1
|
Lartey I, Benucci GMN, Marsh TL, Bonito GM, Melakeberhan H. Characterizing microbial communities associated with northern root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne hapla) occurrence and soil health. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1267008. [PMID: 38029134 PMCID: PMC10667709 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1267008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) causes extensive damage to agricultural crops globally. In addition, M. hapla populations with no known genetic or morphological differences exhibit parasitic variability (PV) or reproductive potential based on soil type. However, why M. hapla populations from mineral soil with degraded soil health conditions have a higher PV than populations from muck soil is unknown. To improve our understanding of soil bio-physicochemical conditions in the environment where M. hapla populations exhibited PV, this study characterized the soil microbial community and core- and indicator-species structure associated with M. hapla occurrence and soil health conditions in 15 Michigan mineral and muck vegetable production fields. Bacterial and fungal communities in soils from where nematodes were isolated were characterized with high throughput sequencing of 16S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA. Our results showed that M. hapla-infested, as well as disturbed and degraded muck fields, had lower bacterial diversity (observed richness and Shannon) compared to corresponding mineral soil fields or non-infested mineral fields. Bacterial and fungal community abundance varied by soil group, soil health conditions, and/or M. hapla occurrence. A core microbial community was found to consist of 39 bacterial and 44 fungal sub-operational taxonomic units (OTUs) across all fields. In addition, 25 bacteria were resolved as indicator OTUs associated with M. hapla presence or absence, and 1,065 bacteria as indicator OTUs associated with soil health conditions. Out of the 1,065 bacterial OTUs, 73.9% indicated stable soil health, 8.4% disturbed, and 0.4% degraded condition; no indicators were common to the three categories. Collectively, these results provide a foundation for an in-depth understanding of the environment where M. hapla exists and conditions associated with parasitic variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Lartey
- Agricultural Nematology Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Gian M. N. Benucci
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Terence L. Marsh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Gregory M. Bonito
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Haddish Melakeberhan
- Agricultural Nematology Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu Z, Chen C, Zheng X, Yuan J, Zou R, Xie C. Establishing Gene Expression and Knockout Methods in Esteya vermicola CBS115803. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00898-6. [PMID: 37777998 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Pine wilt disease, which is caused by the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the most destructive forest diseases worldwide. Esteya vermicola, a nematophagous fungus, has emerged as a promising biological control agent. However, the limited availability of gene function analysis techniques hinders further genetic modification of this fungus. In this study, we employed a combination of enzymes (driselase, snailase, and cellulase) to enzymatically degrade the cell wall of the fungus, resulting in a high yield of protoplasts. Furthermore, by utilizing 0.6 M sucrose as an osmotic pressure stabilizer, we achieved a significant protoplast regeneration rate of approximately 31%. Subsequently, we employed the polyethylene glycol-mediated protoplast transformation method to successfully establish a genetic transformation technique for E. vermicola CBS115803. Additionally, through our investigation, we identified the Olic promoter from Aspergillus nidulans, which effectively enhanced the expression of the DsRed gene encoding a red fluorescent protein in E. vermicola CBS115803. Moreover, we successfully implemented a split-marker strategy to delete the EvIPMD gene in E. vermicola CBS115803. In summary, our findings present valuable experimental methodologies for gene function analysis in E. vermicola CBS115803.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Hu
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and the College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Chi Chen
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and the College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xinyao Zheng
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and the College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Jingjie Yuan
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and the College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Run Zou
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and the College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Chengjian Xie
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and the College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang C, Wu J, Chen Q, Wang Y. CRISPR-Cas Detection Coupled with Isothermal Amplification of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. PLANT DISEASE 2023:PDIS07221648SR. [PMID: 36383999 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-22-1648-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes significant damage to pine trees and, thus, poses a serious threat to pine forests worldwide, particularly in China, Korea, and Japan. A fast, affordable, and ultrasensitive detection of B. xylophilus is urgently needed for disease diagnosis. Recently, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based diagnostics have reshaped molecular diagnosis, with high speed, precision, specificity, strength, efficiency, and versatility. Herein, we established two isothermal diagnostics methods based on CRISPR-based platforms (CRISPR/Cas12a and CRISPR/Cas13a) for B. xylophilus-specific detection via fluorescence or lateral-flow strip readout. The guide RNA and CRISPR RNA were designed to target the 5S ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer sequences region of B. xylophilus. Recombinase-aided amplification was used for preamplification whose reaction condition was 37°C for 15 min. The sensitivity of CRISPR/Cas12a could reach 94 copies/µl of plasmid DNA, or 2.37 copies/µl of purified genomic DNA (gDNA) within 45 min at 37°C, while the sensitivity of CRISPR/Cas13a was 1,000 times higher than that of CRISPR/Cas12a of plasmid DNA in 15 min or 100 times higher of purified gDNA at the minimum reaction time of 4 min via fluorescence measurement. The CRISPR/Cas12a assay enabled the detection of 0.01 PWNs per 100 mg of pine wood, 10 times higher than that of the CRISPR/Cas13a assay. This work enriches molecular detection approaches for B. xylophilus and provides huge potential for ultrasensitive and rapid methods to detect B. xylophilus in pine wood, facilitating point-of-sample diagnostic processing for pine wilt disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China 100089
