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Talaat NB, Abdel-Salam SAM. An innovative, sustainable, and environmentally friendly approach for wheat drought tolerance using vermicompost and effective microorganisms: upregulating the antioxidant defense machinery, glyoxalase system, and osmotic regulatory substances. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:866. [PMID: 39285341 PMCID: PMC11406802 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vermicompost contains humic acids, nutrients, earthworm excretions, beneficial microbes, growth hormones, and enzymes, which help plants to tolerate a variety of abiotic stresses. Effective microorganisms (EM) include a wide range of microorganisms' e.g. photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, actinomycetes, and fermenting fungi that can stimulate plant growth and improve soil fertility. To our knowledge, no study has yet investigated the possible role of vermicompost and EM dual application in enhancing plant tolerance to water scarcity. METHODS Consequently, the current study investigated the effectiveness of vermicompost and EM in mitigating drought-induced changes in wheat. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with twelve treatments. The treatments included control, as well as individual and combined applications of vermicompost and EM at three different irrigation levels (100%, 70%, and 30% of field capacity). RESULTS The findings demonstrated that the application of vermicompost and/or EM significantly improved wheat growth and productivity, as well as alleviated drought-induced oxidative damage with decreased the generation of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide. This was achieved by upregulating the activities of several antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase. Vermicompost and/or EM treatments also enhanced the antioxidant defense system by increasing the content of antioxidant molecules such as ascorbate, glutathione, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. Additionally, the overproduction of methylglyoxal in water-stressed treated plants was controlled by the enhanced activity of the glyoxalase system enzymes; glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II. The treated plants maintained higher water content related to the higher content of osmotic regulatory substances like soluble sugars, free amino acids, glycinebetaine, and proline. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we offer the first report that identifies the underlying mechanism by which the dual application of vermicompost and EM confers drought tolerance in wheat by improving osmolyte accumulation and modulating antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen B Talaat
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Sameh A M Abdel-Salam
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Kirova E, Moskova I, Manova V, Koycheva Y, Tsekova Z, Borisova D, Nikolov H, Dimitrov V, Sergiev I, Kocheva K. Exogenous Cytokinin 4PU-30 Modulates the Response of Wheat and Einkorn Seedlings to Ultraviolet B Radiation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1401. [PMID: 38794471 PMCID: PMC11125444 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Abiotic stress is responsible for a significant reduction in crop plant productivity worldwide. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a natural component of sunlight and a permanent environmental stimulus. This study investigated the distinct responses of young wheat and einkorn plants to excessive UV-B radiation (180 min at λmax 312 nm) following foliar pretreatment with 1 µM synthetic cytokinin 4PU-30. Results demonstrated that UV radiation significantly amplified hydrogen peroxide levels in both wheat and einkorn, with einkorn exhibiting a more pronounced increase compared to wheat. This elevation indicated the induction of oxidative stress by UV radiation in the two genotypes. Intensified antioxidant enzyme activities and the increased accumulation of typical stress markers and non-enzyme protectants were evidenced. Transcriptional activity of genes encoding the key antioxidant enzymes POX, GST, CAT, and SOD was also investigated to shed some light on their genetic regulation in both wheat and einkorn seedlings. Our results suggested a role for POX1 and POX7 genes in the UV-B tolerance of the two wheat species as well as a cytokinin-stimulated UV-B stress response in einkorn involving the upregulation of the tau subfamily gene GSTU6. Based on all our findings, it could be concluded that 4PU-30 had the potential of alleviating oxidative stress by attenuating the symptoms of superfluous UV-B illumination in the two examined plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisaveta Kirova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (I.M.); (Y.K.); (Z.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Irina Moskova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (I.M.); (Y.K.); (Z.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Vasilissa Manova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (I.M.); (Y.K.); (Z.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Yana Koycheva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (I.M.); (Y.K.); (Z.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Zoia Tsekova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (I.M.); (Y.K.); (Z.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Denitsa Borisova
- Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 1, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.B.); (H.N.); (V.D.)
| | - Hristo Nikolov
- Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 1, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.B.); (H.N.); (V.D.)
| | - Ventzeslav Dimitrov
- Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 1, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.B.); (H.N.); (V.D.)
| | - Iskren Sergiev
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (I.M.); (Y.K.); (Z.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Konstantina Kocheva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (I.M.); (Y.K.); (Z.T.); (I.S.)
