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Pavlovsky J, Seidlerova J, Pegrimocova Z, Vontorova J, Motyka O, Michalska M, Smutna K, Roupcová P, Novak V, Matejka V, Vlcek J. Influence of the chemical composition of leachates on the results of ecotoxicity tests for different slag types. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 366:121731. [PMID: 38981260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
In this study, four ecotoxicological tests on Vibrio fischeri bacteria, Sinapis alba L. (white mustard), Daphnia magna S. (daphnia's) and earthworms were performed for three types of aqueous slag (ladle, blast furnace and converter) leachates with two-grain sizes (<4 mm, <10 mm). Concentrations of toxic elements and concentrations of Cr(VI), Ca, Na, Al, and other ions were determined. The raw slags were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRFS), and major substances were determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The aqueous slag leachates passed ecotoxicological tests and met the required criteria, showing no toxicity to Vibrio fischeri and complying with white mustard test criteria. According to the results of the ecotoxicity tests with daphnia, the blast furnace slag samples were not ecotoxic, while two other slag samples were found to be entirely compliant. Characterization of the slags showed that the effect of element/ion leachability and slag grain size is essential. Biplot principal component analysis (PCA) showed that grain size does not significantly affect the separation of individuals on the plane. A positive correlation on toxicity was found with pH, conductivity, calcium content, dissolved content, salinity and fluoride concentration, whereas a negative correlation was found with magnesium concentration, dissolved organic carbon and potassium concentration. The effective concentration at 50% inhibition (EC50) value for Vibrio fischeri correlated with the first dimension of bivariate assessment. In summary, it was found that the investigated slags can be effectively reused as they comply with regulations and do not endanger the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Pavlovsky
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Seidlerova
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Pegrimocova
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Jirina Vontorova
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Oldrich Motyka
- Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Michalska
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Smutna
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, Research Group: Water Treatment and Analysis, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Roupcová
- Department of Occupational and Process Safety, Faculty of Safety Engineering, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Lumírova 630/13, 700 30 Ostrava-Výškovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Novak
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Matejka
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Vlcek
- Material and Metallurgical Research Ltd., Pohraniční 693/31, Vítkovice, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Galgo SJC, Lim JY, Canatoy RC, Ha JS, Sohn KM, Kim PJ. Improving methane mitigating functionality of blast furnace slag by adding electron acceptor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157296. [PMID: 35835186 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Blast furnace slag (BFS), a byproduct of iron-producing process, has been applied as silicate fertilizer in rice paddy. Silicate fertilizer contains lime and silicate as main components and iron and manganese as electron acceptors. This amendment improves soil productivity and mitigates methane (CH4) emissions. However, its suppression effect was limited to <20 % at a field level, and its functionality needs improvement to encourage recycling. We hypothesized that the effect of silicate fertilizer on suppressing CH4 emission might improve by increasing electron acceptor concentration. To investigate the feasibility of electron acceptor added silicate fertilizer on increasing CH4 flux suppression, four byproducts of the iron-production process (basic oxygen slag-BOF, ferromanganese slag-FerroMn, iron rust, and Kambara reactor slag-KR) were selected and compared through soil incubation test. Iron rust effectively suppressed CH4 production by 67 %, which is comparable with a 15-30 % reduction of others. To find the optimum mixing ratio of iron rust, it was mixed to BFS with the rate of 0-5 % (wt wt-1), and their effect on CH4 flux was compared. The 3 % mixing ratio highly increased the BFS functionality on suppressing CH4 production. To confirm the field adaptability of the improved BFS, three types of silicate fertilizer (mixing iron rust with the ratios of 0, 2.5, and 5 %) were applied with the recommendation level (1.5 Mg ha-1) before rice transplanting. Seasonal CH4 flux was significantly decreased by the original silicate fertilizer (BFS0) application to 20 % over control. This effectiveness was enhanced by adding 2.5 % iron rust but thereafter, not more increased. Silicate fertilization (BFS0) significantly increased rice grain productivity by 9 % over control, and the improved silicate fertilizer (BFS2.5 & 5.0) more highly increased by 13 %. In conclusion, the BFS's functionality to increase rice productivity and suppress CH4 emission could be improved by adding an effective electron acceptor such as Fe2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snowie Jane C Galgo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lim
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ronley C Canatoy
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Ha
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Mok Sohn
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Joo Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
