1
|
Caballol M, Redondo MÁ, Catalán N, Corcobado T, Jung T, Marçais B, Milenković I, Nemesio-Gorriz M, Stenlid J, Oliva J. Climate acts as an environmental filter to plant pathogens. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae010. [PMID: 38366172 PMCID: PMC10926774 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Climate shapes the distribution of plant-associated microbes such as mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi. However, the role of climate in plant pathogen community assembly is less understood. Here, we explored the role of climate in the assembly of Phytophthora communities at >250 sites along a latitudinal gradient from Spain to northern Sweden and an altitudinal gradient from the Spanish Pyrenees to lowland areas. Communities were detected by ITS sequencing of river filtrates. Mediation analysis supported the role of climate in the biogeography of Phytophthora and ruled out other environmental factors such as geography or tree diversity. Comparisons of functional and species diversity showed that environmental filtering dominated over competitive exclusion in Europe. Temperature and precipitation acted as environmental filters at different extremes of the gradients. In northern regions, winter temperatures acted as an environmental filter on Phytophthora community assembly, selecting species adapted to survive low minimum temperatures. In southern latitudes, a hot dry climate was the main environmental filter, resulting in communities dominated by drought-tolerant Phytophthora species with thick oospore walls, a high optimum temperature for growth, and a high maximum temperature limit for growth. By taking a community ecology approach, we show that the establishment of Phytophthora plant pathogens in Europe is mainly restricted by cold temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caballol
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC – AGROTECNIO-CERCA, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Redondo
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7026, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Núria Catalán
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Tamara Corcobado
- Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Phytophthora Research Centre, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic
- Austrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW), Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, Vienna 1131, Austria
| | - Thomas Jung
- Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Phytophthora Research Centre, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic
| | - Benoît Marçais
- Université de Lorraine - INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Nancy 54000, France
| | - Ivan Milenković
- Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Phytophthora Research Centre, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade 11030, Serbia
| | | | - Jan Stenlid
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7026, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Jonàs Oliva
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC – AGROTECNIO-CERCA, Lleida 25198, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Corcobado T, Cech TL, Daxer A, Ďatková H, Janoušek J, Patra S, Jahn D, Hüttler C, Milenković I, Tomšovský M, Jung MH, Jung T. Phytophthora, Nothophytophthora and Halophytophthora diversity in rivers, streams and riparian alder ecosystems of Central Europe. Mycol Prog 2023; 22:50. [PMID: 37323627 PMCID: PMC10264269 DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Waterways are ideal pathways for Phytophthora dispersal and potential introduction to terrestrial ecosystems. While many Phytophthora species from phylogenetic clades 6, 9 and 10 are predominant oomycetes in watercourses due to their adaptation to a lifestyle as saprotrophs and opportunistic pathogens of riparian plants, species from clades 2, 7 and 8 are predominantly soil- or airborne using aquatic habitats as temporal niches for spreading and invading terrestrial sites along the watercourses. In contrast to forest ecosystems, knowledge of Phytophthora diversity in watercourses in Central Europe is limited. Between 2014 and 2019 extensive surveys of streams and rivers were undertaken across Austria, in South Moravia, Czech Republic and Žilina province, Slovakia to unveil the diversity and distribution of Phytophthora and related oomycetes. In addition, in Austria riparian forests of black alder (Alnus glutinosa) and grey alder (A. incana) in lowlands and in the Alps were examined. A variety of Phytophthora species from clades 2, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were isolated, with clade 6 species showing the widest distribution and abundance. Furthermore, interspecific clade 6 hybrids and other oomycetes such as Halophytophthora fluviatilis and undescribed Nothophytophthora spp. were also obtained. In riparian alders, symptoms of Phytophthora infections were associated with species from the P. × alni complex and P. plurivora. Phytophthora plurivora was most common in alder stands whereas P. uniformis was the oomycete species occurring at the highest altitude in alpine riparian areas. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11557-023-01898-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Corcobado
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Natural Hazards and Landscape, Unit of Phytopathology, Department of Forest Protection, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas L. Cech
- Natural Hazards and Landscape, Unit of Phytopathology, Department of Forest Protection, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Daxer
- Natural Hazards and Landscape, Unit of Phytopathology, Department of Forest Protection, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria
| | - Henrieta Ďatková
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Janoušek
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sneha Patra
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Belidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniella Jahn
- Natural Hazards and Landscape, Unit of Phytopathology, Department of Forest Protection, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Hüttler
- Natural Hazards and Landscape, Unit of Phytopathology, Department of Forest Protection, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivan Milenković
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michal Tomšovský
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marília Horta Jung
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, Am Rain 9, 83131 Nußdorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Jung