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Ur Rahman S, Qin A, Zain M, Mushtaq Z, Mehmood F, Riaz L, Naveed S, Ansari MJ, Saeed M, Ahmad I, Shehzad M. Pb uptake, accumulation, and translocation in plants: Plant physiological, biochemical, and molecular response: A review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27724. [PMID: 38500979 PMCID: PMC10945279 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic contaminant that is ubiquitously present in the ecosystem and poses severe environmental issues, including hazards to soil-plant systems. This review focuses on the uptake, accumulation, and translocation of Pb metallic ions and their toxicological effects on plant morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes. We highlight that the uptake of Pb metal is controlled by cation exchange capacity, pH, size of soil particles, root nature, and other physio-chemical limitations. Pb toxicity obstructs seed germination, root/shoot length, plant growth, and final crop-yield. Pb disrupts the nutrient uptake through roots, alters plasma membrane permeability, and disturbs chloroplast ultrastructure that triggers changes in respiration as well as transpiration activities, creates the reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activates some enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Pb also impairs photosynthesis, disrupts water balance and mineral nutrients, changes hormonal status, and alters membrane structure and permeability. This review provides consolidated information concentrating on the current studies associated with Pb-induced oxidative stress and toxic conditions in various plants, highlighting the roles of different antioxidants in plants mitigating Pb-stress. Additionally, we discussed detoxification and tolerance responses in plants by regulating different gene expressions, protein, and glutathione metabolisms to resist Pb-induced phytotoxicity. Overall, various approaches to tackle Pb toxicity have been addressed; the phytoremediation techniques and biochar amendments are economical and eco-friendly remedies for improving Pb-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafeeq Ur Rahman
- Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Anzhen Qin
- Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Muhammad Zain
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zain Mushtaq
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Mehmood
- Department of Land and Water Management, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, 70060, Pakistan
| | - Luqman Riaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohsar University Murree, 47150, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sadiq Naveed
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly), 244001, India
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, P.O. Box 2240, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shehzad
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
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Chen X, Ma H, Kong C, Pan T, Gao D, Liao H, Wang J. Bioaccumulation of polystyrene nanoplastics and BDE-209 induced oxidative stress, photosynthesis and growth impairments in floating fern Salvinia natans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 909:168541. [PMID: 37979866 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems are facing increasing exposure to pollutants, posing potential threats to the stability and wellness of aquatic species. This study focused on evaluating the impacts of single and combined exposure to 80 nm polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs, 0.1, 1, 10, 20 mg/L) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209, 300 ng/L) for 14 days on the bioaccumulation, growth, photosynthesis and oxidative stress in the free-floating fern Salvinia natans. PS-NPs primarily accumulated in the epidermis and trichomes of S. natans. Meanwhile, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased, while those for peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and relative growth rate (RGR) decreased. Furthermore, the chlorophyll contents in submerged leaves were decreased, while those in floating leaves were increased at PS-NPs concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/L. However, the chlorophyll contents in both submerged and floating leaves displayed a decreasing trend with increasing concentrations of PS-NPs. Under the co-exposure of PS-NPs and BDE-209, the contents of MDA were significantly elevated, whereas CAT, POD, SOD, T-AOC and RGR were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Our results revealed that, compared to single exposure, more pronounced ecotoxic effects are observed in S. natans under co-exposure to PS-NPs and BDE-209. These findings offer valuable perspectives into the possible environmental risks of BDE-209 and PS-NPs in freshwater ecosystems, contributing to the development of effective management strategies for protecting aquatic organisms and ecosystems. This research highlights the urgent need to understand the toxic effects of emerging contaminants on different aquatic organisms, emphasizing the importance of protecting and preserving aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xikun Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Information Center of the Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 510610, China
| | - Chunmiao Kong
