1
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Yuan GY, Zhang JM, Xu YQ, Zou Y. Biosynthesis and Assembly Logic of Fungal Hybrid Terpenoid Natural Products. Chembiochem 2024:e202400387. [PMID: 38923144 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, fungi have emerged as significant sources of diverse hybrid terpenoid natural products, and their biosynthetic pathways are increasingly unveiled. This review mainly focuses on elucidating the various strategies underlying the biosynthesis and assembly logic of these compounds. These pathways combine terpenoid moieties with diverse building blocks including polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, amino acids, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, saccharides, and adenine, resulting in the formation of plenty of hybrid terpenoid natural products via C-O, C-C, or C-N bond linkages. Subsequent tailoring steps, such as oxidation, cyclization, and rearrangement, further enhance the biological diversity and structural complexity of these hybrid terpenoid natural products. Understanding these biosynthetic mechanisms holds promise for the discovery of novel hybrid terpenoid natural products from fungi, which will promote the development of potential drug candidates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Yin Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Mei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Qiu Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
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2
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Sun Z, Wu Y, Long S, Feng S, Jia X, Hu Y, Ma M, Liu J, Zeng B. Aspergillus oryzae as a Cell Factory: Research and Applications in Industrial Production. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:248. [PMID: 38667919 PMCID: PMC11051239 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae, a biosafe strain widely utilized in bioproduction and fermentation technology, exhibits a robust hydrolytic enzyme secretion system. Therefore, it is frequently employed as a cell factory for industrial enzyme production. Moreover, A. oryzae has the ability to synthesize various secondary metabolites, such as kojic acid and L-malic acid. Nevertheless, the complex secretion system and protein expression regulation mechanism of A. oryzae pose challenges for expressing numerous heterologous products. By leveraging synthetic biology and novel genetic engineering techniques, A. oryzae has emerged as an ideal candidate for constructing cell factories. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest advancements in the application of A. oryzae-based cell factories in industrial production. These studies suggest that metabolic engineering and optimization of protein expression regulation are key elements in realizing the widespread industrial application of A. oryzae cell factories. It is anticipated that this review will pave the way for more effective approaches and research avenues in the future implementation of A. oryzae cell factories in industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Z.S.); (S.F.)
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Yijian Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Shihua Long
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Sai Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Z.S.); (S.F.)
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Xiao Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Yan Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Maomao Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Jingxin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Bin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
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3
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Quan Z, Awakawa T. Recent developments in the engineered biosynthesis of fungal meroterpenoids. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:578-588. [PMID: 38505236 PMCID: PMC10949012 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Meroterpenoids are hybrid compounds that are partially derived from terpenoids. This group of natural products displays large structural diversity, and many members exhibit beneficial biological activities. This mini-review highlights recent advances in the engineered biosynthesis of meroterpenoid compounds with C15 and C20 terpenoid moieties, with the reconstruction of fungal meroterpenoid biosynthetic pathways in heterologous expression hosts and the mutagenesis of key enzymes, including terpene cyclases and α-ketoglutarate (αKG)-dependent dioxygenases, that contribute to the structural diversity. Notable progress in genome sequencing has led to the discovery of many novel genes encoding these enzymes, while continued efforts in X-ray crystallographic analyses of these enzymes and the invention of AlphaFold2 have facilitated access to their structures. Structure-based mutagenesis combined with applications of unnatural substrates has further diversified the catalytic repertoire of these enzymes. The information in this review provides useful knowledge for the design of biosynthetic machineries to produce a variety of bioactive meroterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Quan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Awakawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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4
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Yang H, Song C, Liu C, Wang P. Synthetic Biology Tools for Engineering Aspergillus oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:34. [PMID: 38248944 PMCID: PMC10817548 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
For more than a thousand years, Aspergillus oryzae has been used in traditional culinary industries, including for food fermentation, brewing, and flavoring. In recent years, A. oryzae has been extensively used in deciphering the pathways of natural product synthesis and value-added compound bioproduction. Moreover, it is increasingly being used in modern biotechnology industries, such as for the production of enzymes and recombinant proteins. The investigation of A. oryzae has been significantly accelerated through the successive application of a diverse array of synthetic biology techniques and methodologies. In this review, the advancements in biological tools for the synthesis of A. oryzae, including DNA assembly technologies, gene expression regulatory elements, and genome editing systems, are discussed. Additionally, the challenges associated with the heterologous expression of A. oryzae are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- School of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chaonan Song
- School of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chengwei Liu
- School of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Pengchao Wang
- School of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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5
