. It is suggested that farmers should destroy any cassava affected by this pathogen to prevent its toxic effects on humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Alabi Dare
- Department of Microbiology, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
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Elattar KM, Al-Otibi FO, El-Hersh MS, Attia AA, Eldadamony NM, Elsayed A, Menaa F, Saber WI. Multifaceted chemical and bioactive features of Ag@TiO 2 and Ag@SeO 2 core/shell nanoparticles biosynthesized using Beta vulgaris L. extract. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28359. [PMID: 38560145 PMCID: PMC10979172 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to increasing concerns about environmental impact and toxicity, developing green and sustainable methods for nanoparticle synthesis is attracting significant interest. This work reports the successful green synthesis of silver (Ag), silver-titanium dioxide (Ag@TiO2), and silver-selenium dioxide (Ag@SeO2) nanoparticles (NPs) using Beta vulgaris L. extract. Characterization by XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDX confirmed the successful formation of uniformly distributed spherical NPs with controlled size (25 ± 4.9 nm) and desired elemental composition. All synthesized NPs and the B. vulgaris extract exhibited potent free radical scavenging activity, indicating significant antioxidant potential. However, Ag@SeO2 displayed lower hemocompatibility compared to other NPs, while Ag@SeO2 and the extract demonstrated reduced inflammation in a carrageenan-induced paw edema animal model. Interestingly, Ag@TiO2 and Ag@SeO2 exhibited strong antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotia sclerotium, as evidenced by TEM and FTIR analyses. Generally, the findings suggest that B. vulgaris-derived NPs possess diverse biological activities with potential applications in various fields such as medicine and agriculture. Ag@TiO2 and Ag@SeO2, in particular, warrant further investigation for their potential as novel bioactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M. Elattar
- Unit of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Fatimah O. Al-Otibi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. El-Hersh
- Microbial Activity Unit, Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Attia A. Attia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Noha M. Eldadamony
- Seed Pathology Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Elsayed
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Elgomhouria St., Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Farid Menaa
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Engineering (BEE), Fluorotronics, Inc. California Innovation Corporation, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - WesamEldin I.A. Saber
- Microbial Activity Unit, Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
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3
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Liu C, Li Y, Chen H, Li S, Han S, Zhu T, Liu Y, Li S. The Identification and Role of the Key Mycotoxin of Pestalotiopsis kenyana Causing Leaf Spot Disease of Zanthoxylum schinifolium. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1194. [PMID: 38132794 PMCID: PMC10744368 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Leaf spot is a common disease of Zanthoxylum schinifolium (Z. schinifolium), which can seriously harm the plant's ability to grow, flower, and fruit. Therefore, it is important to identify the mechanism of leaf spot caused by Pestalotiopsis kenyana (P. kenyana) for thorough comprehension and disease control. In this study, to verify whether the mycotoxins produced by P. kenyana cause leaf spot disease, the best medium for P. kenyana, namely PDB, was used. The mycotoxins were determined by ammonium sulfate precipitation as non-protein substances. The crude mycotoxin of P. kenyana was prepared, and the optimal eluent was eluted with petroleum either/ethyle acetate (3:1, v/v) and purified by silica gel column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography to obtain the pure mycotoxins PK-1, PK-2, and PK-3. The PK-3 had the highest toxicity to Z. schinifolium, which may be the primary mycotoxin, according to the biological activity test using the spray method. The physiological and biochemical indexes of Z. schinifolium plants treated with PK-3 mycotoxin were determined. Within 35 days after mycotoxin treatment, the results showed that the protein content and malondialdehyde content of leaves increased over time. The soluble sugar and chlorophyll content decreased over time. The superoxide dismutase activity and catalase activity of the leaves increased first and then decreased, and the above changes were the same as those of Z. schinifolium inoculated with the spore suspension of the pathogen. Therefore, it is believed that the mycotoxin pestalopyrone could be a virulence factor that helps P. kenyana induce the infection of Z. schinifolium. In this study, the pathogenic mechanism of Z. schinifolium leaf spot was discussed, offering a theoretical foundation for improved disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shujiang Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (C.L.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (S.L.); (S.H.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.)
