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Şensoy L, Atilla A, Güllü YT, Gür Vural D, Turgut M, Esen Ş, Tanyel E. Evaluation of interleukin-8 levels in the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with haematological malignancies. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae036. [PMID: 38592958 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the level of interleukin (IL)-8 in diagnosing of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). We conducted this study with 50 controls and 25 IPA patients with haematological malignancies. Demographic data, haematological diagnoses, chemotherapy regimen, galactomannan level, fungal culture, and computed tomography findings of the patients were evaluated prospectively. IL-8 levels were studied with the ELISA method. The mean age of patients in the case group was 60.84 ± 15.38 years, while that of the controls was 58.38 ± 16.64 years. Of the patients, 2/25 were classified as having 'proven', 13/25 as 'probable', and 10/25 as 'possible' invasive aspergillosis (IA). Serum IL-8 levels were found to be significantly higher in the case group compared to the controls. There was a negative correlation between serum IL-8 levels and neutrophil counts and a positive correlation with the duration of neutropenia. A significant cutoff value for serum IL-8 parameter in detecting IPA disease was obtained as ≥274 ng/l; sensitivity was 72%; specificity was 64%; PPV was 50%; and NPV was 82%. In the subgroup analysis, there was no significant difference in serum IL-8 levels between the case group and the patients in the neutropenic control group, while a significant difference was found in with the patients in the non-neutropenic control group. Serum IL-8 levels in neutropenic patients who develop IPA are not adequate in terms of both the diagnosis of the disease and predicting mortality. New, easily applicable methods with high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing IPA are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levent Şensoy
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Fatsa Government Hospital, Ordu 52400, Türkiye
| | - Aynur Atilla
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55100, Türkiye
| | - Yusuf Taha Güllü
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55100, Türkiye
| | - Demet Gür Vural
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55100, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Turgut
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55100, Türkiye
| | - Şaban Esen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55100, Türkiye
| | - Esra Tanyel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55100, Türkiye
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Tang Z, Wang H, Liu Y, Wang C, Li X, Yang Q. Current status and new experimental diagnostic methods of invasive fungal infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:237. [PMID: 38678508 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are common and life-threatening complications in post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (post-HSCT) recipients, Severe IFIs can lead to systemic infection and organ damage, which results in high mortality in HSCT recipients. With the development of the field of fungal infection diagnosis, more and more advanced non-culture diagnostic tools have been developed, such as glip biosensors, metagenomic next-generation sequencing, Magnetic Nanoparticles and Identified Using SERS via AgNPs+ , and artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis. The advanced diagnostic approaches contribute to the success of HSCT and improve the overall survival of post-HSCT leukemia patients by supporting therapeutical decisions. This review provides an overview of the characteristics of two high-incidence IFIs in post-HSCT recipients and discusses some of the recently developed IFI detection technologies. Additionally, it explores the potential application of cationic conjugated polymer fluorescence resonance energy transfer (CCP-FRET) technology for IFI detection. The aim is to offer insights into selecting appropriate IFI detection methods and gaining an understanding of novel fungal diagnostic approaches in laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Tang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - HaiTao Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yuankai Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xinye Li
- Lanzhou Petrochemical General Hospital (The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine), Gansu, 730060, China.
| | - Qiong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Shankar J, Thakur R, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Interplay of Cytokines and Chemokines in Aspergillosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:251. [PMID: 38667922 PMCID: PMC11051073 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by various species of Aspergillus, most notably A. fumigatus. This fungus causes a spectrum of diseases, including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, and invasive aspergillosis. The clinical manifestations and severity of aspergillosis can vary depending on individual immune status and the specific species of Aspergillus involved. The recognition of Aspergillus involves pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as glucan, galactomannan, mannose, and conidial surface proteins. These are recognized by the pathogen recognition receptors present on immune cells such as Toll-like receptors (TLR-1,2,3,4, etc.) and C-type lectins (Dectin-1 and Dectin-2). We discuss the roles of cytokines and pathogen recognition in aspergillosis from both the perspective of human and experimental infection. Several cytokines and chemokines have been implicated in the immune response to Aspergillus infection, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), CCR4, CCR17, and other interleukins. For example, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is characterized by Th2 and Th9 cell-type immunity and involves interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-10. In contrast, it has been observed that invasive aspergillosis involves Th1 and Th17 cell-type immunity via IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-17. These cytokines activate various immune cells and stimulate the production of other immune molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides and reactive oxygen species, which aid in the clearance of the fungal pathogen. Moreover, they help to initiate and coordinate the immune response, recruit immune cells to the site of infection, and promote clearance of the fungus. Insight into the host response from both human and animal studies may aid in understanding the immune response in aspergillosis, possibly leading to harnessing the power of cytokines or cytokine (receptor) antagonists and transforming them into precise immunotherapeutic strategies. This could advance personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jata Shankar
