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Zeng H, He K, He Q, Xu L, Zhang W, Lu X, Tang Y, Zhu X, Yin J, He M, Chen X, Li W. Exogenous Indole-3-Acetic Acid Suppresses Rice Infection of Magnaporthe oryzae by Affecting Plant Resistance and Fungal Growth. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1050-1056. [PMID: 38709298 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0365-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Auxin is an important phytohormone that regulates diverse biologic processes, including plant growth and immunity. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), known as one of the main forms of auxin, is able to activate plant immunity. However, it is unknown whether IAA enhances plant resistance and/or suppresses the growth of the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we found that IAA could induce expression levels of pathogenesis-related genes to enhance disease resistance and could control the development of blast disease through inhibiting M. oryzae infection. Exogenous IAA suppressed mycelial growth and delayed spore germination by inhibiting fungal endogenous IAA biosynthesis and impairing redox homeostasis, respectively. When applied to a field test, two IAA analogues, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, can effectively control rice blast disease. Our study advances the understanding of IAA in controlling rice blast disease through suppressing pathogen growth and enhancing plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Kaiwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qin He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Liting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yongyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Junjie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Weitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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Zhu Q, Lu YC, Xiong JL, Yang YH, Yang JL, Yang SC, Zhang GH, Sha BC, He SM. Development of a stable genetic transformation system in Erigeron breviscapus: a case study with EbYUC2 in relation to leaf number and flowering time. PLANTA 2024; 259:98. [PMID: 38522041 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION A stable genetic transformation system for Erigeron breviscapus was developed. We cloned the EbYUC2 gene and genetically transformed it into Arabidopsis thaliana and E. breviscapus. The leaf number, YUC2 gene expression, and the endogenous auxin content in transgenic plants were significantly increased. Erigeron breviscapus is a prescription drug for the clinical treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The rosette leaves have the highest content of the major active compound scutellarin and are an important component in the yield of E. breviscapus. However, little is known about the genes related to the leaf number and flowering time of E. breviscapus. In our previous study, we identified three candidate genes related to the leaf number and flowering of E. breviscapus by combining resequencing data and genome-wide association study (GWAS). However, their specific functions remain to be characterized. In this study, we cloned and transformed the previously identified full-length EbYUC2 gene into Arabidopsis thaliana, developed the first stable genetic transformation system for E. breviscapus, and obtained the transgenic plants overexpressing EbYUC2. Compared with wild-type plants, the transgenic plants showed a significant increase in the number of leaves, which was correlated with the increased expression of EbYUC2. Consistently, the endogenous auxin content, particularly indole-3-acetic acid, in transgenic plants was also significantly increased. These results suggest that EbYUC2 may control the leaf number by regulating auxin biosynthesis, thereby laying a foundation for revealing the molecular mechanism governing the leaf number and flowering time of E. breviscapus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center On Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ying-Chun Lu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center On Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jing-Lei Xiong
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center On Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yun-Hui Yang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center On Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jian-Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Yang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center On Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center On Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ben-Cai Sha
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center On Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Si-Mei He
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center On Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Zhang H, Rong Z, Li Y, Yin Z, Lu C, Zhao H, Kong L, Meng L, Ding X. NIT24 and NIT29-mediated IAA synthesis of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola suppresses immunity and boosts growth in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13409. [PMID: 38069667 PMCID: PMC10788589 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Auxin plays a pivotal role in the co-evolution of plants and microorganisms. