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Intana W, Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Wonglom P, Sunpapao A. Plant Growth Promotion and Biological Control against Rhizoctonia solani in Thai Local Rice Variety "Chor Khing" Using Trichoderma breve Z2-03. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:417. [PMID: 38921403 PMCID: PMC11204415 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Several strains of Trichoderma are applied in the field to control plant diseases due to their capacity to suppress fungal pathogens and control plant diseases. Some Trichoderma strains also are able to promote plant growth through the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). In southern Thailand, the local rice variety "Chor Khing" is mainly cultivated in the Songkhla province; it is characterized by slow growth and is susceptible to sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Therefore, this research aimed to screen Trichoderma species with the ability to promote plant growth in this rice variety and enact biological control against R. solani. A total of 21 Trichoderma isolates were screened for indole compound production using the Salkowski reagent. The Z2-03 isolate reacted positively to the Salkowski reagent, indicating the production of the indole compound. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPCL) confirmed that Z2-03 produced IAA at 35.58 ± 7.60 μg/mL. The cell-free culture filtrate of the potato dextrose broth (CF) of Z2-03 induced rice germination in rice seeds, yielding root and shoot lengths in cell-free CF-treated rice that were significantly higher than those of the control (distilled water and culture broth alone). Furthermore, inoculation with Trichoderma conidia promoted rice growth and induced a defense response against R. solani during the seedling stage. Trichoderma Z2-03 displayed an antifungal capacity against R. solani, achieving 74.17% inhibition (as measured through dual culture assay) and the production of siderophores on the CAS medium. The pot experiment revealed that inoculation with the Trichoderma sp. Z2-03 conidial suspension increased the number of tillers and the plant height in the "Chor Khing" rice variety, and suppressed the percentage of disease incidence (PDI). The Trichoderma isolate Z2-03 was identified, based on the morphology and molecular properties of ITS, translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α), and RNA polymerase 2 (rpb2), as Trichoderma breve Z2-03. Our results reveal the ability of T. breve Z2-03 to act as a plant growth promoter, enhancing growth and development in the "Chor Khing" rice variety, as well as a biological control agent through its competition and defense induction mechanism in this rice variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warin Intana
- School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand;
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Prisana Wonglom
- Faculty of Technology and Community Development, Thaksin University, Papayom 93210, Thailand;
| | - Anurag Sunpapao
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division (Pest Management), Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai 90110, Thailand
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Fenta L, Mekonnen H. Microbial Biofungicides as a Substitute for Chemical Fungicides in the Control of Phytopathogens: Current Perspectives and Research Directions. SCIENTIFICA 2024; 2024:5322696. [PMID: 38449800 PMCID: PMC10917481 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5322696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
These days, two important issues are causing concern in the global community: the alarmingly growing trend of the human population and the issue of food security. To this end, people around the world have been searching for solutions that could feed the needy in a sustainable way. In response to this urgent call, scientists from around the world started working on increasing crop production and productivity by controlling crop pathogens that could harm the productivity of crops. Synthetic fungicides have been in use for controlling crop diseases for several decades, but later, due to the evidenced side effects of the fungicides, there have been attempts to shift towards a less cost-effective and eco-friendly method of controlling crop diseases, and so far, many remarkable results have been achieved. However, due to the less effective and shorter shelf life of microbial biofungicides, as well as the less accessibility of these microbial biofungicides to growers around the world, it became difficult to remove the fungicides totally from the market. To minimize this problem, researchers suggested an integrated approach: the combination of microbial biofungicides with a reduced dose of synthetic fungicides. Hence, this review explored the status as well as the merits and demerits of microbial biofungicides as compared to synthetic fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamenew Fenta
- Department of Biology, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Mekonnen
- Department of Biology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Waheed A, Haxim Y, Islam W, Ahmad M, Muhammad M, Alqahtani FM, Hashem M, Salih H, Zhang D. Climate change reshaping plant-fungal interaction. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117282. [PMID: 37783329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases pose a severe threat to modern agriculture, necessitating effective and lasting control solutions. Environmental factors significantly shape plant ecology. Human-induced greenhouse gas emissions have led to global temperature rise, impacting various aspects, including carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, temperature, ozone (O3), and ultraviolet-B, all of which influence plant diseases. Altered pathogen ranges can accelerate disease transmission. This review explores environmental effects on plant diseases, with climate change affecting fungal biogeography, disease incidence, and severity, as well as agricultural production. Moreover, we have discussed how climate change influences pathogen development, host-fungal interactions, the emergence of new races of fungi, and the dissemination of emerging fungal diseases across the globe. The discussion about environment-mediated impact on pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), and RNA interference (RNAi) is also part of this review. In conclusion, the review underscores the critical importance of understanding how climate change is reshaping plant-fungal interactions. It highlights the need for continuous research efforts to elucidate the mechanisms driving these changes and their ecological consequences. As the global climate continues to evolve, it is imperative to develop innovative strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of fungal pathogens on plant health and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China
| | - Yakoopjan Haxim
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | | | - Murad Muhammad
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Fatmah M Alqahtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haron Salih
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China.