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4
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Shirai M, Eulgem T. Molecular interactions between the soilborne pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina and its host plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1264569. [PMID: 37780504 PMCID: PMC10539690 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1264569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Mentioned for the first time in an article 1971, the occurrence of the term "Macrophomina phaseolina" has experienced a steep increase in the scientific literature over the past 15 years. Concurrently, incidences of M. phaseolina-caused crop diseases have been getting more frequent. The high levels of diversity and plasticity observed for M. phasolina genomes along with a rich equipment of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, secondary metabolites and putative virulence effectors as well as the unusual longevity of microsclerotia, their asexual reproduction structures, make this pathogen very difficult to control and crop protection against it very challenging. During the past years several studies have emerged reporting on host defense measures against M. phaseolina, as well as mechanisms of pathogenicity employed by this fungal pathogen. While most of these studies have been performed in crop systems, such as soybean or sesame, recently interactions of M. phaseolina with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have been described. Collectively, results from various studies are hinting at a complex infection cycle of M. phaseolina, which exhibits an early biotrophic phase and switches to necrotrophy at later time points during the infection process. Consequently, responses of the hosts are complex and seem coordinated by multiple defense-associated phytohormones. However, at this point no robust and strong host defense mechanism against M. phaseolina has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Eulgem
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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5
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Akhtar S, Shoaib A, Javiad I, Qaisar U, Tasadduq R. Farmyard manure, a potential organic additive to reclaim copper and Macrophomina phaseolina stress responses in mash bean plants. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14383. [PMID: 37658111 PMCID: PMC10474152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the era of global warming, stress combinations instead of individual stress are realistic threats faced by plants that can alter or trigger a wide range of plant responses. In the current study, the cumulative effect of charcoal rot disease caused by notorious fungal pathogen viz., Macrophomina phaseolina was investigated under toxic levels of copper (Cu) in mash bean, and farmyard manure (FYM) was employed to manage stress. Therefore, Cu-spiked soil (50 and 100 mg/kg) was inoculated with the pathogen, and amended with 2% FYM, to assess the effect of intricate interactions on mash bean plants through pot experiments. Results demonstrated that the individual stress of the pathogen or Cu was more severe for morpho-growth, physio-biochemical, and expression profiles of stress-related genes and total protein in mash bean plants as compared to stress combinations. Under single Cu stress, a significant amount of Cu accumulated in plant tissues, particularly in roots than in upper ground tissues, while, under stress combination less Cu accumulated in the plants. Nonetheless, 2% FYM in soil encountered the negative effect of stress responses provoked by the pathogen, Cu, or both by improving health markers (photosynthetic pigments, reducing sugar, total phenolics) and oxidative stress markers (catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase), together with regulating the expression of stress-related genes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and cytokinin-resistant genes), and proteins, besides decreasing Cu uptake in the plants. FYM worked better at lower concentrations (50 mg/kg) of Cu than at higher ones (100 mg/kg), hence could be used as a suitable option for better growth, yield, and crop performance under charcoal rot disease stress in Cu-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Akhtar
- School of Botany, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amna Shoaib
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Iqra Javiad
- Central Park Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Qaisar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Raazia Tasadduq
- Department of Biochemistry, Kinnaird College, Lahore, Pakistan
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Šućur Elez J, Petrović K, Crnković M, Krsmanović S, Rajković M, Kaitović Ž, Malenčić Đ. Susceptibility of the Most Popular Soybean Cultivars in South-East Europe to Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2467. [PMID: 37447028 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress in soybean seedlings and the length of the soybean stem lesions infected with the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid were evaluated to determine the most tolerant soybean cultivar to this pathogen. The level of superoxide anion radical (O2•-) production, the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide-dismutase (SOD), and the intensity of lipid peroxidation (LP) were measured in four soybean cultivars: Favorit, Atlas, Victoria, and Rubin. Results showed that O2•- radical production and SOD activity were the most elevated in the cv. Favorit inoculated with M. phaseolina, while the level of lipid peroxidation intensity was the lowest compared to the control. This indicates that the soybean cv. Favorit has managed to prevent infection with M. phaseolina. Furthermore, higher O2•- radical production and lower SOD enzyme activity were measured in cv. Victoria, with enhanced lipid peroxidation. This means that the cv. Victoria was infected with M. phaseolina, and was the most sensitive. None of the tested oxidative stress parameters showed a significant difference in the cvs. Atlas and Rubin compared to the control. Furthermore, the highest lesion length was measured in the cv. Victoria, followed by cv. Favorit, while the lowest lesion length was measured in the cv. Atlas followed by the cv. Rubin; and thus, the cv. Atlas followed by the cv. Rubin, were the most tolerant soybean cultivars to this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Šućur Elez