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) stands as a significant factor that affects rice yield and quality. However, the current understanding of Xoc's capability for indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis and its mechanistic implications remains elusive. In this study, we performed a comprehensive genomic analysis of Xoc strain RS105, leading to the identification of two nitrilase enzyme family (NIT) genes, designated as AKO15524.1 and AKO15829.1, subsequently named NIT24 and NIT29, respectively. Our investigation unveiled that the deletion of NIT24 and NIT29 resulted in a notable reduction in IAA synthesis capacity within RS105, thereby impacting extracellular polysaccharide production. This deficiency was partially ameliorated through exogenous IAA supplementation. The study further substantiated that NIT24 and NIT29 have nitrilase activity and the ability to catalyse IAA production in vitro. The lesion length and bacterial population statistics experiments confirmed that NIT24 and NIT29 positively regulated the pathogenicity of RS105, suggesting that NIT24 and NIT29 may regulate Xoc invasion by affecting IAA synthesis. Furthermore, our analysis corroborated mutant strains, RS105_ΔNIT24 and RS105_ΔNIT29, which elicited the outbreak of reactive oxygen species, the deposition of callose and the upregulation of defence-related gene expression in rice. IAA exerted a significant dampening effect on the immune responses incited by these mutant strains in rice. In addition, the absence of NIT24 and NIT29 affected the growth-promoting effect of Xoc on rice. This implies that Xoc may promote rice growth by secreting IAA, thus providing a more suitable microenvironment for its own colonization. In summary, our study provides compelling evidence for the existence of a nitrilase-dependent IAA biosynthesis pathway in Xoc. IAA synthesis-related genes promote Xoc colonization by inhibiting rice immune defence response and affecting rice growth by increasing IAA content in Xoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Zixuan Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Ziyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Chongchong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Haipeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Lingguang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Lun Meng
- Shike Modern Agriculture Investment Co., LtdHezeChina
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
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Tang J, Li Y, Zhang L, Mu J, Jiang Y, Fu H, Zhang Y, Cui H, Yu X, Ye Z. Biosynthetic Pathways and Functions of Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Microorganisms. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2077. [PMID: 37630637 PMCID: PMC10459833 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) belongs to the family of auxin indole derivatives. IAA regulates almost all aspects of plant growth and development, and is one of the most important plant hormones. In microorganisms too, IAA plays an important role in growth, development, and even plant interaction. Therefore, mechanism studies on the biosynthesis and functions of IAA in microorganisms can promote the production and utilization of IAA in agriculture. This mini-review mainly summarizes the biosynthesis pathways that have been reported in microorganisms, including the indole-3-acetamide pathway, indole-3-pyruvate pathway, tryptamine pathway, indole-3-acetonitrile pathway, tryptophan side chain oxidase pathway, and non-tryptophan dependent pathway. Some pathways interact with each other through common key genes to constitute a network of IAA biosynthesis. In addition, functional studies of IAA in microorganisms, divided into three categories, have also been summarized: the effects on microorganisms, the virulence on plants, and the beneficial impacts on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zihong Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.T.); (L.Z.)
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Luo JH, Zou WS, Li J, Liu W, Huang J, Wu HW, Shen JL, Li F, Yuan JSW, Tao AK, Gong L, Zhang J, Wang XY. Untargeted serum and liver metabolomics analyses reveal the gastroprotective effect of polysaccharide from Evodiae fructus on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123481. [PMID: 36731690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the gastroprotective effect of Evodiae fructus polysaccharide (EFP) against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in mice. Biochemical indexes along with untargeted serum and liver metabolomics were determined. Results showed that pre-treatment of EFP alleviated ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in mice. EFP lessened oxidative stress and inflammation levels of stomachs, showing as increments of SOD and GSH-Px activities, GSH content and IL-10 level, and reductions of MDA and IL-6 levels. Meanwhile, EFP activated the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway through increasing Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expressions, and decreasing Keap1 protein expression. Serum and liver metabolomics analyses indicated that 10 metabolic potential biomarkers were identified among normal control, ulcer control and 200 mg/kg·bw of EFP groups, which were related to 5 enriched metabolic pathways including vitamin B6 metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, bile secretion and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. Further pearson's correlation analysis indicated that there were some positive and negative correlations between the biomarkers and the biochemical indexes. It could be concluded that the gastroprotection of EFP might be related to anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, activation of Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and alteration of metabolic pathways. This study supports the potential application of EFP in preventing ethanol-induced gastric ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hong Luo
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health of Ganzhou, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wan-Shuang Zou
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Hu-Wei Wu
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jian-Lin Shen
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jia-Shuang-Wei Yuan