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Sousa TF, Vieira Reça BNP, Castro GS, da Silva IJS, Caniato FF, de Araújo Júnior MB, Yamagishi MEB, Koolen HHF, Bataglion GA, Hanada RE, da Silva GF. Trichoderma agriamazonicum sp. nov. (Hypocreaceae), a new ally in the control of phytopathogens. Microbiol Res 2023; 275:127469. [PMID: 37543005 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The genus Trichoderma comprises more than 500 valid species and is commonly used in agriculture for the control of plant diseases. In the present study, a Trichoderma species isolated from Scleronema micranthum (Malvaceae) has been extensively characterized and the morphological and phylogenetic data support the proposition of a new fungal species herein named Trichoderma agriamazonicum. This species inhibited the mycelial growth of all the nine phytopathogens tested both by mycoparasitism and by the production of VOCs, with a highlight for the inhibition of Corynespora cassiicola and Colletotrichum spp. The VOCs produced by T. agriamazonicum were able to control Capsicum chinense fruit rot caused by Colletotrichum scovillei and no symptoms were observed after seven days of phytopathogen inoculation. GC-MS revealed the production of mainly 6-amyl-α-pyrone, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone during interaction with C. scovillei in C. chinense fruit. The HLPC-MS/MS analysis allowed us to annotate trikoningin KBII, hypocrenone C, 5-hydroxy-de-O-methyllasiodiplodin and unprecedented 7-mer peptaibols and lipopeptaibols. Comparative genomic analysis of five related Trichoderma species reveals a high number of proteins shared only with T. koningiopsis, mainly the enzymes related to oxidative stress. Regarding the CAZyme composition, T. agriamazonicum is most closely related to T. atroviride. A high protein copy number related to lignin and chitin degradation is observed for all Trichoderma spp. analyzed, while the presence of licheninase GH12 was observed only in T. agriamazonicum. Genome mining analysis identified 33 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of which 27 are new or uncharacterized, and the main BGCs are related to the production of polyketides. These results demonstrate the potential of this newly described species for agriculture and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Fernandes Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), 69080-900 Manaus, Brazil; Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, 69010-970 Manaus, Brazil
| | - Bruna Nayara Pantoja Vieira Reça
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Agricultura no Trópico Úmido (ATU), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), 69067-375 Manaus, Brazil
| | - Gleucinei Santos Castro
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), 690065-130 Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ingride Jarline Santos da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), 69080-900 Manaus, Brazil; Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, 69010-970 Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fátima Caniato
- Departamento de Ciências Fundamentais e Desenvolvimento Agrícola, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), 69080-900 Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hector Henrique Ferreira Koolen
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), 690065-130 Manaus, Brazil
| | - Giovana Anceski Bataglion
- Departamento de Química do Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), 69080-900 Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rogério Eiji Hanada
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), 69067-375 Manaus, Brazil.
