1
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Nishi T, Ueno K, Nomoto T, Sugisawa S, Shin D, Yamaguchi K, Kuwayama I, Yamaguchi T. Visualization of strain distribution in rubber bulk during friction. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13530. [PMID: 38866848 PMCID: PMC11169256 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study employed a digital image correlation method (DICM) to experimentally quantify horizontal strain distribution in silicone rubber bulk during horizontal displacement against a stainless-steel sphere with/without glycerol. The strain distribution at different depth levels was measured by capturing the position of white powders in transparent rubber bulk. The experimental results indicated that each point in the rubber bulk moved while describing a horizontal loop during horizontal displacement depending on the position and lubrication conditions. This caused changes in the horizontal strain during horizontal displacement. These results suggest that the hysteresis term could be caused by changes in the vertical and horizontal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Nishi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01, Aoba, Aramaki-Aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Kyohei Ueno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01, Aoba, Aramaki-Aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nomoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01, Aoba, Aramaki-Aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Takeshi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01, Aoba, Aramaki-Aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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2
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Liu J, Wang M, Yin H. A Study of the Friction Characteristics of Rubber Thermo-Mechanical Coupling. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:596. [PMID: 38475279 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The friction performance of tread rubber is related to the safety of the vehicle during driving, especially in terms of shifting speeds, cornering, and changing environmental factors. The experimental design used in this paper employed a self-developed automatic multi-working-condition friction tester to investigate the correlation between the friction coefficient of three tread formulations and various factors, including speed, pressure, temperature, side deflection angle, and lateral camber. This experimental study demonstrates that the coefficient of friction decreases with increasing load and increases with increasing sliding velocities due to changes in adhesion friction. Due to the increasing and decreasing changes in rubber adhesion and hysteresis friction caused by temperature, the coefficient of friction shows a tendency to increase and then decrease with the increase in temperature; thus, temperature has an important effect on the coefficient of friction. Based on the basic theory of friction and experimental research, the Dorsch friction model was modified in terms of temperature, and the analytical relationship between the rubber friction coefficient and the combined variables of contact pressure, slip velocity, and temperature was established, which is more in line with the actual situation of rubber friction. The model predictions were compared with the experimental results, and the error accuracy was controlled within 5%. This verifies the accuracy of the model and provides a theoretical basis for the study of rubber friction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Tire Advanced Equipment and Key Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Meng Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Tire Advanced Equipment and Key Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Haishan Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory of Tire Advanced Equipment and Key Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
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3
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Chen B, Ding P, Wei G, Xiong C, Wang F, Yu J, Yu H, Zou Y. A Study on the Contact Characteristics of Tires-Roads Based on Pressure-Sensitive Film Technology. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6323. [PMID: 37763600 PMCID: PMC10532792 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Tire-road characteristics are a critical focus of research in the automotive and transportation industries. On the one hand, the research can help optimize tires' structural design; on the other hand, it can analyze the mechanical response of the pavement structure under the vehicle load. In addition, the non-uniformity distribution of the tire ground stress will also have a direct impact on the skid resistance, which determines the driving safety. Due to the limitation of testing technology, the measurement of tire ground pressure was mainly carried out on a flat test platform, ignoring the roughness of the actual pavement surface texture. The tire-road contact characteristics research on the macro-texture and micro-texture of asphalt pavement needs to be broken through. A high-precision pressure-sensitive film measurement system is utilized to examine the actual contact characteristics between two types of automobile tires and three types of asphalt pavement in this paper. The influence law of pavement texture and patterned tires on the contact area and stress was explored, and the concentration effect of tire-road contact stress was evaluated. The results indicate that the contact area of grounding tires exhibits a nearly linear relationship with tire inflation pressure and load. Notably, the change in load has a more significant influence on the contact area than tire inflation pressure. On asphalt pavement, the contact reduction rate decreases by approximately 5-10% for block pattern tires and 10-15% for longitudinal pattern tires. Furthermore, as the texture depth of the pavement increases, the contact area between tires and the pavement texture decreases. The actual tire-road interface experiences significant stress concentration due to the embedding and meshing effects between the tire and road surface. Even on a flat steel surface, the peak stress at the edge of the tread block exceeds the 0.7 MPa design load, which is about 2.5-3 times higher than the design uniform load. The peak stress between the tire and asphalt pavement reaches 4-10 times the design uniform load, with a rising trend as the pavement texture depth increases. This study can provide relevant experimental technical support for tire design and functional design of asphalt pavement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- School of Transportation and Civil Engineering and Architecture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Pengbo Ding
- Guangdong Expressway Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510623, China;
| | - Guojie Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Government Loan Repayment Highway Management Centre, Guangzhou 510199, China;
- Guangdong Nan Yue Transportation Lian-Ying Expressway Management Office, Guangzhou 510199, China
| | - Chunlong Xiong
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.X.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.)