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Yang YL, Zhou M, Yang L, Gressler M, Rassbach J, Wurlitzer JM, Zeng Y, Gao K, Hoffmeister D. A Mushroom P450-Monooxygenase Enables Regio- and Stereoselective Biocatalytic Synthesis of Epoxycyclohexenones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313817. [PMID: 37852936 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
An epoxycyclohexenone (ECH) moiety occurs in natural products of both bacteria and ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi. While the enzymes for ECH formation in bacteria and ascomycetes have been identified and characterized, it remained obscure how this structure is biosynthesized in basidiomycetes. In this study, we i) identified a genetic locus responsible for panepoxydone biosynthesis in the basidiomycete mushroom Panus rudis and ii) biochemically characterized PanH, the cytochrome P450 enzyme catalyzing epoxide formation in this pathway. Using a PanH-producing yeast as a biocatalyst, we synthesized a small library of bioactive ECH compounds as a proof of concept. Furthermore, homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulation, and site directed mutation revealed the substrate specificity of PanH. Remarkably, PanH is unrelated to ECH-forming enzymes in bacteria and ascomycetes, suggesting that mushrooms evolved this biosynthetic capacity convergently and independently of other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Man Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Markus Gressler
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Rassbach
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jacob M Wurlitzer
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
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6
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Gao H, Zhou L, Zhang P, Wang Y, Qian X, Liu Y, Wu G. Filamentous Fungi-Derived Orsellinic Acid-Sesquiterpene Meroterpenoids: Fungal Sources, Chemical Structures, Bioactivities, and Biosynthesis. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:1110-1124. [PMID: 37225133 DOI: 10.1055/a-2099-4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungi-derived polyketide-terpenoid hybrids are important meroterpenoid natural products that possess diverse structure scaffolds with a broad spectrum of bioactivities. Herein, we focus on an ever-increasing group of meroterpenoids, orsellinic acid-sesquiterpene hybrids comprised of biosynthetic start unit orsellinic acid coupling to a farnesyl group or/and its modified cyclic products. The review entails the search of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases up to June 2022. The key terms include "orsellinic acid", "sesquiterpene", "ascochlorin", "ascofuranone", and "Ascochyta viciae", which are combined with the structures of "ascochlorin" and "ascofuranone" drawn by the Reaxys and Scifinder databases. In our search, these orsellinic acid-sesquiterpene hybrids are mainly produced by filamentous fungi. Ascochlorin was the first compound reported in 1968 and isolated from filamentous fungus Ascochyta viciae (synonym: Acremonium egyptiacum; Acremonium sclerotigenum); to date, 71 molecules are discovered from various filamentous fungi inhabiting in a variety of ecological niches. As typical representatives of the hybrid molecules, the biosynthetic pathway of ascofuranone and ascochlorin are discussed. The group of meroterpenoid hybrids exhibits a broad arrange of bioactivities, as highlighted by targeting hDHODH (human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase) inhibition, antitrypanosomal, and antimicrobial activities. This review summarizes the findings related to the structures, fungal sources, bioactivities, and their biosynthesis from 1968 to June 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Luning Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Qian
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangwei Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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7
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Ren S, Zeng Y, Wang Q, Lin Q, Yin X, Chen S, Wang M, Liu L, Gao Z. Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporter Participates in the Formation of Dimeric Sorbicillinoids Pigments. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12216-12224. [PMID: 37526340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the biosynthetic pathways of fungal pigments can help elucidate their roles in fungal growth processes. Trichodimerol is a unique cage-like dimeric sorbicillinoids pigment that is commonly isolated from many fungi, however, its biosynthesis is just partially clarified. In this study, we report that a biosynthetic gene cluster encoded major facilitator superfamily transporter (StaE) from the fungus Stagonospora sp. SYSU-MS7888 is involved in the formation of trichodimerol, together with several other dimeric sorbicillinoids. Using Aspergillus oryzae NSARI as a heterologous host, we demonstrated that the formation of dimeric sorbicillinoids required co-expression of the transporter StaE with biosynthetic genes (two PKSs and one monooxygenase) that are responsible for constructing the monomer precursor sorbicillinol. Fluorescence microscopy results showed that eGFP-tagged StaE is localized on the endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that sorbicillinoid dimerizations might be compartmentalized in this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yujing Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qifeng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xinjian Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Senhua Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Muhua Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Zhizeng Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
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8
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Awakawa T, Liu W, Bai T, Taniguchi T, Abe I. Orthoester formation in fungal meroterpenoid austalide F biosynthesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220037. [PMID: 36633279 PMCID: PMC9835590 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal meroterpenoids are important bioactive natural products. Their biosynthetic machineries are highly diverse, and reconstitutions lead to the production of unnatural meroterpenoids. In this study, heterologous gene expression in Aspergillus oryzae and in vitro assays elucidated the biosynthetic pathway of the orthoester-containing fungal meroterpenoid austalide F. Remarkably, the α-ketoglutarate-dependent oxygenase AstB produces the hemiacetal intermediate, and the methyltransferase AstL transfers a methyl group on it to construct the orthoester functionality. This study presents the extraordinary orthoester biosynthetic machinery and provides valuable insights into the creation of unnatural novel bioactive meroterpenoids through engineered biosynthesis. This article is part of the theme issue 'Reactivity and mechanism in chemical and synthetic biology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Awakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Wei Liu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tongxuan Bai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomo Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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9