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Kim SH, Lee Y, Balaraju K, Jeon Y. Evaluation of Trichoderma atroviride and Trichoderma longibrachiatum as biocontrol agents in controlling red pepper anthracnose in Korea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1201875. [PMID: 37521932 PMCID: PMC10381955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1201875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose disease is a serious threat to red pepper crops in Korea and many other countries, resulting in considerable yield losses. There are now no effective control techniques available except for fungicide sprays, which may directly impact consumers. This study aims to investigate the biological activity of Trichoderma isolates in controlling red pepper anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in vitro and in the field. Out of 11 Trichoderma isolates screened for biocontrol agents against three fungal pathogens, including C. acutatum; two effective Trichoderma isolates, T. atroviride ATR697 (ATR697) and T. longibrachiatum LON701 (LON701) were selected for further investigation. Using the overlapping plates experiment, it was discovered that the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by ATR697 strongly inhibited C. acutatum mycelial growth to a larger extent than the isolate LON701. A cellophane membrane experiment has shown that mycelial growth of C. acutatum was inhibited by 36% and 27% when treated with ATR697 and LON701, respectively. Culture filtrates (CFs) of two Trichoderma isolates inhibited the mycelial growth of C. acutatum in vitro. When red peppers were treated with spore suspensions of LON701 and ATR697, the disease severity (%) was 44.1% and 55.8%, respectively, in a curative method; while the disease severity (%) was 5% and 11.6%, in LON701- and ATR697-treated red peppers, respectively, in a preventive method. These results showed the suppression of disease severity (%) was relatively higher in the preventive method than in the curative method. Furthermore, Trichoderma isolates ATR697 and LON701 were resistant to commercial chemical fungicides in vitro, indicating these strains may also be used synergistically with a chemical fungicide (pyraclostrobin) against the growth of C. acutatum. There was no difference in the inhibition rate (%) of the pathogen between the treatment with LON701 alone and LON701+pyraclostrobin. Based on in vitro findings, ATR697 and LON701 played a role in effectively controlling red pepper anthracnose in field conditions, with LON701 treatment resulting in a disease rate of 14% when compared to ATR697, chemical, and non-treated controls. Overall, our study showed the ability of Trichoderma isolates to control red pepper anthracnose and their potential to develop as novel biocontrol agents to replace chemical fungicides for eco-friendly, sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Younmi Lee
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Kotnala Balaraju
- Agricultural Science & Technology Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho Jeon
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
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Peralta-Ruiz Y, Rossi C, Grande-Tovar CD, Chaves-López C. Green Management of Postharvest Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:623. [PMID: 37367558 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables are constantly affected by postharvest diseases, of which anthracnose is one of the most severe and is caused by diverse Colletotrichum species, mainly C. gloeosporioides. In the last few decades, chemical fungicides have been the primary approach to anthracnose control. However, recent trends and regulations have sought to limit the use of these substances. Greener management includes a group of sustainable alternatives that use natural substances and microorganisms to control postharvest fungi. This comprehensive review of contemporary research presents various sustainable alternatives to C. gloeosporioides postharvest control in vitro and in situ, ranging from the use of biopolymers, essential oils, and antagonistic microorganisms to cultivar resistance. Strategies such as encapsulation, biofilms, coatings, compounds secreted, antibiotics, and lytic enzyme production by microorganisms are revised. Finally, the potential effects of climate change on C. gloeosporioides and anthracnose disease are explored. Greener management can provide a possible replacement for the conventional approach of using chemical fungicides for anthracnose postharvest control. It presents diverse methodologies that are not mutually exclusive and can be in tune with the needs and interests of new consumers and the environment. Overall, developing or using these alternatives has strong potential for improving sustainability and addressing the challenges generated by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeimmy Peralta-Ruiz
- Programa de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Atlántico, Puerto Colombia 081008, Colombia
| | - Chiara Rossi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Carlos David Grande-Tovar
- Grupo de Investigación de Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Carrera 30 Número 8-49, Puerto Colombia 081008, Colombia
| | - Clemencia Chaves-López
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Yadav M, Divyanshu K, Dubey MK, Rai A, Kumar S, Tripathi YN, Shukla V, Upadhyay RS. Plant growth promotion and differential expression of defense genes in chilli pepper against Colletotrichum truncatum induced by Trichoderma asperellum and T. harzianum. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:54. [PMID: 36864373 PMCID: PMC9983198 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma asperellum and T. harzianum were assessed in this study as a potential biological control against Colletotrichum truncatum. C. truncatum is a hemibiotrophic fungus that causes anthracnose disease in chilli thereby affecting plant growth and fruit yield. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique showed the beneficial interaction between chilli root-Trichoderma spp. inducing the plant growth promotion, mechanical barrier, and defense network under C. truncatum challenged conditions. METHODS Seeds bio-primed with T. asperellum, T. harzianum, and T. asperellum + T. harzianum promoted the plant growth parameters and strengthening of physical barrier via lignification on the wall of vascular tissues. Seed primed with bioagents were used for exploring the molecular mechanism of defense response in pepper against anthracnose to assess the temporal expression of six defense genes in the Surajmukhi variety of Capsicum annuum. QRT-PCR demonstrated induction of defense responsive genes in chilli pepper bioprimed with Trichoderma spp. such as plant defensin 1.2 (CaPDF1.2), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APx), guaiacol peroxidase (GPx), pathogenesis related proteins PR-2 and PR-5. RESULTS The results showed that bioprimed seeds were assessed for T. asperellum, T. harzianum, and T. asperellum + T. harzianum-chilli root colonization interaction under in vivo conditions. The results of the scanning electron microscope revealed that T. asperellum, T. harzianum and T. asperellum + T. harzianum interact with chilli roots directly via the development of plant-Trichoderma interaction system. Seeds bio-primed with bioagents promoted the plant growth parameters, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, plant height, leaf area index, number of leaves, stem diameter and strengthening of physical barrier via lignification on the wall of vascular tissues and expression of six defense related genes in pepper against anthracnose. CONCLUSIONS Application of T. asperellum and T. harzianum and in combination of treatments enhanced the plant growth. Further, as seeds bioprimed with T. asperellum, T. harzianum and in combination with treatment of T. asperellum + T. harzianum induced the strengthening of the cell wall by lignification and expression of six defense related genes CaPDF1.2, SOD, APx, GPx, PR-2 and PR-5 in pepper against C. truncatum. Our study contributed for better disease management through biopriming with T. asperellum, T. harzianum and T. asperellum + T. harzianum. The biopriming possess enormous potential to promote plant growth, modulate the physical barrier, and induced the defense related genes in chilli pepper against anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Yadav
- Laboratory of Mycopathology and Microbial Technology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India. .,Kutir Post Graduate College Chakkey, Jaunpur, 222146, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Kumari Divyanshu
- Laboratory of Mycopathology and Microbial Technology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biosciences, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, 203201, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Horticulture, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, 210001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Laboratory of Mycopathology and Microbial Technology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yashoda Nandan Tripathi
- Laboratory of Mycopathology and Microbial Technology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vaishali Shukla
- Laboratory of Mycopathology and Microbial Technology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Government Post Graduate College, Obra, Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh, 231219, India
| | - Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
- Laboratory of Mycopathology and Microbial Technology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Exploring the Potentiality of Native Actinobacteria to Combat the Chilli Fruit Rot Pathogens under Post-Harvest Pathosystem. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020426. [PMID: 36836783 PMCID: PMC9959883 DOI: 10.3390/life13020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chilli is an universal spice cum solanaceous vegetable crop rich in vitamin A, vitamin C, capsaicin and capsanthin. Its cultivation is highly threatened by fruit rot disease which cause yield loss as high as 80-100% under congenial environment conditions. Currently actinobacteria are considered as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic fungicides at pre and post-harvest pathosystems. Hence, this research work focuses on the exploitation of rhizospheric, phyllospheric and endophytic actinobacteria associated with chilli plants for their antagonistic activity against fruit rot pathogens viz., Colletotrichum scovillei, Colletotrichum truncatum and Fusarium oxysporum. In vitro bioassays revealed that the actinobacterial isolate AR26 was found to be the most potent antagonist with multifarious biocontrol mechanisms such as production of volatile, non-volatile, thermostable compounds, siderophores, extracellular lytic enzymes. 16S rRNA gene sequence confirmed that the isolate AR26 belongs to Streptomyces tuirus. The results of detached fruit assay revealed that application of liquid bio-formulation of Stretomyces tuirus @ 10 mL/L concentration completely inhibited the development of fruit rot symptoms in pepper fruits compared to methanol extracts. Hence, the present research work have a great scope for evaluating the biocontrol potential of native S. tuirus AR26 against chilli fruit rot disease under field condition as well against a broad spectrum of post-harvest plant pathogens.
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Yao X, Guo H, Zhang K, Zhao M, Ruan J, Chen J. Trichoderma and its role in biological control of plant fungal and nematode disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1160551. [PMID: 37206337 PMCID: PMC10189891 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1160551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma is mainly used to control soil-borne diseases as well as some leaf and panicle diseases of various plants. Trichoderma can not only prevent diseases but also promotes plant growth, improves nutrient utilization efficiency, enhances plant resistance, and improves agrochemical pollution environment. Trichoderma spp. also behaves as a safe, low-cost, effective, eco-friendly biocontrol agent for different crop species. In this study, we introduced the biological control mechanism of Trichoderma in plant fungal and nematode disease, including competition, antibiosis, antagonism, and mycoparasitism, as well as the mechanism of promoting plant growth and inducing plant systemic resistance between Trichoderma and plants, and expounded on the application and control effects of Trichoderma in the control of various plant fungal and nematode diseases. From an applicative point of view, establishing a diversified application technology for Trichoderma is an important development direction for its role in the sustainable development of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yao
- College of Agronomy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hailin Guo
- Science and Technology Innovation Development Center of Bijie City, Bijie, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyu Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingjun Ruan
- College of Agronomy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jingjun Ruan,
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Jie Chen,