- Department of Field and Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Kristina Petrović
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Breeding Department, Maize Research Institute, 11185 Belgrade, Serbia
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, 21101 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marina Crnković
- Department of Field and Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Krsmanović
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Sector for Plant Nutrition, Agromarket BiH, 76300 Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Miloš Rajković
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department for Research and Development in Agriculture, Institute of Medicinal Plant Research, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Željko Kaitović
- Breeding Department, Maize Research Institute, 11185 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Đorđe Malenčić
- Department of Field and Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Khambhati VH, Abbas HK, Sulyok M, Tomaso-Peterson M, Chen J, Shier WT. Mellein: Production in culture by Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from soybean plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot and its role in pathology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1105590. [PMID: 36844080 PMCID: PMC9944435 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1105590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp) is a fungal pathogen proposed to enter host roots by releasing toxins that induce local necrosis in roots allowing entry of hyphae. Mp is reported to produce several potent phytotoxins, including (-)-botryodiplodin and phaseolinone, but isolates that do not produce these phytotoxins retain virulence. One hypothesis explaining these observations is that some Mp isolates may produce other unidentified phytotoxin(s) responsible for virulence. A previous study of Mp isolates from soybean found 14 previously unreported secondary metabolites using LC-MS/MS, including mellein, which has various reported biological activities. This study was conducted to investigate the frequency and amounts of mellein produced in culture by Mp isolates from soybean plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot and to investigate the role of mellein in any observed phytotoxicity. LC-MS/MS analysis of cell-free culture filtrates (CCFs) from 89 Mp isolates revealed that 28.1% produced mellein (49-2,203 µg/L). In soybean seedlings in hydroponic culture, Mp CCFs diluted to 25% (vol/vol) in hydroponic growth medium induced phytotoxic symptoms with frequencies of 73% chlorosis, 78% necrosis, 7% wilting, and 16% death, and at 50% (vol/vol) induced phytotoxicity with frequencies of 61% chlorosis, 82% necrosis, 9% wilting, and 26% death. Commercially-available mellein (40-100 µg/mL) in hydroponic culture medium induced wilting. However, mellein concentrations in CCFs exhibited only weak, negative, insignificant correlations with phytotoxicity measures in soybean seedlings, suggesting that mellein does not contribute substantially to observed phytotoxic effects. Further investigation is needed to determine if mellein plays any role in root infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek H. Khambhati
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
- Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, Biological Control, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Hamed K. Abbas
- Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, Biological Control, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Maria Tomaso-Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Jian Chen
- Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, Biological Control, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Wayne Thomas Shier
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Elmerich C, Pandey AK, Vemula A, Rathore A, Nair RM. Blackgram- Macrophomina phaseolina Interactions and Identification of Novel Sources of Resistance. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2911-2919. [PMID: 35259308 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-21-2588-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Macrophomina phaseolina, a fungus that causes dry root rot, is a relatively new threat to blackgram in South Asia. Because this pathogen is a polyphagic necrotroph, it remains viable in the soil for several years, making disease management challenging. One of the most economical methods for managing dry root rot in blackgram is through an integrated approach that uses resistant varieties. This study examined M. phaseolina associated with dry root rot in blackgram and screened 41 blackgram genotypes for dry root rot resistance. The present work also characterized morphological features and internal transcribed sequence regions of the nuclear rDNA operon to identify M. phaseolina from blackgram. Evaluation of the 41 blackgram genotypes against M. phaseolina by the paper towel technique identified two genotypes, CO-5 and IPU 07-3, with dry root rot resistance (disease scores: ≤3) and 18 genotypes with moderate resistance (disease scores: >3 to ≤5). Five genotypes with disease scores <4.0 and two susceptible genotypes were reevaluated using the paper towel method, which revealed moderate resistance reactions of CO-5, IPU 07-3, and MASH 1-1. To confirm dry root rot resistance of these seven genotypes, further screening was done in a greenhouse using the sick pot assay. Results revealed moderate resistance of CO-5, IPU 07-3, and MASH 1-1 genotypes. As compared with susceptible check (VO 2135-B-BL), CO-5 consistently excelled in plant survival with 13.4% disease incidence, followed by IPU 07-3 (16.7%) and MASH 1-1 (19.9%). Therefore, these three genotypes can be used as parents in blackgram breeding programs for developing blackgram cultivars with improved dry root rot resistance.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Elmerich
- ENSAT-National Higher Agronomic School of Toulouse, Auzeville-Tolosane 31326, France
| | - Abhay K Pandey
- World Vegetable Center, South Asia, ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru, Hyderabad 502324, Telangana, India
- Tea Research Association, North Bengal Regional R & D Center, Nagrakata 735225, West Bengal, India
| | - AnilKumar Vemula
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad 502324, Telangana, India
| | - Abhishek Rathore
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad 502324, Telangana, India
| | - Ramakrishnan M Nair
- World Vegetable Center, South Asia, ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru, Hyderabad 502324, Telangana, India
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Zhou ZY, Liu X, Cui JL, Wang JH, Wang ML, Zhang G. Endophytic fungi and their bioactive secondary metabolites in medicinal leguminosae plants: Nearly untapped medical resources. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:6615458. [PMID: 35746878 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many species of Chinese traditional leguminosae family plants that are well known for their medicinal applications, such as Astragalus membranaceus, Catsia tora, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Sophora flavescens and Albacia acacia. Their unique bioactive composition and internal phenological environment contribute to the formation of specific and unique endophytic fungal communities, which are important resources for new compounds used in a variety of pharmacological activities. Nonetheless, they have not been systematically studied. In the last decade, nearly 64 genera and thousands of species of endophytic fungi have been discovered from leguminosae plants, as well as 138 secondary metabolites (with 34 new compounds) including flavonoid, alkaloids, phenol, anthraquinone, macrolide, terpenoid, phytohormone and many more. They were shown to have diverse applications and benefits, such as antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidative, immunoregulatory and neuroprotective properties. Here, we provide a summarized overview with the aim of raising awareness of endophytic fungi from medicinal leguminosae plants and providing a comprehensive review of the discoveries of new natural products that may be of medicinal and pharmaceutical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ya Zhou
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China.,Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Liu
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China.,Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Long Cui
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hong Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Liang Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Century Avenue, Xianyang 712046, China
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Khan IH, Javaid A. Biocontrol Aspergillus species together with plant biomass alter histochemical characteristics in diseased mungbean plants. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2953-2964. [PMID: 35510761 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, two Aspergillus species as biocontrol agents together with Chenopodium quinoa dry biomass were used to investigate their effects on histochemical features of mungbean plant inoculated with M. phaseolina. In a pot experiment, Aspergillus flavipes and Aspergillus versicolor were added either alone or together with 1%, 2%, and 3% dry biomass of quinoa (DBQ) to the pot soil already inoculated with M. phaseolina. After 4 weeks of sowing, root and lower-stem sections of the mungbean plants were stained with ferric chloride, phloroglucinol-HCl and Lugol's iodine to detect the presence of polyphenols, lignin, and starch granules, respectively, and observed under light microscope. Stem and root sections were also observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) to reveal the effect of soil amendments on cell structures. The findings revealed that mungbean plant cross sections from all the treatments except positive control (only inoculated with M. phaseolina) showed very clear cell structures. In positive control, distorted, fragmented, and collapsed cell structures were observed. Moreover, M. phaseolina blocked vascular vessels in comparison to negative control where the cell structures were intact and normal in size. Plant sections from treatments with A. flavipes and A. versicolor alone or together with DBQ were without pathogen colonization, with normal cell structures and a high deposition of gel. The results suggested that the two Aspergillus spp. and C. quinoa induced defense responses in mungbean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Haider Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Javaid