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - An-Kang Tao
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Liang Gong
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Wang
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health of Ganzhou, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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6
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Ghoreishi G, Barrena R, Font X. Using green waste as substrate to produce biostimulant and biopesticide products through solid-state fermentation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 159:84-92. [PMID: 36738589 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of green waste as a substrate in different types of microbial bioprocessing has a major impact on improving green waste valorization, very little information has been provided on this issue. The purpose of this paper is to study the feasibility of using green waste to produce a biostimulant (Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)) and biopesticide (conidial spore) through solid-state fermentation. Trichoderma harzianum was selected as the inoculum of the process and the green waste was a mixture of grass clippings and pruning waste. An experiment was designed to study the effect of tryptophan concentration, proportion of grass and pruning waste, and substrate moisture on IAA and spore production. The results show that washing and using phosphate buffer has a beneficial effect on green waste quality in terms of bioproduction. The maximum IAA and spore productions reported in the current study were 101.46 µg g-1 dry matter and 3.03 × 109 spore g-1 dry matter, respectively. According to the results, IAA production increases with a higher amount of tryptophan and grass. However, the number of spores increased with lower amounts of tryptophan and grass. The model suggested the following optimized parameters for the production of spores and IAA: tryptophan 0.45 %, grass 61 %, and moisture 74 %. The effect of fermentation time was also studied, and the results show that the maximum IAA and spore production was obtained on days 3 and 7, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golafarin Ghoreishi
- GICOM research group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Q, Carrer de les Sitges, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Barrena
- GICOM research group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Q, Carrer de les Sitges, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Font
- GICOM research group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Q, Carrer de les Sitges, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
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Carrillo‐Carrasco VP, Hernandez‐Garcia J, Mutte SK, Weijers D. The birth of a giant: evolutionary insights into the origin of auxin responses in plants. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113018. [PMID: 36786017 PMCID: PMC10015382 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant signaling molecule auxin is present in multiple kingdoms of life. Since its discovery, a century of research has been focused on its action as a phytohormone. In land plants, auxin regulates growth and development through transcriptional and non-transcriptional programs. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses are well understood, mainly in Arabidopsis. Recently, the availability of genomic and transcriptomic data of green lineages, together with phylogenetic inference, has provided the basis to reconstruct the evolutionary history of some components involved in auxin biology. In this review, we follow the evolutionary trajectory that allowed auxin to become the "giant" of plant biology by focusing on bryophytes and streptophyte algae. We consider auxin biosynthesis, transport, physiological, and molecular responses, as well as evidence supporting the role of auxin as a chemical messenger for communication within ecosystems. Finally, we emphasize that functional validation of predicted orthologs will shed light on the conserved properties of auxin biology among streptophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumanth K Mutte
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
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Xu R, Zhou S, Song J, Zhong H, Zhu T, Gong Y, Zhou Y, Bian Y. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights Into the Mechanism by Which 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Improves Thermotolerance in Lentinula edodes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:910255. [PMID: 35801117 PMCID: PMC9253865 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.910255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As the widest cultivated edible mushroom worldwide, Lentinula edodes suffers serious yield and quality losses from heat stress during growth and development, and in our previous study, exogenous 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was found to improve the thermotolerance of L. edodes strain YS3357, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we explored the potential protective mechanism of exogenous 2,4-D against heat stress by transcriptome analysis. 2,4-D possible improve the thermotolerance of L. edodes through regulating antioxidant genes, transcription factors, energy-provision system, membrane fluidity, and cell wall remodeling. Furthermore, 2,4-D was also found to regulate the saturation levels of fatty acids and ATP content in L. edodes mycelium under heat stress. This study proposed a regulatory network of 2,4-D in regulating L. edodes response to heat stress, providing a theoretical basis for improving L. edodes thermotolerance, and facilitating the understanding of the molecular mechanism of exogenous hormones in alleviating abiotic stress damage to macrofungi.
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