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Peng Y, Chen B. Role of cell membrane homeostasis in the pathogenicity of pathogenic filamentous fungi. Virulence 2024; 15:2299183. [PMID: 38156783 PMCID: PMC10761126 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2299183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane forms a fundamental part of all living cells and participates in a variety of physiological processes, such as material exchange, stress response, cell recognition, signal transduction, cellular immunity, apoptosis, and pathogenicity. Here, we review the mechanisms and functions of the membrane structure (lipid components of the membrane and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids), membrane proteins (transmembrane proteins and proteins contributing to membrane curvature), transcriptional regulation, and cell wall components that influence the virulence and pathogenicity of filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Peng
- Yunnan State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Yunnan State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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2
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Alkahtani S, Alkahtane AA, Alarifi S. Physiological and Pathogenesis Significance of Chorein in Health and Disease. Physiol Res 2024; 73:189-203. [PMID: 38710051 PMCID: PMC11081191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review explores the physiological and pathophysiological significance of VPS13A, a protein encoded by the VPS13A gene. The VPS13A gene is associated with Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc), a rare hereditary neurodegenerative disorder. The review covers essential aspects, beginning with the genetics of VPS13A, highlighting its role in the pathogenesis of ChAc, and addressing the spectrum of genetic variants involved. It delves into the structure and function of the VPS13A protein, emphasizing its presence in various tissues and its potential involvement in protein trafficking and lipid homeostasis. Molecular functions of VPS13A in the brain tissue and other cell types or tissues with respect to their role in cytoskeletal regulation and autophagy are explored. Finally, it explores the intriguing link between VPS13A mutations, lipid imbalances, and neurodegeneration, shedding light on future research directions. Overall, this review serves as a comprehensive resource for understanding the pivotal role of VPS13A in health and disease, particularly in the context of ChAc. Key words: Chorein , Tumor, Actin, Microfilament, Gene expression, Chorea-acanthocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Zhu XM, Li L, Bao JD, Wang JY, Daskalov A, Liu XH, Del Poeta M, Lin FC. The biological functions of sphingolipids in plant pathogenic fungi. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011733. [PMID: 37943805 PMCID: PMC10635517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are critically significant in a range of biological processes in animals, plants, and fungi. In mammalian cells, they serve as vital components of the plasma membrane (PM) in maintaining its structure, tension, and fluidity. They also play a key role in a wide variety of biological processes, such as intracellular signal transduction, cell polarization, differentiation, and migration. In plants, sphingolipids are important for cell development and for cell response to environmental stresses. In pathogenic fungi, sphingolipids are crucial for the initiation and the development of infection processes afflicting humans. However, our knowledge on the metabolism and function of the sphingolipid metabolic pathway of pathogenic fungi affecting plants is still very limited. In this review, we discuss recent developments on sphingolipid pathways of plant pathogenic fungi, highlighting their uniqueness and similarity with plants and animals. In addition, we discuss recent advances in the research and development of fungal-targeted inhibitors of the sphingolipid pathway, to gain insights on how we can better control the infection process occurring in plants to prevent or/and to treat fungal infections in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Dong Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Asen Daskalov
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, United States of America
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Lu K, Chen R, Yang Y, Xu H, Jiang J, Li L. Involvement of the Cell Wall-Integrity Pathway in Signal Recognition, Cell-Wall Biosynthesis, and Virulence in Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:608-622. [PMID: 37140471 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-22-0231-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is the first layer exposed to the external environment. The cell wall has key roles in regulating cell functions, such as cellular stability, permeability, and protection against stress. Understanding the structure of the cell wall and the mechanism of its biogenesis is important for the study of fungi. Highly conserved in fungi, including Magnaporthe oryzae, the cell wall-integrity (CWI) pathway is the primary signaling cascade regulating cell-wall structure and function. The CWI pathway has been demonstrated to correlate with pathogenicity in many phytopathogenic fungi. In the synthesis of the cell wall, the CWI pathway cooperates with multiple signaling pathways to regulate cell morphogenesis and secondary metabolism. Many questions have arisen regarding the cooperation of different signaling pathways with the CWI pathway in regulating cell-wall synthesis and pathogenicity. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in the M. oryzae CWI pathway and cell-wall structure. We discussed the CWI pathway components and their involvement in different aspects, such as virulence factors, the possibility of the pathway as a target for antifungal therapies, and crosstalk with other signaling pathways. This information will aid in better understanding the universal functions of the CWI pathway in regulating cell-wall synthesis and pathogenicity in M. oryzae. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Rangrang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Jihong Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Zhu XM, Li L, Bao JD, Wang JY, Liang S, Zhao LL, Huang CL, Yan JY, Cai YY, Wu XY, Dong B, Liu XH, Klionsky DJ, Lin FC. MoVast2 combined with MoVast1 regulates lipid homeostasis and autophagy in Magnaporthe oryzae. Autophagy 2023; 19:2353-2371. [PMID: 36803211 PMCID: PMC10351449 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2181739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved biological process among eukaryotes that degrades unwanted materials such as protein aggregates, damaged mitochondria and even viruses to maintain cell survival. Our previous studies have demonstrated that MoVast1 acts as an autophagy regulator regulating autophagy, membrane tension, and sterol homeostasis in rice blast fungus. However, the detailed regulatory relationships between autophagy and VASt domain proteins remain unsolved. Here, we identified another VASt domain-containing protein, MoVast2, and further uncovered the regulatory