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von Wolff MA, Pflugmacher S, Stephan D. Testing of Eluates from Waterproof Building Materials for Potential Environmental Effects Due to the Behavior of Enchytraeus albidus. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14020294. [PMID: 33430017 PMCID: PMC7827505 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the potential environmental impact of construction products, it is necessary to evaluate their influence on organisms exposed to them or their eluates under environmental conditions. The behavior of the white worm Enchytraeus albidus is a useful tool for assessing the potential environmental impact of construction products in contact with water and soil. This study investigates the environmental effects of eluates from two construction products, a reactive waterproofing product, and an injection resin, on the reproduction and avoidance behavior of E. albidus. The eluates were prepared according to existing guidelines. The soil used for the tests was moistened with the eluates of the construction products. The reproduction results of the worms were collected after six weeks of exposure. Offsprings were counted under the microscope and statistically analyzed. Results from the avoidance behavior were collected after 48 h of exposure, and results were compared with the reproduction results. The eluates from both construction products induced significant changes in the reproduction behavior of E. albidus. Undiluted or only slightly diluted eluates of the injection resin drastically reduced the reproduction of the worms, whereas the leaches of the reactive waterproofing product only had a minor effect. The avoidance results for the injection resin indicates that its presence in the habitat is clearly detrimental to the survival of E. albidus, while the avoidance results for the waterproofing resin showed an initial avoidance of the eluates, but no harmful effects were observed. The avoidance test is a way of rapid toxicity screening of environmental samples when time is a critical parameter to measure possible environmental effects. This study shows that ecotoxicological tests using Enchytraeids are a valuable and important tool for understanding the mode of action of eluates from construction products in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marya Anne von Wolff
- Group of Building Materials and Construction Chemistry, Department of Civil Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13B, 13555 Berlin, Germany;
- Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST Europe), Stuhlsatzenhausweg 97, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST Europe), Stuhlsatzenhausweg 97, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
| | - Dietmar Stephan
- Group of Building Materials and Construction Chemistry, Department of Civil Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13B, 13555 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-314-72101
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Study of the Suitability of Different Types of Slag and Its Influence on the Quality of Green Grouts Obtained by Partial Replacement of Cement. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12071166. [PMID: 30974784 PMCID: PMC6479546 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper is part of a research line focused on the reduction of the use of cement in the industry. In this work, the study of work methodologies for the manufacture of green cementitious grout mixtures is studied. Grout is widely used in construction and it requires an important use of raw materials. On the other hand, the steel industry faces the problem of the growing generation of slag wastes due to the increase in steel manufacturing. The green grout aims to achieve the dual objective of reducing the demand for cement and improve the slag waste valorization. Slag is not introduced as an aggregate but through the direct replacement of cement and no additives. The research seeks a product where we can use steel slag intensively, guaranteeing minimum resistance and workability. Results with substitutions between a 25% to 50% and water/cement ratio of 1 are presented. In particular, the suitability of different slags (two Ladle Furnace Slag (LFS) and one Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)) in the quality of the final product are analyzed. The feasibility of replacing cement with slag and the importance of the origin and pretreatment are highlighted.
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Concrete Properties Comparison When Substituting a 25% Cement with Slag from Different Provenances. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11061029. [PMID: 29914191 PMCID: PMC6025218 DOI: 10.3390/ma11061029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Concrete consumption greatly exceeds the use of any other material in engineering. This is due to its good properties as a construction material and the availability of its components. Nevertheless, the present worldwide construction increases and the high-energy consumption for cement production means a high environmental impact. On the other hand, one of the main problems in the iron and steel industry is waste generation and byproducts that must be properly processed or reused to promote environmental sustainability. One of these byproducts is steel slag. The cement substitution with slag strategy achieves two goals: raw materials consumption reduction and waste management. In the present work, four different concrete mixtures are evaluated. The 25% cement substitution is carried out with different types of slag. Tests were made to evaluate the advantages and drawbacks of each mixture. Depending on the origin, characteristics, and treatment of the slag, the concrete properties changed. Certain mixtures provided proper concrete properties. Stainless steel slag produced a fluent mortar that reduced water consumption with a slight mechanical strength loss. Mixtures with ground granulated blast furnace slag properties are better than the reference concrete (without slag).
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