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Solodkov PP, Najakshin AM, Chikaev NA, Kulemzin SV, Mechetina LV, Baranov KO, Guselnikov SV, Gorchakov AA, Belovezhets TN, Chikaev AN, Volkova OY, Markhaev AG, Kononova YV, Alekseev AY, Gulyaeva MA, Shestopalov AM, Taranin AV. Serial Llama Immunization with Various SARS-CoV-2 RBD Variants Induces Broad Spectrum Virus-Neutralizing Nanobodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:129. [PMID: 38400113 PMCID: PMC10891761 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 mutant variants has posed a significant challenge to both the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 with anti-coronaviral neutralizing antibodies. The latest viral variants demonstrate pronounced resistance to the vast majority of human monoclonal antibodies raised against the ancestral Wuhan variant. Less is known about the susceptibility of the evolved virus to camelid nanobodies developed at the start of the pandemic. In this study, we compared nanobody repertoires raised in the same llama after immunization with Wuhan's RBD variant and after subsequent serial immunization with a variety of RBD variants, including that of SARS-CoV-1. We show that initial immunization induced highly potent nanobodies, which efficiently protected Syrian hamsters from infection with the ancestral Wuhan virus. These nanobodies, however, mostly lacked the activity against SARS-CoV-2 omicron-pseudotyped viruses. In contrast, serial immunization with different RBD variants resulted in the generation of nanobodies demonstrating a higher degree of somatic mutagenesis and a broad range of neutralization. Four nanobodies recognizing distinct epitopes were shown to potently neutralize a spectrum of omicron variants, including those of the XBB sublineage. Our data show that nanobodies broadly neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 variants may be readily induced by a serial variant RBD immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel P. Solodkov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.P.S.); (A.M.N.); (N.A.C.); (L.V.M.); (K.O.B.); (S.V.G.); (T.N.B.); (A.N.C.); (O.Y.V.)
| | - Alexander M. Najakshin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.P.S.); (A.M.N.); (N.A.C.); (L.V.M.); (K.O.B.); (S.V.G.); (T.N.B.); (A.N.C.); (O.Y.V.)
| | - Nikolai A. Chikaev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.P.S.); (A.M.N.); (N.A.C.); (L.V.M.); (K.O.B.); (S.V.G.); (T.N.B.); (A.N.C.); (O.Y.V.)
| | - Sergey V. Kulemzin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.P.S.); (A.M.N.); (N.A.C.); (L.V.M.); (K.O.B.); (S.V.G.); (T.N.B.); (A.N.C.); (O.Y.V.)
| | - Ludmila V. Mechetina
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.P.S.); (A.M.N.); (N.A.C.); (L.V.M.); (K.O.B.); (S.V.G.); (T.N.B.); (A.N.C.); (O.Y.V.)
| | - Konstantin O. Baranov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.P.S.); (A.M.N.); (N.A.C.); (L.V.M.); (K.O.B.); (S.V.G.); (T.N.B.); (A.N.C.); (O.Y.V.)
| | - Sergey V. Guselnikov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.P.S.); (A.M.N.); (N.A.C.); (L.V.M.); (K.O.B.); (S.V.G.); (T.N.B.); (A.N.C.); (O.Y.V.)
| | - Andrey A. Gorchakov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.P.S.); (A.M.N.); (N.A.C.); (L.V.M.); (K.O.B.); (S.V.G.); (T.N.B.); (A.N.C.); (O.Y.V.)
| | - Tatyana N. Belovezhets
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.P.S.); (A.M.N.); (N.A.C.); (L.V.M.); (K.O.B.); (S.V.G.); (T.N.B.); (A.N.C.); (O.Y.V.)
| | - Anton N. Chikaev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.P.S.); (A.M.N.); (N.A.C.); (L.V.M.); (K.O.B.); (S.V.G.); (T.N.B.); (A.N.C.); (O.Y.V.)
| | - Olga Y. Volkova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.P.S.); (A.M.N.); (N.A.C.); (L.V.M.); (K.O.B.); (S.V.G.); (T.N.B.); (A.N.C.); (O.Y.V.)
| | - Alexander G. Markhaev
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (Y.V.K.); (A.Y.A.); (M.A.G.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Yulia V. Kononova
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (Y.V.K.); (A.Y.A.); (M.A.G.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Alexander Y. Alekseev
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (Y.V.K.); (A.Y.A.); (M.A.G.); (A.M.S.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina A. Gulyaeva
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (Y.V.K.); (A.Y.A.); (M.A.G.); (A.M.S.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Shestopalov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (Y.V.K.); (A.Y.A.); (M.A.G.); (A.M.S.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Taranin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.P.S.); (A.M.N.); (N.A.C.); (L.V.M.); (K.O.B.); (S.V.G.); (T.N.B.); (A.N.C.); (O.Y.V.)
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Kulemzin SV, Guselnikov SV, Nekrasov BG, Molodykh SV, Kuvshinova IN, Murasheva SV, Belovezhets TN, Gorchakov AA, Chikaev AN, Chikaev NA, Volkova OY, Yurina AA, Najakshin AM, Taranin AV. Hybrid Immunity from Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccination and Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection Confers Broader Neutralizing Activity against Omicron Lineage VOCs Than Revaccination or Reinfection. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:55. [PMID: 38250868 PMCID: PMC10818410 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has a relatively high mutation rate, with the frequent emergence of new variants of concern (VOCs). Each subsequent variant is more difficult to neutralize by the sera of vaccinated individuals and convalescents. Some decrease in neutralizing activity against new SARS-CoV-2 variants has also been observed in patients vaccinated with Gam-COVID-Vac. In the present study, we analyzed the interplay between the history of a patient's repeated exposure to SARS-CoV-2 antigens and the breadth of neutralization activity. Our study includes four cohorts of patients: Gam-COVID-Vac booster vaccinated individuals (revaccinated, RV), twice-infected unvaccinated individuals (reinfected, RI), breakthrough infected (BI), and vaccinated convalescents (VC). We assessed S-protein-specific antibody levels and the ability of sera to neutralize lentiviral particles pseudotyped with Spike protein from the original Wuhan variant, as well as the Omicron variants BA.1 and BA.4/5. Individuals with hybrid immunity (BI and VC cohorts) exhibited significantly higher levels of virus-binding IgG and enhanced breadth of virus-neutralizing activity compared to individuals from either the revaccination or reinfection (RV and RI) cohorts. These findings suggest that a combination of infection and vaccination, regardless of the sequence, results in significantly higher levels of S-protein-specific IgG antibodies and the enhanced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants, thereby underscoring the importance of hybrid immunity in the context of emerging viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Kulemzin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Sergey V. Guselnikov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | | | | | | | - Svetlana V. Murasheva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Tatyana N. Belovezhets
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Andrey A. Gorchakov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Anton N. Chikaev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Nikolai A. Chikaev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Olga Y. Volkova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Anna A. Yurina
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Alexander M. Najakshin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Alexander V. Taranin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
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