| | - Fangli Wang
- China Road and Bridge Co., Ltd., Beijing 100011, China;
| | - Jinfeng Yu
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.X.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.)
| | - Huayang Yu
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.X.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yuxun Zou
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.X.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.)
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4
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Liu M, Xu H, Feng R, Gu Y, Bai Y, Zhang N, Wang Q, Hang Ho SS, Qu L, Shen Z, Cao J. Chemical composition and potential health risks of tire and road wear microplastics from light-duty vehicles in an urban tunnel in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121835. [PMID: 37201573 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tire and road wear microplastics (TRWMPs) are one of the main non-exhaust pollutants of motor vehicles, which cause serious environmental and health issues. Here, TRWMPs in PM2.5 samples were collected in a tunnel in urban Xi'an, northwest China, during four periods [I: 7:30-10:30, II: 11:00-14:00, III: 16:30-19:30, IV: 20:00-23:00 local standard time (LST)] in summer of 2019. The chemical components of rubbers, benzothiazoles, phthalates, and amines in TRWMPs were quantified, with a total concentration of 6522 ± 1455 ng m-3 (mean ± standard deviation). Phthalates were predominant in TRWMPs, accounting for 64.8% on average, followed by rubbers (33.2%) and benzothiazoles (1.19%). The diurnal variations of TRWMPs showed the highest concentration in Period III (evening rush hour) and the lowest concentration in Period I (morning rush hour), which were not exactly consistent with the variation of the number of light-duty vehicles passed through the tunnel. The result implied that the number of vehicles might not be the most important contributor to TRWMPs concentration, whereas meteorological variables (i.e., precipitation, and relative humidity), vehicle speed, vehicle class, and road cleaning also affected their abundances. The non-carcinogenic risk of TRWMPs in this study was within the international safety threshold, but their carcinogenic risk exceeded the threshold by 2.7-4.6 times, mostly dominated by bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). This study provides a new basis for the source apportionment of urban PM2.5 in China. The high concentrations and high potential cancer risks of TRWMPs represent the requirement for more efficient measures to control light-duty vehicle emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixuan Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Rong Feng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yunxuan Gu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yunlong Bai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Research and Services Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Research and Services Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Miyashita N, Yakini AE, Pyckhout-Hintzen W, Persson BNJ. Sliding friction on ice. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:2887574. [PMID: 37125718 DOI: 10.1063/5.0147524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We study the friction when rectangular blocks made from rubber, polyethylene, and silica glass are sliding on ice surfaces at different temperatures ranging from -40 to 0 °C, and sliding speeds ranging from 3 μm/s to 1 cm s-1. We consider a winter tire rubber compound both in the form of a compact block and as a foam with ∼10% void volume. We find that both rubber compounds exhibit a similar friction on ice for all studied temperatures. As in a previous study at low temperatures and low sliding speeds, we propose that an important contribution to the friction force is due to slip between the ice surface and ice fragments attached to the rubber surface. At temperatures around 0 °C (or for high enough sliding speeds), a thin pre-melted water film will occur at the rubber-ice interface, and the contribution to the friction from shearing the area of real contact is small. In this case, the dominant contribution to the friction force is due to viscoelastic deformations of the rubber by the ice asperities. The sliding friction for polyethylene (PE) and silica glass (SG) blocks on ice differs strongly from that of rubber. The friction coefficient for PE is ∼0.04-0.15 and is relatively weakly velocity dependent except close to the ice melting temperature where the friction coefficient increases toward low sliding speeds. Silica glass exhibits a similarly low friction as PE for T > -10 °C but very large friction coefficients (of order unity) at low temperatures. For both PE and SG, unless the ice track is very smooth, the friction force depends on the position x along the sliding track. This is due to bumps on the ice surface, which are sheared off by the elastically stiff PE and SG blocks, resulting in a plowing-type of contribution to the friction force. This results in friction coefficients, which locally can be very large ∼1, and visual inspection of the ice surface after the sliding acts show ice wear particles (white powder) in regions where ice bumps occur. Similar effects can be expected for rubber blocks below the rubber glass transition temperature, and the rubber is in the (elastically stiff) glassy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Miyashita