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ting Pan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dandan Gao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongping Liao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Lu B, Meng R, Wang Y, Xiong W, Ma Y, Gao P, Ren J, Zhang L, Zhao Z, Fan G, Wen Y, Yuan X. Distinctive physiological and molecular responses of foxtail millet and maize to nicosulfuron. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1308584. [PMID: 38293619 PMCID: PMC10824897 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1308584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Nicosulfuron is the leading acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicide product, and widely used to control gramineous weeds. Here, we investigated the metabolic process of nicosulfuron into foxtail millet and maize, in order to clarify the mechanism of the difference in sensitivity of foxtail millet and maize to nicosulfuron from the perspective of physiological metabolism and provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of nicosulfuron-resistant foxtail millet varieties. Methods We treated foxtail millet (Zhangzagu 10, Jingu 21) and maize (Nongda 108, Ditian 8) with various doses of nicosulfuron in both pot and field experiments. The malonaldehyde (MDA) content, target enzymes, detoxification enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes, as well as related gene expression levels in the leaf tissues of foxtail millet and maize were measured, and the yield was determined after maturity. Results The results showed that the recommended dose of nicosulfuron caused Zhangzagu 10 and Jingu 21 to fail to harvest; the yield of the sensitive maize variety (Ditian 8) decreased by 37.09%, whereas that of the resistant maize variety (Nongda 108) did not decrease. Nicosulfuron stress increased the CYP450 enzyme activity, MDA content, and antioxidant enzyme activity of foxtail millet and maize, reduced the acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity and ALS gene expression of foxtail millet and Ditian 8, and reduced the glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and GST gene expression of foxtail millet. In conclusion, target enzymes, detoxification enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes were involved in the detoxification metabolism of nicosulfuron in plants. ALS and GST are the main factors responsible for the metabolic differences among foxtail millet, sensitive maize varieties, and resistant maize varieties. Discussion These findings offer valuable insights for exploring the target resistance (TSR) and non-target resistance (NTSR) mechanisms in foxtail millet under herbicide stress and provides theoretical basis for future research of develop foxtail millet germplasm with diverse herbicide resistance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ru Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuchao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Peng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianhong Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Liguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhihai Zhao
- Institute of Millet, Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Guangyu Fan
- Institute of Millet, Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yinyuan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Traxler C, Gaines TA, Küpper A, Luemmen P, Dayan FE. The nexus between reactive oxygen species and the mechanism of action of herbicides. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105267. [PMID: 37734554 PMCID: PMC10591016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbicides are small molecules that act by inhibiting specific molecular target sites within primary plant metabolic pathways resulting in catastrophic and lethal consequences. The stress induced by herbicides generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), but little is known about the nexus between each herbicide mode of action (MoA) and their respective ability to induce ROS formation. Indeed, some herbicides cause dramatic surges in ROS levels as part of their primary MoA, whereas other herbicides may generate some ROS as a secondary effect of the stress they imposed on plants. In this review, we discuss the types of ROS and their respective reactivity and describe their involvement for each known MoA based on the new Herbicide Resistance Action Committee classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Traxler
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Todd A Gaines
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anita Küpper
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Bayer CropScience, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Peter Luemmen
- Research & Development Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Franck E Dayan
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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Accumulation of Proline in Plants under Contaminated Soils—Are We on the Same Page? Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030666. [PMID: 36978914 PMCID: PMC10045403 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural soil degradation is occurring at unprecedented rates, not only as an indirect effect of climate change (CC) but also due to intensified agricultural practices which affect soil properties and biodiversity. Therefore, understanding the impacts of CC and soil degradation on plant physiology is crucial for the sustainable development of mitigation strategies to prevent crop productivity losses. The amino acid proline has long been recognized for playing distinct roles in plant cells undergoing osmotic stress. Due to its osmoprotectant and redox-buffering ability, a positive correlation between proline accumulation and plants’ tolerance to abiotic stress has been pointed out in numerous reviews. Indeed, proline quantification is used systematically by plant physiologists as an indicator of the degree of tolerance and a measurement of the antioxidant potential in plants under stressful conditions. Moreover, the exogenous application of proline has been shown to increase resilience to several stress factors, including those related to soil degradation such as salinity and exposure to metals and xenobiotics. However, recent data from several studies often refer to proline accumulation as a signal of stress sensitivity with no clear correlation with improved antioxidant activity or higher stress tolerance, including when proline is used exogenously as a stress reliever. Nevertheless, endogenous proline levels are strongly modified by these stresses, proving its involvement in plant responses. Hence, one main question arises—is proline augmentation always a sign of improved stress resilience? From this perspective, the present review aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the implications of proline accumulation in plants under abiotic stress induced by soil degradation factors, reinforcing the idea that proline quantification should not be employed as a sole indicator of stress sensitivity or resilience but rather complemented with further biochemical and physiological endpoints.