| | - Jin Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China 100089
| | - Qi Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China 100089
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China 100089
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
García-Latorre C, Rodrigo S, Santamaría O. Potential of Fungal Endophytes Isolated from Pasture Species in Spanish Dehesas to Produce Enzymes under Salt Conditions. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040908. [PMID: 37110331 PMCID: PMC10141469 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi have been found to produce a wide range of extracellular enzymes, which are increasingly in demand for their industrial applications. Different by-products from the agrifood industry could be used as fungal growth substrates for the massive production of these enzymes, specifically as a way to revalorize them. However, such by-products often present unfavorable conditions for the microorganism’s growth, such as high salt concentrations. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential of eleven endophytic fungi—which were isolated from plants growing in a harsh environment, specifically, from the Spanish dehesas—for the purposes of the in vitro production of six enzymes (i.e., amylase, lipase, protease, cellulase, pectinase and laccase) under both standard and salt-amended conditions. Under standard conditions, the studied endophytes produced between two and four of the six enzymes evaluated. In most of the producer fungal species, this enzymatic activity was relatively maintained when NaCl was added to the medium. Among the isolates evaluated, Sarocladium terricola (E025), Acremonium implicatum (E178), Microdiplodia hawaiiensis (E198), and an unidentified species (E586) were the most suitable candidates for the massive production of enzymes by using growth substrates with saline properties (such as those found in the many by-products from the agrifood industry). This study should be considered an initial approach by which to further study the identification of these compounds as well as to develop the optimization of their production by directly using those residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García-Latorre
- School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Sara Rodrigo
- Indehesa Research Institute, Campus de Badajoz, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Oscar Santamaría
- Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management (iuFOR), University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 57, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou D, Liu Q, Su X, Zhou X. Transcriptomic analysis of the fungus Graphilbum sp. in response to the pine wood nematode. J Basic Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 36808634 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Graphilbum species are important blue stain fungi associated with pine trees and are widely distributed throughout Asia, Australia, and North Africa. Pine wood nematode (PWN) primarily feed on ophiostomatoid fungi such as Graphilbum sp. in wood, the population of PWNs was increased, and incomplete organelle structures were observed in Graphilbum sp. hyphal cells following exposure to PWNs. In this study, we showed that Rho and Ras were involved in the MAPK pathway, SNARE binding and small GTPase-mediated signal transduction, and their expression was upregulated in the treatment group. However, the expression of the Rab7 involved in MAPK and small GTPase-mediated signal pathway was downregulated in the treatment group. Thus, further research is needed to study the MAPK pathway and related Ras and Rho genes in Graphilbum sp. associated with the PWN population. Overall, transcriptomic analysis clarified the basic mechanisms of mycelial growth in Graphilbum sp. fungus used as a food source by PWNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duanxu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinge Liu
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, China
| | - Xiu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nan J, Qi J, Yang Y, Zhao M, Liang C, He H, Wei C. Population Density and Host Preference of the Japanese Pine Sawyer ( Monochamus alternatus) in the Qinling-Daba Mountains of China. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14020181. [PMID: 36835750 PMCID: PMC9967673 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Monochamus alternatus is a serious trunk-boring pest and is the most important and effective vector of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which causes pine wilt disease. The pine wilt disease poses a serious threat to forest vegetation and ecological security in the Qinling-Daba Mountains and their surrounding areas. In order to clarify whether the population density of M. alternatus larvae is related to the host preference of M. alternatus adults, we investigated the population density of M. alternatus overwintering larvae and explored the host preference of M. alternatus adults on Pinus tabuliformis, P. armandii, and P. massoniana. The results show that the population density of M. alternatus larvae was significantly higher on P. armandii than those on P. massoniana and P. tabuliformis. The development of M. alternatus larvae was continuous according to the measurements of the head capsule width and the pronotum width. Adults of M. alternatus preferred to oviposit on P. armandii rather than on P. massoniana and P. tabuliformis. Our results indicate that the difference in the population density of M. alternatus larvae between different host plants was due to the oviposition preference of M. alternatus adults. In addition, the instars of M. alternatus larvae could not be accurately determined, because Dyar's law is not suitable for continuously developing individuals. This study could provide theoretical basis for the comprehensive prevention and control of the pine wilt disease in this region and adjacent areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junke Nan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Control of Forest Biological Disasters in Western China, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jingyu Qi