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Li X, Zeng S, Wisniewski M, Droby S, Yu L, An F, Leng Y, Wang C, Li X, He M, Liao Q, Liu J, Wang Y, Sui Y. Current and future trends in the biocontrol of postharvest diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5672-5684. [PMID: 36530065 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2156977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables cause significant economic losses to producers and marketing firms. Many of these diseases are caused by necrotrophic fungal pathogens that require wounded or injured tissues to establish an infection. Biocontrol of postharvest diseases is an evolving science that has moved from the traditional paradigm of one organism controlling another organism to viewing biocontrol as a system involving the biocontrol agent, the pathogen, the host, the physical environment, and most recently the resident microflora. Thus, the paradigm has shifted from one of simplicity to complexity. The present review provides an overview of how the field of postharvest biocontrol has evolved over the past 40 years, a brief review of the biology of necrotrophic pathogens, the discovery of BCAs, their commercialization, and mechanisms of action. Most importantly, current research on the use of marker-assisted-selection, the fruit microbiome and its relationship to the pathobiome, and the use of double-stranded RNA as a biocontrol strategy is discussed. These latter subjects represent evolving trends in postharvest biocontrol research and suggestions for future research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Shixian Zeng
- College of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Samir Droby
- Department of Postharvest Science, ARO, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Longfeng Yu
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Fuquan An
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Yan Leng
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Chaowen Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Min He
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Qinhong Liao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuan Sui
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
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Gangireddygari VSR, Cho IS, Choi S, Yoon JY. Inhibitory Effects of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus Infection by Supernatants of Five Bacterial Cultures in Capsicum annuum L. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 38:646-655. [PMID: 36503193 PMCID: PMC9742801 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.08.2022.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), one of the most prevalent viruses in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a non-enveloped, rod-shaped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus classified in the genus Tobamovirus. The supernatants of five bacterial cultures (Pseudomonas putida [PP], Bacillus licheniformis [BLI], P. fluorescens [PF], Serratia marcescens [SER], and B. amyloliquifaciens [BA]) were analyzed to find novel antiviral agents to PMMoV in chili pepper. Foliar spraying with supernatants (1:1, v/v) obtained from Luria-Bertani broth cultures of PP, BLI, PF, SER, and BA inhibited PMMoV infection of chili pepper if applied before the PMMoV inoculation. Double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that treatments of five supernatants resulted in 51-66% reductions in PMMoV accumulation in the treated chili pepper. To identify key compounds in supernatants of PP, BLI, PF, SER, and BA, the supernatants were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The 24 different types of compounds were identified from the supernatants of PP, BLI, PF, SER, and BA. The compounds vary from supernatants of one bacterial culture to another which includes simple compounds-alkanes, ketones, alcohols, and an aromatic ring containing compounds. The compounds triggered the inhibitory effect on PMMoV propagation in chili pepper plants. In conclusion, the cultures could be used to further conduct tissue culture and field trial experiments as potential bio-control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Subba Reddy Gangireddygari
- Virology Unit, Horticulture, and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - In-Sook Cho
- Virology Unit, Horticulture, and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Sena Choi
- Virology Unit, Horticulture, and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School on Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Joenbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
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12
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Ruangwong OU, Kunasakdakul K, Chankaew S, Pitija K, Sunpapao A. A Rhizobacterium, Streptomyces albulus Z1-04-02, Displays Antifungal Activity against Sclerotium Rot in Mungbean. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11192607. [PMID: 36235473 PMCID: PMC9570658 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotium rot causes damping-off and stem rot in seedlings and mature mungbeans, which negatively impacts cultivation. The use of a rhizobacterium to control soil-borne diseases is an alternative method to the excess use of synthetic fungicides; therefore, this study aims to screen rhizosphere actinobacteria with fungicidal activities against Sclerotium rolfsii, the pathogen that causes sclerotium rot in mungbeans. Primary screening showed that the Streptomyces sp. isolate Z1-04-02 displayed the highest effectiveness against S. rolfsii in dual culture plates, with a percentage inhibition of 74.28%. An assay containing enzymes that degrade cell walls, of the cell-free culture filtrate (CF) of Z1-04-02, showed that the activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase were 0.0209 and 1.0210 U/mL, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of the control (media alone). The cell-free CF of Z1-04-02, incubated at 37 °C and 100 °C, using agar well diffusion, effectively inhibited the growth of S. rolfsii with inhibition percentages of 37.78% and 27.78%, respectively. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was applied to trap volatiles released from Z1-04-02 and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS); volatile antifungal compounds were tentatively identified as bicyclic monoterpene (1R)-(-)-myrtenal. The application of the cell-free CF, and the spore suspension of Z1-04-02, showed disease severity indexes (DSIs) of 12.5% and 8.25%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those showing inoculation by S. rolfsii alone. The identification of this strain by morphology, biochemistry tests, and 16s rDNA sequences revealed that Z1-04-02 was Streptomyces albulus. This finding revealed that S. albulus Z1-04-02 displayed diverse fungicidal activities against S. rolfsii, and it has the potential to act as a biological control agent in terms of inhibiting sclerotium rot in mungbeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- On-Uma Ruangwong
