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Moussa AY. The limitless endophytes: their role as antifungal agents against top priority pathogens. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:161. [PMID: 38822407 PMCID: PMC11140875 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi resistant fungi are on the rise, and our arsenal compounds are limited to few choices in the market such as polyenes, pyrimidine analogs, azoles, allylamines, and echinocandins. Although each of these drugs featured a unique mechanism, antifungal resistant strains did emerge and continued to arise against them worldwide. Moreover, the genetic variation between fungi and their host humans is small, which leads to significant challenges in new antifungal drug discovery. Endophytes are still an underexplored source of bioactive secondary metabolites. Many studies were conducted to isolate and screen endophytic pure compounds with efficacy against resistant yeasts and fungi; especially, Candida albicans, C. auris, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus, which encouraged writing this review to critically analyze the chemical nature, potency, and fungal source of the isolated endophytic compounds as well as their novelty features and SAR when possible. Herein, we report a comprehensive list of around 320 assayed antifungal compounds against Candida albicans, C. auris, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus in the period 1980-2024, the majority of which were isolated from fungi of orders Eurotiales and Hypocreales associated with terrestrial plants, probably due to the ease of laboratory cultivation of these strains. 46% of the reviewed compounds were active against C. albicans, 23% against C. neoformans, 29% against A. fumigatus and only 2% against C. auris. Coculturing was proved to be an effective technique to induce cryptic metabolites absent in other axenic cultures or host extract cultures, with Irperide as the most promising compounds MIC value 1 μg/mL. C. auris was susceptible to only persephacin and rubiginosin C. The latter showed potent inhibition against this recalcitrant strain in a non-fungicide way, which unveils the potential of fungal biofilm inhibition. Further development of culturing techniques and activation of silent metabolic pathways would be favorable to inspire the search for novel bioactive antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashaimaa Y Moussa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, African Union Organization Street, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
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de Melo Pereira DÍ, Gurgel RS, de Souza ATF, Matias RR, de Souza Falcão L, Chaves FCM, da Silva GF, Martínez JG, de Lima Procópio RE, Fantin C, Albuquerque PM. Isolation and Identification of Pigment-Producing Endophytic Fungi from the Amazonian Species Fridericia chica. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:77. [PMID: 38276023 PMCID: PMC10821134 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigments of fungal origin have aroused increasing interest in the food dye and cosmetic industries since the global demand for natural dyes has grown. Endophytic microorganisms are a source of bioactive compounds, and Amazonian plant species can harbor fungi with a wide range of biotechnological applications. Popularly known in Brazil as crajiru, Fridericia chica is a medicinal plant that produces a red pigment. In this study, a total of 121 fungi were isolated in potato dextrose agar from three plants. We identified nine pigment-producing endophytic fungi isolated from branches and leaves of F. chica. The isolates that showed pigment production in solid media were molecularly identified via multilocus analysis as Aspergillus welwitschiae, A. sydowii, Curvularia sp., Diaporthe cerradensis (two strains), Hypoxylon investiens, Neoscytalidium sp. (two strains) and Penicillium rubens. These isolates were subjected to submerged fermentation in two culture media to obtain metabolic extracts. The extracts obtained were analyzed in terms of their absorbance between 400 and 700 nm. The pigmented extract produced by H. investiens in medium containing yeast extract showed maximum absorbance in the red absorption range (UA700 = 0.550) and significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. This isolate can thus be considered a new source of extracellular pigment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Ívila de Melo Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-010, Brazil; (D.Í.d.M.P.); (R.S.G.)
- Grupo de Pesquisa Química Aplicada à Tecnologia, Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-020, Brazil; (A.T.F.d.S.); (R.R.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (R.E.d.L.P.)
| | - Raiana Silveira Gurgel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-010, Brazil; (D.Í.d.M.P.); (R.S.G.)
- Grupo de Pesquisa Química Aplicada à Tecnologia, Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-020, Brazil; (A.T.F.d.S.); (R.R.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (R.E.d.L.P.)
| | - Anne Terezinha Fernandes de Souza
- Grupo de Pesquisa Química Aplicada à Tecnologia, Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-020, Brazil; (A.T.F.d.S.); (R.R.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (R.E.d.L.P.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-010, Brazil;
| | - Rosiane Rodrigues Matias
- Grupo de Pesquisa Química Aplicada à Tecnologia, Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-020, Brazil; (A.T.F.d.S.); (R.R.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (R.E.d.L.P.)
| | - Lucas de Souza Falcão
- Grupo de Pesquisa Química Aplicada à Tecnologia, Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-020, Brazil; (A.T.F.d.S.); (R.R.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (R.E.d.L.P.)
| | | | | | - José Gregorio Martínez
- Grupo de Investigación Biociencias, Institución Universitaria Colegio Mayor de Antioquia, Medellin 050001, Colombia;
| | - Rudi Emerson de Lima Procópio
- Grupo de Pesquisa Química Aplicada à Tecnologia, Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-020, Brazil; (A.T.F.d.S.); (R.R.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (R.E.d.L.P.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-010, Brazil;
| | - Cleiton Fantin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-010, Brazil;
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-010, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Melchionna Albuquerque
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-010, Brazil; (D.Í.d.M.P.); (R.S.G.)
- Grupo de Pesquisa Química Aplicada à Tecnologia, Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-020, Brazil; (A.T.F.d.S.); (R.R.M.); (L.d.S.F.); (R.E.d.L.P.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-010, Brazil;
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69050-010, Brazil
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Wijesekara T, Xu B. Health-Promoting Effects of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Endophytic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:997. [PMID: 37888253 PMCID: PMC10608072 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The study examines the intricate relationship between plants and the endophytic fungi inhabiting their tissues. These fungi harmoniously coexist with plants, forming a distinct symbiotic connection that has caught scientific attention due to its potential implications for plant health and growth. The diverse range of bioactive compounds produced by these fungi holds significant promise for human health. The review covers various aspects of this topic, starting by introducing endophytic microorganisms, explaining their colonization of different plant parts, and illuminating their potential roles in enhancing plant defense against diseases and promoting growth. The review emphasizes the widespread occurrence and diversity of these microorganisms among plant species while highlighting the complexities and significance of isolating and extracting bioactive compounds from them. It focuses on the health benefits of these bioactive compounds, including their capacity to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. The review delves into the mechanisms behind these health-promoting effects, spotlighting how the compounds interact with cellular receptors, signaling pathways, and gene expression. In conclusion, the review provides a comprehensive overview of health-promoting bioactive compounds from plant endophytic fungi. It outlines their multifaceted impact, potential applications, and future research avenues in health and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharuka Wijesekara
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka;
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Life Sciences, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China
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