- Genomic Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat Solan 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Raman Thakur
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar 144001, Punjab, India;
| | - Karl V. Clemons
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA; (K.V.C.); (D.A.S.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David A. Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA; (K.V.C.); (D.A.S.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Aerts R, Ricaño-Ponce I, Bruno M, Mercier T, Rosati D, Maertens J, Kumar V, Carvalho A, Netea MG, Hoenigl M. Circulatory Inflammatory Proteins as Early Diagnostic Biomarkers for Invasive Aspergillosis in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies-an Exploratory Study. Mycopathologia 2024; 189:24. [PMID: 38407673 PMCID: PMC10896822 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-024-00831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a major cause of mortality in immunocompromised patients and it is difficult to diagnose because of the lack of reliable highly sensitive diagnostics. We aimed to identify circulating immunological markers that could be useful for an early diagnosis of IA. METHODS We collected longitudinally serum samples from 33 cases with probable/proven IA and two matched control cohorts without IA (one with microbiological and clinical evidence of bacterial or viral non-fungal pneumonia and one without evidence of infection, all matched for neutropenia, primary underlying disease, and receipt of corticosteroids/other immunosuppressants) at a tertiary university hospital. In addition, samples from an independent cohort (n = 20 cases of proven/probable IA and 20 matched controls without infection) were obtained. A panel of 92 circulating proteins involved in inflammation was measured by proximity extension assay. A random forest model was used to predict the development of IA using biomarkers measured before diagnosis. RESULTS While no significant differences were observed between IA cases and infected controls, concentrations of 30 inflammatory biomarkers were different between cases and non-infected controls, of which nine were independently replicated: PD-L1, MMP-10, Interleukin(IL)-10, IL-15RA, IL-18, IL-18R1, CDCP1, CCL19 and IL-17C. From the differential abundance analysis of serum samples collected more than 10 days before diagnosis and at diagnosis, increased IL-17C concentrations in IA patients were replicated in the independent cohort. CONCLUSIONS An increased circulating concentration of IL-17C was detected both in the discovery and independent cohort, both at the time of diagnosis and in samples 10 days before the diagnosis of IA, suggesting it should be evaluated further as potential (early) biomarker of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robina Aerts
- Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Isis Ricaño-Ponce
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariolina Bruno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Toine Mercier
- Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diletta Rosati
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Biotech Med, Graz, Austria.
- Translational Medical Mycology Research Unit, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria.
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Neuroimmune Responses in a New Experimental Animal Model of Cerebral Aspergillosis. mBio 2022; 13:e0225422. [PMID: 36040029 PMCID: PMC9600342 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02254-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of immunosuppressed individuals to the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus may result in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), which can lead to the development of cerebral aspergillosis (CA), a highly lethal infection localized in the central nervous system (CNS). There are no experimental models of CA that effectively mimic human disease, resulting in a considerable knowledge gap regarding mechanisms of neurological pathogenicity and neuroimmune responses during infection. In this report, immunosuppressed mice (via acute, high-dose corticosteroid administration) challenged with A. fumigatus resting conidia intranasally, followed a day later by a 70-fold lower inoculum of pre-swollen conidia intravenously (IN + IV + steroid), demonstrated increased weight loss, signs of severe clinical disease, increased fungal burden in the brain, and significant reduction in survival compared to immunosuppressed mice challenged intranasally only (IN + steroid) or non-immunosuppressed mice challenged both intranasally and intravenously (IN + IV). The IN + IV + steroid group demonstrated significant decreases in monocytes, eosinophils, dendritic cells (DCs), and invasive natural killer T (iNKT) cells, but not neutrophils or γδ T cells, in the brain compared to the IN + IV group. Likewise, the IN + IV + steroid group had significantly lower levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, CC motif chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the brain compared to the IN + IV group. IN + IV + steroid was superior to both IN + IV + chemotherapy (cytarabine + daunorubicin) and IN + IV + neutropenia for the development of CA. In conclusion, we have developed a well-defined, physiologically relevant model of disseminated CA in corticosteroid-induced immunosuppressed mice with a primary pulmonary infection. This model will serve to advance understanding of disease mechanisms, identify immunopathogenic processes, and help define the protective neuroinflammatory response to CA. IMPORTANCE Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) result in significant mortality in immunosuppressed individuals. Of these, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), caused by the opportunistic mold Aspergillus fumigatus, is the most lethal. Lethality in IPA is due to two main factors: destruction of the lung leading to compromised pulmonary function, and dissemination of the organism to extrapulmonary organs. Of these, the CNS is the most common site of dissemination. However, very little is known regarding the pathogenesis of or immune response during cerebral aspergillosis, which is directly due to the lack of an animal model that incorporates immunosuppression, lung infection, and consistent dissemination to the CNS/brain. In this report, we have developed a new experimental animal model of CA which includes the above parameters and characterized the neuroimmune response. We further compared this disseminated CA model to two additional immunosuppressive strategies. Overall, this model of disseminated CA following IPA in an immunosuppressed host provides a novel platform for studying the efficacy of antifungal drugs and immunotherapies for improving disease outcomes.
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