mechanism of MoVast2 in M. oryzae. MoVast2 interacted with MoVast1 and MoAtg8, and colocalized at the PAS and deletion of MoVAST2 results in inappropriate autophagy progress. Through TOR activity analysis, sterols and sphingolipid content detection, we found high sterol accumulation in the ΔMovast2 mutant, whereas this mutant showed low sphingolipids and low activity of both TORC1 and TORC2. In addition, MoVast2 colocalized with MoVast1. The localization of MoVast2 in the MoVAST1 deletion mutant was normal; however, deletion of MoVAST2 leads to mislocalization of MoVast1. Notably, the wide-target lipidomic analyses revealed significant changes in sterols and sphingolipids, the major PM components, in the ΔMovast2 mutant, which was involved in lipid metabolism and autophagic pathways. These findings confirmed that the functions of MoVast1 were regulated by MoVast2, revealing that MoVast2 combined with MoVast1 maintained lipid homeostasis and autophagy balance by regulating TOR activity in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-Dong Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiao-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chang-Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiong-Yi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying-Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi-Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Lin L, Tijjani I, Guo H, An Q, Cao J, Chen X, Liu W, Wang Z, Norvienyeku J. Cytoplasmic dynein1 intermediate-chain2 regulates cellular trafficking and physiopathological development in Magnaporthe oryzae. iScience 2023; 26:106050. [PMID: 36866040 PMCID: PMC9971887 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein 1, a minus end-directed motor protein, is an essential microtubule-based molecular motor that mediates the movement of molecules to intracellular destinations in eukaryotes. However, the role of dynein in the pathogenesis of Magnaporthe oryzae is unknown. Here, we identified cytoplasmic dynein 1 intermediate-chain 2 genes in M. oryzae and functionally characterized it using genetic manipulations, and biochemical approaches. We observed that targeted the deletion of MoDYNC1I2 caused significant vegetative growth defects, abolished conidiation, and rendered the ΔModync1I2 strains non-pathogenic. Microscopic examinations revealed significant defects in microtubule network organization, nuclear positioning, and endocytosis ΔModync1I2 strains. MoDync1I2 is localized exclusively to microtubules during fungal developmental stages but co-localizes with the histone OsHis1 in plant nuclei upon infection. The exogenous expression of a histone gene, MoHis1, restored the homeostatic phenotypes of ΔModync1I2 strains but not pathogenicity. These findings could facilitate the development of dynein-directed remedies for managing the rice blast disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Lin
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ibrahim Tijjani
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hengyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Qiuli An
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiaying Cao
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China,Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China,Corresponding author
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China,Corresponding author
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Lv H, Ling S, Guo Z, Zheng C, Ma H, Li J, Ma K. Effects of lufenuron treatments on the growth and development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 263:109499. [PMID: 36336329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lufenuron is an effective benzoylurea insecticide that inhibits the synthesis of chitin and regulates the growth of insects. However, little is known about the effects of lufenuron treatment on the development of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). In this study, we assessed the toxicity of lufenuron on S. frugiperda and evaluated the effects of lufenuron treatment on the growth and development of S. frugiperda. The results showed that lufenuron exhibits high insecticidal activity against S. frugiperda, with the LC50 value of 0.99 mg L-1. Lufenuron treatments can significantly prolong the larval developmental duration and reduce the rates of pupation and emergence. To further explore the underlying mechanism of this observation, the expression profiles of the chitin synthase gene (SfCHS) and chitinase gene (SfCHT), two key enzyme genes involved in the molting of S. frugiperda, were determined after exposure to lufenuron for 96 h. The results of qRT-PCR demonstrated that lufenuron treatments can significantly reduce the expression of SfCHT, while the expression of SfCHS remained relatively stable. Furthermore, we found that lufenuron strongly interacted with chitinase (SfCHT) (-10.8 kcal/mol) and chitin synthase (SfCHS) (R1: -9.7 kcal/mol; R2: -10.2 kcal/mol). Our results indicated that lufenuron has significant effects on the development of S. frugiperda that might be attributed to the differential expression of SfCHT and SfCHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Lv
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shanshan Ling
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhimin Guo
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Chengfeng Zheng
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Huina Ma
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jianhong Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Kangsheng Ma
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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Cao N, Zhu XM, Bao JD, Zhu LH, Liu H, Lin FC, Li L. Acyl-coenzyme A binding protein MoAcb1 regulates conidiation and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1179536. [PMID: 37187543 PMCID: PMC10175604 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1179536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is a filamentous fungus that causes rice blast. Rice blast seriously threatens the safety of food production. The normal synthesis and metabolism of fatty acids are extremely important for eukaryotes, and acyl-CoA is involved in fatty acid metabolism. Acyl-CoA binding (ACB) proteins specifically bind both medium-chain and long-chain acyl-CoA esters. However, the role of the Acb protein in plant-pathogenic fungi has not yet been investigated. Here, we identified MoAcb1, a homolog of the Acb protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Disruption of MoACB1 causes delayed hyphal growth, significant reduction in conidial production and delayed appressorium development, glycogen availability, and reduced pathogenicity. Using immunoblotting and chemical drug sensitivity analysis, MoAcb1 was found to be involved in endoplasmic reticulum autophagy (ER-phagy). In conclusion, our results suggested that MoAcb1 is involved in conidia germination, appressorium development, pathogenicity and autophagy processes in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Cao
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Dong Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Li,
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