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kaewalin Kunasakdakul
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sompong Chankaew
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kitsada Pitija
- Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd., 290 Soi 17, Rama 9 Rd., Bangkapi, Huay Kwang, Bangkok 10310, Thailand
| | - Anurag Sunpapao
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division (Pest Management), Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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13
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Wang Z, Wang Z, Lu B, Quan X, Zhao G, Zhang Z, Liu W, Tian Y. Antagonistic potential of Trichoderma as a biocontrol agent against Sclerotinia asari. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:997050. [PMID: 36267168 PMCID: PMC9578005 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.997050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the inhibitory potential of 14 Trichoderma strains (isolated from Asarum rhizosphere) was investigated against Sclerotinia asari using the plate dilution method. The activity of antioxidant enzymes viz; catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in S. asari treated with the two Trichoderma strains was also evaluated. Untargeted metabolomic analysis by using LC/MS analysis was carried out to determine differential metabolites in T. hamatum (A26) and T. koningiopsis (B30) groups. Moreover, transcriptome analysis of S. asari during the inhibition of S. asari by B30, and A26 compared with the control (CK) was performed. Results indicated that inhibition rates of T. koningiopsis B30, and T. hamatum A26 were highest compared to other strains. Similarly, non-volatile metabolites extracted from the B30 strain showed a 100% inhibition of S. asari. The activity of CAT, SOD, and POD decreased after treatment with A26 and B30 strains while increasing MDA content of S. asari. Antifungal activity of differential metabolites like abamectin, eplerenone, behenic acid, lauric acid, josamycin, erythromycin, and minocycline exhibited the highest inhibition of S. asari. Transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were involved in many metabolic pathways which subsequently contributed toward antifungal activity of Trichoderma. These findings suggested that both Trichoderma strains (B30 and A26) could be effectively used as biocontrol agents against Sclerotinia disease of Asarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiqing Wang,
| | - Ziqing Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Baohui Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xingzhou Quan
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wanliang Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yixin Tian
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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14
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Kong WL, Ni H, Wang WY, Wu XQ. Antifungal effects of volatile organic compounds produced by Trichoderma koningiopsis T2 against Verticillium dahliae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1013468. [PMID: 36212874 PMCID: PMC9533717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1013468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by microorganisms are considered promising environmental-safety fumigants for controlling soil-borne diseases. Verticillium dahliae, a notorious fungal pathogen, causes economically important wilt diseases in agriculture and forestry industries. Here, we determined the antifungal activity of VOCs produced by Trichoderma koningiopsis T2. The VOCs from T. koningiopsis T2 were trapped by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and tentatively identified through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The microsclerotia formation, cell wall-degrading enzymes and melanin synthesis of V. dahliae exposed to the VOC mixtures and selected single standards were examined. The results showed that the VOCs produced by strain T2 significantly inhibited the growth of V. dahliae mycelium and reduced the severity of Verticillium wilt in tobacco and cotton. Six individual compounds were identified in the volatilome of T. koningiopsis T2, and the dominant compounds were 3-octanone, 3-methyl-1-butanol, butanoic acid ethyl ester and 2-hexyl-furan. The VOCs of strain T2 exert a significant inhibitory effect on microsclerotia formation and decreased the activities of pectin lyase and endo-β-1,4-glucanase in V. dahliae. VOCs also downregulated the VdT3HR, VdT4HR, and VdSCD genes related to melanin synthesis by 29. 41-, 10. 49-, and 3.11-fold, respectively. Therefore, T. koningiopsis T2 has potential as a promising biofumigant for the biocontrol of Verticillium wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Kong
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hang Ni
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Yu Wang
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Qin Wu,
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Sharma A, Salwan R, Kaur R, Sharma R, Sharma V. Characterization and evaluation of bioformulation from antagonistic and flower inducing Trichoderma asperellum isolate UCRD5. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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Biocontrol of Phytophthora xcambivora on Castanea sativa: Selection of Local Trichoderma spp. Isolates for the Management of Ink Disease. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Ink disease is a devastating disease of chestnut (Castanea sativa) worldwide, caused by Phytophthora species. The only management measures of this disease are chemical and agronomic interventions. This work focuses on the evaluation of the in vitro antagonistic capacity of 20 isolates of Trichoderma spp. selected in a diseased chestnut orchard in Tuscan Apennines (San Godenzo, Italy) for the biocontrol of Phytophthora xcambivora. Each Trichoderma isolate was tested to investigate pathogen inhibition capability by antagonism in dual cultures and antibiosis by secondary metabolites production (diffusible and Volatile Organic Compounds). The six most performing isolates of Trichoderma spp. were further assessed for their aptitude to synthesize chitinase, glucanase and cellulase, and to act as mycoparasite. All six selected isolates displayed the capability to control the pathogen in vitro by synergistically coupling antibiosis and mycoparasitism at different levels regardless of the species they belong to, but rather, in relation to specific features of the single genotypes. In particular, T. hamatum SG18 and T. koningiopsis SG6 displayed the most promising results in pathogen inhibition, thus further investigations are needed to confirm their in vivo efficacy.