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Awakawa T, Mori T, Ushimaru R, Abe I. Structure-based engineering of α-ketoglutarate dependent oxygenases in fungal meroterpenoid biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:46-61. [PMID: 35642933 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00014h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-heme iron- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent oxygenases (αKG OXs) are key enzymes that play a major role in diversifying the structure of fungal meroterpenoids. They activate a specific C-H bond of the substrate to first generate radical species, which is usually followed by oxygen rebound to produce cannonical hydroxylated products. However, in some cases remarkable chemistry induces dramatic structural changes in the molecular scaffolds, depending on the stereoelectronic characters of the substrate/intermediates and the resulting conformational changes/movements of the active site of the enzyme. Their molecular bases have been extensively investigated by crystallographic structural analyses and structure-based mutagenesis, which revealed intimate structural details of the enzyme reactions. This information facilitates the manipulation of the enzyme reactions to create unnatural, novel molecules for drug discovery. This review summarizes recent progress in the structure-based engineering of αKG OX enzymes, involved in the biosynthesis of polyketide-derived fungal meroterpenoids. The literature published from 2016 through February 2022 is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Awakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. .,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. .,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Richiro Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. .,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,ACT-X, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. .,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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10
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Tararina MA, Yee DA, Tang Y, Christianson DW. Structure of the Repurposed Fungal Terpene Cyclase FlvF Implicated in the C-N Bond-Forming Reaction of Flavunoidine Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2022; 61:2014-2024. [PMID: 36037799 PMCID: PMC9489668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The fungal species Aspergillus flavus produces an alkaloid terpenoid, flavunoidine, through a hybrid biosynthetic pathway combining both terpene cyclase and nonribosomal peptide synthetase enzymes. Flavunoidine consists of a tetracyclic, oxygenated sesquiterpene core decorated with dimethyl cadaverine and 5,5-dimethyl-l-pipecolate moieties. Unique to the flavunoidine biosynthetic pathway is FlvF, a putative enzyme implicated in stereospecific C-N bond formation as dimethyl cadaverine is linked to the sesquiterpene core to generate pre-flavunoidine. Here, we report the 2.6 Å resolution crystal structure of FlvF, which adopts the α-helical fold of a class I terpene synthase. However, FlvF is not a terpene synthase, as indicated by its lack of enzymatic activity with farnesyl diphosphate and its lack of signature metal ion binding motifs that would coordinate to catalytic Mg2+ ions. Thus, FlvF is the first example of a protein that adopts a terpene synthase fold but is not a terpene synthase. Two Bis-Tris molecules bind in the active site of FlvF, and the binding of these ligands guided the docking of pre-flavunoidine to generate a model of the enzyme-product complex. Phylogenetic analysis of FlvF and related fungal homologues reveals conservation of residues that interact with the tetracyclic sesquiterpene in this model, but less conservation of residues interacting with the pendant amino moiety. This may hint toward the possibility that alternative amino substrates can be linked to a common sesquiterpene core by FlvF homologues to generate flavunoidine congeners, such as the phospholipase C inhibitor hispidospermidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita A. Tararina
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, United States
| | - Danielle A. Yee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1405, United States
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1405, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1405, United States
| | - David W. Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, United States
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11
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Awakawa T. Engineered Biosynthesis of Microbial Medicinally Active Compounds. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:347-353. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Li X, Awakawa T, Mori T, Ling M, Hu D, Wu B, Abe I. Heterodimeric Non-heme Iron Enzymes in Fungal Meroterpenoid Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21425-21432. [PMID: 34881885 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Talaromyolides (1-6) are a group of unusual 6/6/6/6/6/6 hexacyclic meroterpenoids with (3R)-6-hydroxymellein and 4,5-seco-drimane substructures, isolated from the marine fungus Talaromyces purpureogenus. We have identified the biosynthetic gene cluster tlxA-J by heterologous expression in Aspergillus, in vitro enzyme assays, and CRISPR-Cas9-based gene inactivation. Remarkably, the heterodimer of non-heme iron (NHI) enzymes, TlxJ-TlxI, catalyzes three steps of oxidation including a key reaction, hydroxylation at C-5 and C-9 of 12, the intermediate with 3-ketohydroxydrimane scaffold, to facilitate a retro-aldol reaction, leading to the construction of the 4,5-secodrimane skeleton and characteristic ketal scaffold of 1-6. The products of TlxJ-TlxI, 1 and 4, were further hydroxylated at C-4'β by another NHI heterodimer, TlxA-TlxC, and acetylated by TlxB to yield the final products, 3 and 6. The X-ray structural analysis coupled with site-directed mutagenesis provided insights into the heterodimer TlxJ-TlxI formation and its catalysis. This is the first report to show that two NHI proteins form a heterodimer for catalysis and utilizes a novel methodology to create functional oxygenase structures in secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Li
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Awakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Meiqi Ling
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Traditional and Latest Researches on Aspergillus oryzae and Related Koji Molds. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121075. [PMID: 34947057 PMCID: PMC8703801 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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