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Genome-wide identification of the CER1 gene family in apple and response of MdCER1-1 to drought stress. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 23:17. [PMID: 36562852 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00940-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant cuticular wax was a major consideration affecting the growth and quality of plants through protecting the plant from drought and other diseases. According to existing studies, CER1, as the core enzyme encoding the synthesis of alkanes, the main component of wax, can directly affect the response of plants to stress. However, there were few studies on the related functions of CER1 in apple. In this study, three MdCER1 genes in Malus domestica were identified and named MdCER1-1, MdCER1-2, and MdCER1-3 according to their distribution on chromosomes. Then, their physicochemical properties, sequence characteristics, and expression patterns were analyzed. MdCER1-1, with the highest expression level among the three members, was screened for cloning and functional verification. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis also showed that drought stress could increase the expression level of MdCER1-1. The experiment of water loss showed that overexpression of MdCER1-1 could effectively prevent water loss in apple calli, and the effect was more significant under drought stress. Meanwhile, MdYPB5, MdCER3, and MdKCS1 were significantly up-regulated, which would be bound up with waxy metabolism. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer assay of wax fraction makes known that overexpression of MdCER1-1 apparently scaled up capacity of alkanes. The enzyme activities (SOD, POD) of overexpressed apple calli increased significantly, while the contents of proline increased compared with wild-type calli. In conclusion, MdCER1-1 can resist drought stress by reducing water loss in apple calli epidermis, increasing alkanes component content, stimulating the expression of waxy related genes (MdYPB5, MdCER3, and MdKCS1), and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity, which also provided a theoretical basis for exploring the role of waxy in other stresses.
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Yalçin E, Çavuşoğlu K. Spectroscopic contribution to glyphosate toxicity profile and the remedial effects of Momordica charantia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20020. [PMID: 36414701 PMCID: PMC9681759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the glyphosate toxicity and the toxicity-reducing role of bitter melon extract (Bmex) (Momordica charantia L.) were investigated in Allium cepa L. test material. The toxicity of glyphosate and protective role of Bmex were investigated with the help of physiological (germination, root elongation and weight gain), cytogenetic (mitotic index-MI, micronucleus-MN and chromosomal abnormalities-CAs), biochemical (malondialdehyde-MDA, superoxide dismutase-SOD and catalase-CAT) and anatomical (root meristem cell damage) parameters. The genotoxicity mechanism of glyphosate was elucidated by spectral analysis. A. cepa bulbs were divided into six groups as one control and five applications. Tap water was applied to the bulbs in the control group for 72 h. Glyphosate (500 mg/L) and two different doses of Bmex (350 and 700 mg/L) were applied to the bulbs in the treatment group for 72 h. At the end of the period, the germinated bulbs were prepared for experimental analyses, measurements and observations by applying routine preparation procedures. As a result, glyphosate administration caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in all selected physiological parameter values, and significant (p < 0.05) increases in the number of cytogenetic parameters (except MI), the levels of biochemical parameters and the severity of anatomical damage. Glyphosate promoted CAs such as fragment, sticky chromosome, bridge and unequal distribution of chromatin in root tip meristem cells. By spectral analysis, it was determined that glyphosate interacts directly with DNA and causes genotoxicity. It also caused anatomical damages such as epidermis cell damage, cortex cell damage, flattened cell nucleus, binuclear cell and irregular vascular tissue in root tip meristem cells. Co-administration of glyphosate with Bmex at two different doses (350 and 700 mg/L) reduced the toxicity of glyphosate and led to significant (p < 0.05) improvements in the values of all parameters examined. It was determined that this improvement was even more pronounced at 700 mg/L dose of Bmex. As a result, it was determined that glyphosate herbicide caused multi-dimensional toxicity in A. cepa test material, and Bmex reduced the effects of this toxicity due to its antioxidant properties. Therefore, glyphosate dose ranges need to be reconsidered, especially considering non-target organisms in agricultural applications. In addition, antioxidant products such as Bmex should be included in the daily diet in order to reduce the toxic effects of environmental agents such as pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Yalçin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Giresun University, 28200, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Giresun University, 28200, Giresun, Turkey.