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Chauhan P, Bhattacharya A, Giri VP, Singh SP, Gupta SC, Verma P, Dwivedi A, Rajput LS, Mishra A. Bacillus subtilis suppresses the charcoal rot disease by inducing defence responses and physiological attributes in soybean. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:266. [PMID: 35437612 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Endophytes can induce the defence responses and modulates physiological attributes in host plants during pathogen attacks. In the present study, 127 bacterial endophytes (BEs) were isolated from different parts of healthy soybean plant. Among them, two BEs (M-2 and M-4) resulted a significant antagonistic property against Macrophomina phaseolina, causes charcoal rot disease in soybean. The antagonistic potential was evaluated through dual culture plate assay, where M-4 expressed higher antifungal activity than M-2 against M. phaseolina. The M-4 produces cell wall degrading enzymes viz. cellulase (145.71 ± 1.34 μgmL-1), chitinase (0.168 ± 0.0009 unitmL-1) and β,1-3 endoglucanase (162.14 ± 2.5 μgmL-1), which helps in cell wall disintegration of pathogens. Additionally, M-4 also can produce siderophores, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (17.03 ± 1.10 μgmL-1) and had a phosphate solubilization potential (19.89 ± 0.26 μgmL-1). Further, GC-MS profiling of M-4 has been carried out to demonstrate the production of lipophilic secondary metabolites which efficiently suppress the M. phaseolina defensive compounds under co-culture conditions. Bio-efficacy study of M-4 strain shown a significant reduction in disease incidence around 60 and 80% in resistant and susceptible varieties of soybean, respectively. The inoculation of M-4 potentially enhances the physiological attributes and triggers various defence responsive enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenol peroxidase (PPO), peroxidase (PO) and catalase (CAT). The histopathological study also confirmed that M-4 can reduce the persistence of microsclerotia in root and shoot tissue. Conclusively, M-4 revealed as an efficient biocontrol agent that can uses multifaceted measures for charcoal rot disease management, by suppress the M. phaseolina infection and enhance the physiological attributes of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chauhan
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Arpita Bhattacharya
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ved Prakash Giri
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Hasanganj, Lucknow, 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Satyendra Pratap Singh
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sateesh Chandra Gupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratibha Verma
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ashish Dwivedi
- Photobiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Laxman Singh Rajput
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore, 452001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Aradhana Mishra
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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12
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Alam S, Abbas HK, Sulyok M, Khambhati VH, Okunowo WO, Shier WT. Pigment Produced by Glycine-Stimulated Macrophomina Phaseolina Is a (−)-Botryodiplodin Reaction Product and the Basis for an In-Culture Assay for (−)-Botryodiplodin Production. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030280. [PMID: 35335604 PMCID: PMC8951085 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An isolate of Macrophomina phaseolina from muskmelons (Cucumis melo) was reported by Dunlap and Bruton to produce red pigment(s) in melons and in culture in the presence of added glycine, alanine, leucine, or asparagine in the medium, but not with some other amino acids and nitrogen-containing compounds. We explored the generality and mechanism of this pigment production response using pathogenic M. phaseolina isolates from soybean plants expressing symptoms of charcoal rot disease. A survey of 42 M. phaseolina isolates growing on Czapek-Dox agar medium supplemented with glycine confirmed pigment production by 71% of isolates at the optimal glycine concentration (10 g/L). Studies in this laboratory have demonstrated that some pathogenic isolates of M. phaseolina produce the mycotoxin (−)-botryodiplodin, which has been reported to react with amino acids, proteins, and other amines to produce red pigments. Time course studies showed a significant positive correlation between pigment and (−)-botryodiplodin production by selected M. phaseolina isolates with maximum production at seven to eight days. Pigments produced in agar culture medium supplemented with glycine, beta-alanine, or other amines exhibited similar UV-vis adsorption spectra as did pigments produced by (±)-botryodiplodin reacting in the same agar medium. In a separate study of 39 M. phaseolina isolates, red pigment production (OD520) on 10 g/L glycine-supplemented Czapek-Dox agar medium correlated significantly with (−)-botryodiplodin production (LC/MS analysis of culture filtrates) in parallel cultures on un-supplemented medium. These results support pigment production on glycine-supplemented agar medium as a simple and inexpensive in-culture method for detecting (−)-botryodiplodin production by M. phaseolina isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahib Alam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.A.); (W.O.O.)