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, Am Rain 9, 83131 Nußdorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maia C, Jung T, Engelen A, Jung MH, Custódio L. Unravelling the Lipids Content and the Fatty Acid Profiles of Eight Recently Described Halophytophthora Species and H. avicennae from the South Coast of Portugal. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040227. [PMID: 37103366 PMCID: PMC10145237 DOI: 10.3390/md21040227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, mycelia of eight recently described species of Halophytophthora and H. avicennae collected in Southern Portugal were analysed for lipids and fatty acids (FA) content to evaluate their possible use as alternative sources of FAs and understand how each species FAs profile relates to their phylogenetic position. All species had a low lipid percentage (0.06% in H. avicennae to 0.28% in H. frigida). Subclade 6b species contained more lipids. All species produced monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA) and saturated (SFA) FAs, the latter being most abundant in all species. H. avicennae had the highest FA variety and was the only producer of γ-linolenic acid, while H. brevisporangia produced the lowest number of FAs. The best producer of arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was H. thermoambigua with 3.89% and 9.09% of total FAs, respectively. In all species, palmitic acid (SFA) was most abundant and among the MUFAs produced oleic acid had the highest relative percentage. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed partial segregation of species by phylogenetic clade and subclade based on their FA profile. H. avicennae (Clade 4) differed from all other Clade 6 species due to the production of γ-linolenic and lauric acids. Our results disclosed interesting FA profiles in the tested species, adequate for energy (biodiesel), pharmaceutical and food industries (bioactive FAs). Despite the low amounts of lipids produced, this can be boosted by manipulating culture growth conditions. The observed interspecific variations in FA production provide preliminary insights into an evolutionary background of its production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Maia
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Thomas Jung
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, 83131 Nußdorf, Germany
| | - Aschwin Engelen
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Marília Horta Jung
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, 83131 Nußdorf, Germany
| | - Luísa Custódio
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eight new Halophytophthora species from marine and brackish-water ecosystems in Portugal and an updated phylogeny for the genus. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2022. [DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2022.48.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During an oomycete survey in December 2015, 10 previously unknown Halophytophthora taxa were isolated from marine and brackish water of tidal ponds and channels in saltmarshes, lagoon ecosystems and river estuaries at seven sites along the Algarve coast in the South of Portugal. Phylogenetic analyses of LSU and ITS datasets, comprising all described Halophytophthora species, the 10 new Halophytophthora taxa and all relevant and distinctive sequences available from GenBank, provided an updated phylogeny of the genus Halophytophthora s.str. showing for the first time a structure of 10 clades designated as Clades 1–10. Nine of the 10 new Halophytophthora taxa resided in Clade 6 together with H. polymorphica and H. vesicula. Based on differences in morphology and temperature-growth relations and a multigene (LSU, ITS, Btub, hsp90, rpl10, tigA, cox1, nadh1, rps10) phylogeny, eight new Halophytophthora taxa from Portugal are described here as H. brevisporangia, H. celeris, H. frigida, H. lateralis, H. lusitanica, H. macrosporangia, H. sinuata and H. thermoambigua. Three species, H. frigida, H. macrosporangia and H. sinuata, have a homothallic breeding system while the remaining five species are sterile. Pathogenicity and litter decomposition tests are underway to clarify their pathological and ecological role in the marine and brackish-water ecosystems. More oomycete surveys in yet undersurveyed regions of the world and population genetic or phylogenomic analyses of global populations are needed to clarify the origin of the new Halophytophthora species.
Collapse
|
5
|
Caballol M, Štraus D, Macia H, Ramis X, Redondo MÁ, Oliva J. Halophytophthora fluviatilis Pathogenicity and Distribution along a Mediterranean-Subalpine Gradient. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020112. [PMID: 33546355 PMCID: PMC7913473 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophytophthora species have been traditionally regarded as brackish water oomycetes; however, recent reports in inland freshwater call for a better understanding of their ecology and possible pathogenicity. We studied the distribution of Halophytophthora fluviatilis in 117 forest streams by metabarcoding river filtrates taken in spring and autumn and by direct isolation from floating leaves. Pathogenicity on six Fagaceae species and Alnus glutinosa was assessed by stem inoculations. The distribution of H. fluviatilis was correlated with high mean annual temperatures (>93.5% of reports in Ta > 12.2 °C) and low precipitation records. H. fluviatilis was therefore widely distributed in forest streams in a warm–dry climate, but it was mostly absent in subalpine streams. H. fluviatilis was primarily detected in autumn with few findings in spring (28.4% vs. 2.7% of streams). H. fluviatilis was able to cause small lesions on some tree species such as Quercus pubescens, Q. suber and A. glutinosa. Our findings suggest that H. fluviatilis may be adapted to warm and dry conditions, and that it does not pose a significant threat to the most common Mediterranean broadleaved trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caballol
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.Š.); (H.M.); (X.R.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dora Štraus
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.Š.); (H.M.); (X.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Héctor Macia
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.Š.); (H.M.); (X.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Xavier Ramis
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.Š.); (H.M.); (X.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Miguel Á. Redondo
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Jonàs Oliva
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.Š.); (H.M.); (X.R.); (J.O.)
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| |
Collapse
|