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Control of Forest Biological Disasters in Western China, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuexiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Control of Forest Biological Disasters in Western China, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Mengqin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Control of Forest Biological Disasters in Western China, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | | | - Hong He
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Control of Forest Biological Disasters in Western China, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Cong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (C.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Fight against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes: Current Status of Bacterial and Fungal Biocontrol Agents. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101178. [PMID: 36297235 PMCID: PMC9606992 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are among the most notorious and underrated threats to food security and plant health worldwide, compromising crop yields and causing billions of dollars of losses annually. Chemical control strategies rely heavily on synthetic chemical nematicides to reduce PPN population densities, but their use is being progressively restricted due to environmental and human health concerns, so alternative control methods are urgently needed. Here, we review the potential of bacterial and fungal agents to suppress the most important PPNs, namely Aphelenchoides besseyi, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Globodera spp., Heterodera spp., Meloidogyne spp., Nacobbus aberrans, Pratylenchus spp., Radopholus similis, Rotylenchulus reniformis, and Xiphinema index.
Collapse
|
8
|
Conifer Biotechnology: An Overview. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The peculiar characteristics of conifers determine the difficulty of their study and their great importance from various points of view. However, their study faces numerous important scientific, methodological, cultural, economic, social, and legal challenges. This paper presents an approach to several of those challenges and proposes a multidisciplinary scientific perspective that leads to a holistic understanding of conifers from the perspective of the latest technical, computer, and scientific advances. This review highlights the deep connection that all scientific contributions to conifers can have in each other as fully interrelated communicating vessels.
Collapse
|
9
|
Vicente CSL, Soares M, Faria JMS, Espada M, Mota M, Nóbrega F, Ramos AP, Inácio ML. Fungal Communities of the Pine Wilt Disease Complex: Studying the Interaction of Ophiostomatales With Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:908308. [PMID: 35812912 PMCID: PMC9257700 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.908308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Considered one of the most devastating plant-parasitic nematodes worldwide, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (commonly known as pinewood nematode, PWN) is the causal agent of the pine wilt disease in the Eurasian coniferous forests. This migratory parasitic nematode is carried by an insect vector (Monochamus spp.) into the host tree (Pinus species), where it can feed on parenchymal cells and reproduce massively, resulting in the tree wilting. In declining trees, PWN populations are strongly dependent on fungal communities colonizing the host (predominantly ophiostomatoid fungi known to cause sapwood blue-staining, the blue-stain fungi), which not only influence their development and life cycle but also the number of individuals carried by the insect vector into a new host. Our main aim is to understand if PWN-associated mycobiota plays a key role in the development of PWD, in interaction with the PWN and the insect vector, and to what extent it can be targeted to disrupt the disease cycle. For this purpose, we characterized the fungal communities of Pinus pinaster trees infected and non-infected with PWN in three collection sites in Continental Portugal with different PWD temporal incidences. Our results showed that non-infected P. pinaster mycoflora is more diverse (in terms of abundance and fungal richness) than PWN-infected pine trees in the most recent PWD foci, as opposed to the fungal communities of long-term PWD history sites. Then, due to their ecological importance for PWN survival, representatives of the main ophiostomatoid fungi isolated (Ophiostoma, Leptographium, and Graphilbum) were characterized for their adaptative response to temperature, competition in-between taxa, and as food source for PWN. Under the conditions studied, Leptographium isolates showed promising results for PWN control. They could outcompete the other species, especially O. ips, and significantly reduce the development of PWN populations when compared to Botrytis cinerea (routinely used for PWN lab culturing), suggesting this to be a natural antagonist not only for the other blue-stain species but also for the PWN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S. L. Vicente
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora - Pólo da Mitra, Évora, Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel Soares
- Laboratório de Patologia Vegetal “Veríssimo de Almeida” (LPVVA), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge M. S. Faria
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Margarida Espada
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora - Pólo da Mitra, Évora, Portugal
| | - Manuel Mota
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Department of Biology, Universidade de Évora - Pólo da Mitra, Évora, Portugal
| | - Filomena Nóbrega
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Ramos