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Hamed K. Abbas
- Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA;
- Correspondence: (H.K.A.); (W.T.S.)
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Vivek H. Khambhati
- Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA;
| | - Wahab O. Okunowo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.A.); (W.O.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Surulere 101017, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Wayne Thomas Shier
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.A.); (W.O.O.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.A.); (W.T.S.)
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13
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Gao Y, Xie M, Yu C, Zhang M, Huang J, Li Q, Zhang H, Li L. Heterologous Expression of Macrollins from Phytopathogenic Macrophomina phaseolina Revealed a Cytochrome P450 Mono-oxygenase in the Biosynthesis of β-Hydroxyl Tetramic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15175-15183. [PMID: 34881573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Macrophomina phaseolina (M. phaseolina) is a crucial pathogenic fungus that can cause severe charcoal rot in economic crops and other plants. In this study, four new natural products, macrollins A-D, were discovered from M. phaseolina by the strategy of heterologous expression. To our knowledge, macrollins are the first reported polyketide-amino acid hybrids from the plant pathogen. Heterologous expression and in vitro reactions revealed a cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase (MacC) catalyzing the hydroxylation at the β-carbon of tetramic acid molecules, which is different from P450s leading to the ring expansion in the biosynthesis of fungal 2-pyridones. Phylogenetic analysis of P450s involved in the fungal polyketide-amino acid hybrids showed that MacC was not classified in any known clades. The putative oxidative mechanisms of the P450s and the biosynthetic pathway of macrollins were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangle Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Mengsi Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Cui Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Qin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Huaidong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Li Li
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
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14
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Berestetskiy A, Hu Q. The Chemical Ecology Approach to Reveal Fungal Metabolites for Arthropod Pest Management. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1379. [PMID: 34202923 PMCID: PMC8307166 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biorational insecticides (for instance, avermectins, spinosins, azadirachtin, and afidopyropen) of natural origin are increasingly being used in agriculture. The review considers the chemical ecology approach for the search for new compounds with insecticidal properties (entomotoxic, antifeedant, and hormonal) produced by fungi of various ecological groups (entomopathogens, soil saprotrophs, endophytes, phytopathogens, and mushrooms). The literature survey revealed that insecticidal metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi have not been sufficiently studied, and most of the well-characterized compounds show moderate insecticidal activity. The greatest number of substances with insecticidal properties was found to be produced by soil fungi, mainly from the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Metabolites with insecticidal and antifeedant properties were also found in endophytic and phytopathogenic fungi. It was noted that insect pests of stored products are mostly low sensitive to mycotoxins. Mushrooms were found to be promising producers of antifeedant compounds as well as insecticidal proteins. The expansion of the number of substances with insecticidal properties detected in prospective fungal species is possible by mining fungal genomes for secondary metabolite gene clusters and secreted proteins with their subsequent activation by various methods. The efficacy of these studies can be increased with high-throughput techniques of extraction of fungal metabolites and their analysis by various methods of chromatography and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiongbo Hu
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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