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Richter J, Bartzsch G, Scherbring S, Bolender A, Vollmer M, Mola J, Volkova O, Niendorf T. Metastable CrMnNi steels processed by laser powder bed fusion: experimental assessment of elementary mechanisms contributing to microstructure, properties and residual stress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21862. [PMID: 36529751 PMCID: PMC9760645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex thermal history imposed by the laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) process is known to promote the evolution of unique microstructures. In the present study, metastable CrMnNi steels with different nickel contents and, thus, different phase stabilities are manufactured by PBF-LB/M. Results clearly reveal that an adequate choice of materials will allow to tailor mechanical properties as well as residual stress states in the as-built material to eventually redundantize any thermal post-treatment. The chemical differences lead to different phase constitutions in as-built conditions and, thus, affect microstructure evolution and elementary deformation mechanisms upon deformation, i.e., twinning and martensitic transformation. Such alloys designed for additive manufacturing (AM) highlight the possibility to tackle well-known challenges in AM such as limited damage tolerance, porosity and detrimental residual stress states without conducting any post treatments, e.g., stress relieve and hot isostatic pressing. From the perspective of robust design of AM components, indeed it seems to be a very effective approach to adapt the material to the process characteristics of AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Richter
- grid.5155.40000 0001 1089 1036Institute of Materials Engineering – Metallic Materials, University of Kassel, Moenchebergstrasse 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - G. Bartzsch
- grid.6862.a0000 0001 0805 5610Institute of Iron and Steel Technology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 34, 09599 Freiberg/Saxony, Germany
| | - S. Scherbring
- grid.10854.380000 0001 0672 4366Faculty of Engineering and Computer Sciences, Materials Design and Structural Integrity Laboratory, Osnabrueck University of Applied Sciences, Albrechtstrasse 30, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - A. Bolender
- grid.5155.40000 0001 1089 1036Institute of Materials Engineering – Metallic Materials, University of Kassel, Moenchebergstrasse 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - M. Vollmer
- grid.5155.40000 0001 1089 1036Institute of Materials Engineering – Metallic Materials, University of Kassel, Moenchebergstrasse 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - J. Mola
- grid.10854.380000 0001 0672 4366Faculty of Engineering and Computer Sciences, Materials Design and Structural Integrity Laboratory, Osnabrueck University of Applied Sciences, Albrechtstrasse 30, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - O. Volkova
- grid.6862.a0000 0001 0805 5610Institute of Iron and Steel Technology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 34, 09599 Freiberg/Saxony, Germany
| | - T. Niendorf
- grid.5155.40000 0001 1089 1036Institute of Materials Engineering – Metallic Materials, University of Kassel, Moenchebergstrasse 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany
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Chen W, Li Q, Zhang L. A Novel Approach to Eliminate the Effect of External Stress on Interdiffusivity Measurement. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10080961. [PMID: 28817108 PMCID: PMC5578327 DOI: 10.3390/ma10080961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the interdiffusivities in fcc Co–Ni alloys at 1373 K due to different types of diffusion couple experiments were firstly re-calculated via the unified Wagner method based on the measured composition profiles. Their maximum difference due to different approaches for diffusion couple preparation was found to be larger than one order of magnitude. Then, a comprehensive analysis on the effect of different preparation methods was performed. After that, a two-step diffusion couple technique in combination with the pragmatic numerical inverse method was proposed to determine the accurate interdiffusivities by eliminating the effect of external stress. Such a novel approach was successfully applied in the binary fcc Co–Ni alloys for demonstration purposes. Moreover, it is anticipated that such novel approach can be utilized as the standard method for accurate interdiffusivity measurement, and the resultant accurate interdiffusivities in different alloys may serve as a benchmark for the later experimental and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Chen
- Institute of Advanced Wear & Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China.
| | - Lijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China.
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