- The Yokohama Rubber Company, 2-1 Oiwake, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254-8601, Japan
| | - A E Yakini
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- MultiscaleConsulting, Wolfshovener Str. 2, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - W Pyckhout-Hintzen
- Neutron Scattering and Biological Matter (JCNS-1/IBI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - B N J Persson
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- MultiscaleConsulting, Wolfshovener Str. 2, 52428 Jülich, Germany
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Glover JD, Yang X, Long R, Pham JT. Creasing in microscale, soft static friction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2362. [PMID: 37095110 PMCID: PMC10126204 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilizing colloidal probe, lateral force microscopy and simultaneous confocal microscopy, combined with finite element analysis, we investigate how a microparticle starts moving laterally on a soft, adhesive surface. We find that the surface can form a self-contacting crease at the leading front, which results from a buildup of compressive stress. Experimentally, creases are observed on substrates that exhibit either high or low adhesion when measured in the normal direction, motivating the use of simulations to consider the role of adhesion energy and interfacial strength. Our simulations illustrate that the interfacial strength plays a dominating role in the nucleation of a crease. After the crease forms, it progresses through the contact zone in a Schallamach wave-like fashion. Interestingly, our results suggest that this Schallamach wave-like motion is facilitated by free slip at the adhesive, self-contacting interface within the crease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Glover
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Xingwei Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Rong Long
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jonathan T Pham
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.
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Wang G, Shi S, Zhou H. Investigation of rubber flow during tire shaping process by experiment and numerical simulations. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Wang
- Department of Vehicle Engineering School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Shuo Shi
- Department of Vehicle Engineering School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Haichao Zhou
- Department of Vehicle Engineering School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
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Kelly M, Farhad S. Simplified mathematical modeling and parametric study on friction coefficient of rubber materials for vehicle's tire application. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kelly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
- The Smithers Group, Inc Akron Ohio USA
| | - Siamak Farhad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
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Empirical Models for the Viscoelastic Complex Modulus with an Application to Rubber Friction. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Up-to-date predictive rubber friction models require viscoelastic modulus information; thus, the accurate representation of storage and loss modulus components is fundamental. This study presents two separate empirical formulations for the complex moduli of viscoelastic materials such as rubber. The majority of complex modulus models found in the literature are based on tabulated dynamic testing data. A wide range of experimentally obtained rubber moduli are used in this study, such as SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber), reinforced SBR with filler particles and typical passenger car tyre rubber. The proposed formulations offer significantly faster computation times compared to tabulated/interpolated data and an accurate reconstruction of the viscoelastic frequency response. They also link the model coefficients with critical sections of the data, such as the gradient of the slope in the storage modulus, or the peak values in loss tangent and loss modulus. One of the models is based on piecewise polynomial fitting and offers versatility by increasing the number of polynomial functions used to achieve better fitting, but with additional pre-processing time. The other model uses a pair of logistic-bell functions and provides a robust fitting capability and the fastest identification, as it requires a reduced number of parameters. Both models offer good correlations with measured data, and their computational efficiency was demonstrated via implementation in Persson’s friction model.