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Mohapatra S, Sirhindi G, Dogra V. Seed priming with brassinolides improves growth and reinforces antioxidative defenses under normal and heat stress conditions in seedlings of Brassica juncea. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13814. [PMID: 36326060 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stresses pose a major challenge for plant researchers to fulfill increasing food demand. Researchers are trying to generate high-yielding and stress-tolerant or resistant varieties using classical genetics and modern gene-editing tools; however, both approaches have limitations. Chemical treatments emerged as an alternative to improve yield and impart stress resilience. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of phytohormones that regulate various biological processes, including stress management. With foliar spray methods, BR treatments showed promising results but are not economically feasible. We hypothesize that priming of seeds, which requires lesser amounts of BRs, could be equally effective in promoting growth and stress tolerance. Owing to this notion, we analyzed the impact of priming seeds with selected BRs, namely, 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) and 28-homobrassinolide (HBL), in Brassica juncea under normal and heat shock stress conditions. Seeds primed with BRs and grown until seedlings stage at normal conditions (20°C) were subjected to a heat shock (35°C) for a few hours, relating to what plants experience in natural conditions. Heat shock reduced the growth and biomass with an increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species. As anticipated, BRs treatments significantly improved the growth and physiological parameters with an enhanced antioxidant defense under both conditions. Transcriptional analyses revealed that BRs concomitantly induce growth and oxidative stress-responsive gene expression via the canonical BR-signaling pathway. Transfer of unstressed and heat-shock-treated seedlings to field conditions demonstrated the long-term effectivity of BR-priming. Our results showed seed priming with BRs could improve growth and resilience against heat shock; hence, it appears to be a viable strategy to enhance crop yields and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Mohapatra
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | | | - Vivek Dogra
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Talaat NB, Shawky BT. Synergistic Effects of Salicylic Acid and Melatonin on Modulating Ion Homeostasis in Salt-Stressed Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) Plants by Enhancing Root H +-Pump Activity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030416. [PMID: 35161397 PMCID: PMC8840481 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and melatonin (MT) have been shown to play important roles in plant salt tolerance. However, the underlying mechanisms of SA-MT-interaction-mediated ionic homeostasis in salt-stressed plants are unknown. As a first investigation, this study aimed to clarify how SA-MT interaction affects H+-pump activity in maintaining the desired ion homeostasis under saline conditions and its relation to ROS metabolism. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants were grown under non-saline or saline conditions and were foliar sprayed with 75 mg L-1 SA or 70 μM MT. The SA+MT combined treatment significantly increased N, P, K+, Fe, Zn, and Cu acquisition, accompanied by significantly lower Na+ accumulation in salt-stressed plants compared to non-stressed ones. Additionally, it significantly enhanced ATP content and H+-pump activity of the roots. The mitigation was also detected in the reduced superoxide radical content, electrolyte leakage, and lipoxygenase activity, as well as increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities; K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+, and Mg2+/Na+ ratios; relative water content; membrane stability index; and free amino acid accumulation in treated plants. The novel evidence shows that the higher root H+-pump activity in treated plants is a tolerance mechanism that increases the salt tolerance via maintaining ionic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen B. Talaat
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Bahaa T. Shawky
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza 12311, Egypt;
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