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17
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Trichoderma asperelloides PSU-P1 Induced Expression of Pathogenesis-Related Protein Genes against Gummy Stem Blight of Muskmelon (Cucumis melo) in Field Evaluation. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020156. [PMID: 35205910 PMCID: PMC8878962 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gummy stem blight caused by Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum is the most destructive disease of muskmelon cultivation. This study aimed to induce disease resistance against gummy stem blight in muskmelon by Trichoderma asperelloides PSU-P1. This study was arranged into two crops. Spore suspension at a concentration of 1 × 106 spores/mL of T. asperelloides PSU-P1 was applied to muskmelon to investigate gene expression. The expression of PR genes including chitinase (chi) and β-1,3-glucanase (glu) were determined by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and enzyme activity was assayed by the DNS method. The effects of T. asperelloides PSU-P1 on growth, yield, and postharvest quality of muskmelon fruit were measured. A spore suspension at a concentration of 1 × 106 spore/mL of T. asperelloides PSU-P1 and S. cucurbitacearum was applied to muskmelons to determine the reduction in disease severity. The results showed that the expression of chi and glu genes in T. asperelloides PSU-P1-treated muskmelon plants was 7–10-fold higher than that of the control. The enzyme activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase were 0.15–0.284 and 0.343–0.681 U/mL, respectively, which were higher than those of the control (pathogen alone). Scanning electron microscopy revealed crude metabolites extracted from T. asperelloides PSU-P1-treated muskmelon plants caused wilting and lysis of S. cucurbitacearum hyphae, confirming the activity of cell-wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs). Application of T. asperelloides PSU-P1 increased fruit weight and fruit width; sweetness and fruit texture were not significantly different among treated muskmelons. Application of T. asperelloides PSU-P1 reduced the disease severity scale of gummy stem blight to 1.10 in both crops, which was significantly lower than that of the control (2.90 and 3.40, respectively). These results revealed that application of T. asperelloides PSU-P1 reduced disease severity against gummy stem blight by overexpressed PR genes and elevated enzyme activity in muskmelon plants.
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18
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Martínez-Salgado SJ, Andrade-Hoyos P, Parraguirre Lezama C, Rivera-Tapia A, Luna-Cruz A, Romero-Arenas O. Biological Control of Charcoal Rot in Peanut Crop through Strains of Trichoderma spp., in Puebla, Mexico. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2630. [PMID: 34961101 PMCID: PMC8707606 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Charcoal rot is an emerging disease for peanut crops caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. In Mexico, peanut crop represents an important productive activity for various rural areas; however, charcoal rot affects producers economically. The objectives of this research were: (a) to identify and morphologically characterize the strain "PUE 4.0" associated with charcoal rot of peanut crops from Buenavista de Benito Juárez, belonging to the municipality of Chietla in Puebla, Mexico; (b) determine the in vitro and in vivo antagonist activity of five Trichoderma species on M. phaseolina, and (c) determine the effect of the incidence of the disease on peanut production in the field. Vegetable tissue samples were collected from peanut crops in Puebla, Mexico with the presence of symptoms of charcoal rot at the stem and root level. The "PUE 4.0" strain presented 100% identity with M. phaseolina, the cause of charcoal rot in peanut crops from Buenavista de Benito Juárez. T. koningiopsis (T-K11) showed the highest development rate, the best growth speed, and the highest percentage of radial growth inhibition (PIRG) over M. phaseolina (71.11%) under in vitro conditions, in addition, T. koningiopsis (T-K11) showed higher production (1.60 ± 0.01 t/ha-1) and lower incidence of charcoal rot under field conditions. The lowest production with the highest incidence of the disease occurred in plants inoculated only with M. phaseolina (0.67 ± 0.01 t/ha-1) where elongated reddish-brown lesions were observed that covered 40% of the total surface of the main root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Jazmín Martínez-Salgado
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Programa Biotecnología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico;
| | - Petra Andrade-Hoyos
- Centro de Agroecología, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio VAL 1, Km 1.7 Carretera a San Baltazar Tetela, San Pedro Zacachimalpa, Puebla 72960, Mexico; (P.A.-H.); (C.P.L.)