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Review on Friction and Wear Test Rigs: An Overview on the State of the Art in Tyre Tread Friction Evaluation. LUBRICANTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/lubricants8090091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The future evolution of autonomous mobility and road transportation will require substantial improvements in tyre adherence optimization. As new technologies being deployed in tyre manufacturing reduce total vehicle energy consumption, the contribution of tyre friction for safety and performance enhancement continues to increase. For this reason, the tyre’s grip is starting to drive the focus of many tyre developments nowadays. This is because the tread compound attitude to maximize the interaction forces with the ground is the result of a mix of effects, involving polymer viscoelastic characteristics, road roughness profiles and the conditions under which each tyre works during its lifespan. In such a context, mainly concerning the automotive market, the testing, analysis and objectivation of the friction arising at the tread interface is performed by means of specific test benches called friction testers. This paper reviews the state of the art in such devices’ development and use, with a global overview of the measurement methodologies and with a classification based on the working and specimen motion principle. Most tyre friction testers allow one to manage the relative sliding speed and the contact pressure between the specimen and the counter-surface, while just some of them are able to let the user vary the testing temperature. Few devices can really take into account the road real roughness, carrying out outdoor measurements, useful because they involve actual contact phenomena, but very complex to control outside the laboratory environment.
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Vaikuntam SR, Bhagavatheswaran ES, Xiang F, Wießner S, Heinrich G, Das A, Stöckelhuber KW. Friction, Abrasion and Crack Growth Behavior of In-Situ and Ex-Situ Silica Filled Rubber Composites. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13020270. [PMID: 31936164 PMCID: PMC7014337 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The article focuses on comparing the friction, abrasion, and crack growth behavior of two different kinds of silica-filled tire tread compounds loaded with (a) in-situ generated alkoxide silica and (b) commercial precipitated silica-filled compounds. The rubber matrix consists of solution styrene butadiene rubber polymers (SSBR). The in-situ generated particles are entirely different in filler morphology, i.e., in terms of size and physical structure, when compared to the precipitated silica. However, both types of the silicas were identified as amorphous in nature. Influence of filler morphology and surface modification of silica on the end performances of the rubbers like dynamic friction, abrasion index, and fatigue crack propagation were investigated. Compared to precipitated silica composites, in-situ derived silica composites offer better abrasion behavior and improved crack propagation with and without admixture of silane coupling agents. Silane modification, particle morphology, and crosslink density were identified as further vital parameters influencing the investigated rubber properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Raman Vaikuntam
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany (F.X.); (S.W.); (G.H.); (A.D.)
- Fakultät Maschinenwesen, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Eshwaran Subramani Bhagavatheswaran
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany (F.X.); (S.W.); (G.H.); (A.D.)
- Fakultät Maschinenwesen, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fei Xiang
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany (F.X.); (S.W.); (G.H.); (A.D.)
- Fakultät Maschinenwesen, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Wießner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany (F.X.); (S.W.); (G.H.); (A.D.)
- Fakultät Maschinenwesen, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gert Heinrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany (F.X.); (S.W.); (G.H.); (A.D.)
- Fakultät Maschinenwesen, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Amit Das
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany (F.X.); (S.W.); (G.H.); (A.D.)
- Department of Materials ScienceTampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 16, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Klaus Werner Stöckelhuber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany (F.X.); (S.W.); (G.H.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-351-4658-579
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12
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A Discussion on Present Theories of Rubber Friction, with Particular Reference to Different Possible Choices of Arbitrary Roughness Cutoff Parameters. LUBRICANTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/lubricants7100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the early study by Grosch in 1963 it has been known that rubber friction shows generally two maxima with respect to speed—the first one attributed to adhesion, and another at higher velocities attributed to viscoelastic losses. The theory of Klüppel and Heinrich and that of Persson suggests that viscoelastic losses crucially depend on the “multiscale” aspect of roughness and in particular on truncation at fine scales. In this study, we comment a little on both theories, giving some examples using Persson’s theory on the uncertainties involved in the truncation of the roughness spectrum. It is shown how different choices of Persson’s model parameters, for example the high-frequency cutoff, equally fit experimental data on viscoelastic friction, hence it is unclear how to rigorously separate the adhesive and the viscoelastic contributions from experiments.
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