- Laboratório de Patologia Vegetal “Veríssimo de Almeida” (LPVVA), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria L. Inácio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tian H, Koski TM, Zhao L, Liu Z, Sun J. Invasion History of the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Influences the Abundance of Serratia sp. in Pupal Chambers and Tracheae of Insect-Vector Monochamus alternatus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:856841. [PMID: 35668811 PMCID: PMC9164154 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.856841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) has caused extensive mortality in pine forests worldwide. This disease is a result of a multi-species interaction among an invasive pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, its vector Monochamus sp. beetle, and the host pine tree (Pinus sp.). In other systems, microbes have been shown to attenuate negative impacts on invasive species after the invasion has reached a certain time point. Despite that the role of PWD associated microbes involved in the PWD system has been widely studied, it is not known whether similar antagonistic "hidden microbial players" exist in this system due to the lack of knowledge about the potential temporal changes in the composition of associated microbiota. In this study, we investigated the bacteria-to-fungi ratio and isolated culturable bacterial isolates from pupal chambers and vector beetle tracheae across five sampling sites in China differing in the duration of PWN invasion. We also tested the pathogenicity of two candidate bacteria strains against the PWN-vector beetle complex. A total of 118 bacterial species belonging to 4 phyla, 30 families, and 54 genera were classified based on 16S sequencing. The relative abundance of the genus Serratia was lower in pupal chambers and tracheae in newly PWN invaded sites (<10 years) compared to the sites that had been invaded for more than 20 years. Serratia marcescens strain AHPC29 was widely distributed across all sites and showed nematicidal activity against PWN. The insecticidal activity of this strain was dependent on the life stage of the vector beetle Monochamus alternatus: no insecticidal activity was observed against final-instar larvae, whereas S. marcescens was highly virulent against pupae. Our findings improved the understanding of the temporal variation in the microbial community associated with the PWN-vector beetle complex and the progress of PWD and can therefore facilitate the development of biological control agents against PWN and its vector beetle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haokai Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tuuli-Marjaana Koski
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pires D, Vicente CSL, Inácio ML, Mota M. The Potential of Esteya spp. for the Biocontrol of the Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010168. [PMID: 35056617 PMCID: PMC8781088 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD) and a quarantine organism in many countries. Managing PWD involves strict regulations and heavy contingency plans, and present climate change scenarios predict a spread of the disease. The urgent need for sustainable management strategies has led to an increasing interest in promising biocontrol agents capable of suppressing the PWN, like endoparasitic nematophagous fungi of the Esteya genus. Here, we review different aspects of the biology and ecology of these nematophagous fungi and provide future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Pires
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 Evora, Portugal;
| | - Cláudia S. L. Vicente
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 Evora, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (C.S.L.V.); (M.L.I.)
| | - Maria L. Inácio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.S.L.V.); (M.L.I.)
| | - Manuel Mota
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 Evora, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Faria JMS, Barbosa P, Vieira P, Vicente CSL, Figueiredo AC, Mota M. Phytochemicals as Biopesticides against the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: A Review on Essential Oils and Their Volatiles. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122614. [PMID: 34961085 PMCID: PMC8706428 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of a rapidly changing environment together with the growth in global trade activities has promoted new plant pest pandemic events in forest ecosystems. The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes strong worldwide economic and ecological impacts. Direct control is performed through trunk injection of powerful nematicides, however many of these (hemi)synthetic compounds have raised ecological and human health concerns for affecting non-target species and accumulating in food products. As sustainable alternatives, essential oils (EOs) have shown very promising results. In this work, available literature on the direct activity of EOs against PWN is reviewed, as a contribution to advance the search for safer and greener biopesticides to be used in sustainable PWD pest management strategies. For the first time, important parameters concerning the bioassays performed, the PWNs bioassayed, and the EOs used are summarized and comparatively analyzed. Ultimately, an overview of the chemical composition of the most active EOs allowed to uncover preliminary guidelines for anti-PWN EO efficiency. The analysis of important information on the volatile phytochemicals composing nematicidal EOs provides a solid basis to engineer sustainable biopesticides capable of controlling the PWN under an integrated pest management framework and contributes to improved forest health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M. S. Faria
- INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;
- NemaLab-MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (P.B.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Pedro Barbosa
- NemaLab-MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Paulo Vieira
- School of Plant and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Cláudia S. L. Vicente
- INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;
- NemaLab-MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Ana Cristina Figueiredo
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, DBV, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Manuel Mota
- NemaLab-MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (P.B.); (M.M.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|