| | - Conrado Parraguirre Lezama
- Centro de Agroecología, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio VAL 1, Km 1.7 Carretera a San Baltazar Tetela, San Pedro Zacachimalpa, Puebla 72960, Mexico; (P.A.-H.); (C.P.L.)
| | - Antonio Rivera-Tapia
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico;
| | - Alfonso Luna-Cruz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia 27852, Mexico;
| | - Omar Romero-Arenas
- Centro de Agroecología, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio VAL 1, Km 1.7 Carretera a San Baltazar Tetela, San Pedro Zacachimalpa, Puebla 72960, Mexico; (P.A.-H.); (C.P.L.)
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Wang R, Chen D, Khan RAA, Cui J, Hou J, Liu T. A novel Trichoderma asperellum strain DQ-1 promotes tomato growth and induces resistance to gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6424287. [PMID: 34751779 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is a major cause of economic losses during tomato production. In this study, we obtained 23 Trichoderma strains from tomato rhizosphere soil and their inhibitory effects on B. cinerea and the promoting effects on tomato growth were determined. Among them, the inhibition rate of strain DQ-1 on B. cinerea was 88.56%; compared with the control group, after treatment with strain DQ-1, the seeds germination rate and root length of tomato increased by 5.55 and 37.86%. The induced disease resistance of strain DQ-1 was evaluated by pot experiments. The disease incidence (DI) and disease severity index (DSI) of tomato pre-inoculated with strain DQ-1 and then inoculated with B. cinerea were reduced by 38 and 64% compared with the control. Furthermore, we detected the expression levels of tomato disease resistance related genes PR2 and TPX, ethylene pathway related genes ETR1 and CTR1 and jasmonic acid pathway related genes LOX1 and PAL in challenging and non-challenging inoculation treatments. The results showed that the tomato treated with strain DQ-1 triggered the system acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR) pathway, thereby enhancing the disease resistance of tomato. Then the strain DQ-1 was identified as Trichoderma asperellum based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic information. This study suggests that the novel T. asperellum strain DQ-1 can be a potential candidate for the biological control of gray mold in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Di Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Raja Asad Ali Khan
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jia Cui
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jumei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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20
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Microbial biocontrol agents against chilli plant pathogens over synthetic pesticides: a review. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-021-00053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Phylogeny and Optimization of Trichoderma harzianum for Chitinase Production: Evaluation of Their Antifungal Behaviour against the Prominent Soil Borne Phyto-Pathogens of Temperate India. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091962. [PMID: 34576858 PMCID: PMC8471080 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma is the most commonly used fungal biocontrol agent throughout the world. In the present study, various Trichoderma isolates were isolated from different vegetable fields. In the isolated microflora, the colony edges varied from wavy to smooth. The mycelial forms were predominantly floccose with hyaline color and conidiophores among all the strains were highly branched. Based on morphological attributes, all the isolates were identified as Trichoderma harzianum. The molecular identification using multilocus sequencing ITS, rpb2 and tef1α, genes further confirmed the morphological identification. The average chitinase activity varied from 1.13 units/mL to 3.38 units/mL among the various isolates, which increased linearly with temperature from 15 to 30 °C. There was an amplified production in the chitinase production in the presence of Mg+ and Ca2+ and Na+ metal ions, but the presence of certain ions was found to cause the down-regulated chitinase activity, i.e., Zn2+, Hg2+, Fe2+, Ag+ and K+. All the chitinase producing Trichoderma isolates inhibited the growth of tested pathogens viz., Dematophora necatrix, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium aphanidermatum at 25% culture-free filtrate concentration under in vitro conditions. Also, under in vivo conditions, the lowest wilt incidence and highest disease control on Fusarium oxysporum was observed in isolate BT4 with mean wilt incidence and disease control of 21% and 48%, respectively. The Trichoderma harzianum identified in this study will be further used in formulation development for the management of diseases under field conditions.
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