1
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Flame Retardancy Performance of Continuous Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant Prepreg. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12070976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic resin matrix has a high melt viscosity, which is difficult to impregnate with fibers. The addition of flame retardant will further increase the viscosity of the melt and increase the difficulty of impregnation. It is possible to reduce the effect of flame retardant on melt viscosity by adding high-flow polypropylene. In this study, the effect of adding flame retardant on the impregnation quality of prepreg tape was investigated. By adding high-flow polypropylene to improve the melt viscosity of flame-retardant-modified polypropylene, continuous glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene flame-retardant prepreg tape was successfully prepared. Intumescent flame retardant (IFR) was added at 20 wt%, 25 wt%, 30 wt% of the polypropylene matrixes, which were prepared by melt impregnation. The composites were analyzed with thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index testing, UL-94 flame retardancy testing, cone calorimeter testing (CCT) and scanning electron microscopy. Tests involving the flame retardant showed that when the added amount of flame retardant reached 25%, the UL-94 flame retardancy grade reached V0. Compared with the CCT sample heating data, taking economic considerations into account, 25 wt% IFR addition was the most suitable.
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2
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Liu S, Zhang X, Bu M, Lei C. Properties tailoring of biobased epoxy resins by regulating the degree of polymerization of oligomers. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Dong F, Luo Z, Wang B. Preparation of Mn 2+ Doped Piperazine Phosphate as a Char-Forming Agent for Improving the Fire Safety of Polypropylene/Ammonium Polyphosphate Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7589. [PMID: 34947182 PMCID: PMC8707045 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A piperazine phosphate doped with Mn2+ (HP-Mn), as a new char-forming agent for intumescent flame retardant systems (IFR), was designed and synthesized using 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, piperazine, and manganese acetate tetrahydrate as raw materials. The effect of HP-Mn and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on the fire safety and thermal stability of polypropylene (PP) was investigated. The results showed that the combined incorporation of 25 wt.% APP/HP-Mn at a ratio of 1:1 endowed the flame retardant PP (PP6) composite with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.7% and UL-94 V-0 rating. In comparison with the pure PP, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), the total heat release (THR), and the smoke production rate (PSPR) of the PP6 were reduced by 74%, 30%, and 70%, respectively. SEM and Raman analysis of the char residues demonstrated that the Mn2+ displayed a catalytic cross-linking charring ability to form a continuous and compact carbon layer with a high degree of graphitization, which can effectively improve the flame retardancy of PP/APP composites. A possible flame-retardant mechanism was proposed to reveal the synergistic effect between APP and HP-Mn.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Biaobing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (F.D.); (Z.L.)
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4
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Ding S, Liu P, Zhang S, Ding Y, Wang F, Gao C, Yang M. A green intumescent flame retardant system using an inositol‐based carbon source: preparation and characteristics in polypropylene. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyin Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Foshan Transportation Science and Technology Co. Ltd Foshan China
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yanfen Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Chong Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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5
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Li T, Yu R, Zhao D. Effective Halogen- and Phosphorus-Free Polyphenylene Ether Resin-Based Flame-Retardant Foam. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:15246-15256. [PMID: 34151103 PMCID: PMC8210414 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel halogen- and phosphorus-free intrinsic flame-retardant foam is fabricated from curable phenol-terminated polyphenylene ether resin with a high molecular weight using phenol, formaldehyde, and diphenyl ether as starting materials. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the pure foam is 24.90% ± 0.28. When 0.5 wt % silica sol is added, the LOI of the foam (SPF-0.5) is up to 28.5% ± 0.15 and both the combustion heat release rate and total combustion heat are low. Moreover, the SPF-0.5 foam exhibits high carbon residue, high compressive strength, and low pulverization rate and is superior to some previously reported phenolic foam. The flame-retardant mechanism includes the condensed-phase flame retardation and the gas-phase flame retardation, with the former being the main step, which is based on the high cross-linking density, the higher strength and smaller size of foam cells, and the formation of a carbon-silicon compound in the foam. This halogen- and phosphorous-free flame-retardant foam is also environmentally benign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, East
China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruobing Yu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, East
China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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6
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Intumescent Flame Retardant Mechanism of Lignosulfonate as a Char Forming Agent in Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101585. [PMID: 34069151 PMCID: PMC8155981 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intumescent flame retardants (IFR) have been widely used to improve flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams and the most commonly used char forming agent is pentaerythritol (PER). Lignosulfonate (LS) is a natural macromolecule with substantial aromatic structures and abundant hydroxyl groups, and carbon content higher than PER. The flame retardancy and its mechanism of LS as char forming agent instead of PER in IFR formulation were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index testing and cone calorimeter test. The results showed LS as a char forming agent did not increase the density of RPU/LS foams. LOI value and char residue of RPU/LS foam were higher than RPU/PER and the mass loss of RPU/LS foam decreased 18%, suggesting enhanced thermal stability. CCT results showed LS as a char forming agent in IFR formulation effectively enhanced the flame retardancy of RPU foams with respect to PER. The flame retardancy mechanism showed RPU/LS foam presented a continuous and relatively compact char layer, acting as the effect of the flame retardant and heat insulation between gaseous and condensed phases. The efficiency of different LS ratio in IFR formulation as char forming agent was different, and the best flame retardancy and thermal stability was obtained at RPU/LS1.
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7
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Wei L, Wang R, Zhu Z, Wang W, Wu H. Functionalization of PET with Phosphazene Grafted Graphene Oxide for Synthesis, Flammability, and Mechanism. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1470. [PMID: 33802797 PMCID: PMC8002576 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Significant improvement in the fire resistance of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) while ensuring its mechanical properties is a tremendous challenge. A novel flame retardant (GO-HCCP, graphene oxide-hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene) was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of the graphene oxide (GO) and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and then applied in PET by an in situ polymerization technique. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed a better dispersion of GO-HCCP than GO in the PET matrix. The char yield at 700 °C increased by 32.5% with the addition of GO-HCCP. Moreover, the peak heat release rate (pHRR), peak smoke produce rate (pSPR)and carbon monoxide production (COP)values significantly decreased by 26.0%, 16.7% and 37.5%, respectively, which indicates the outstanding fire and smoke suppression of GO-HCCP. In addition, the composites exhibited higher elastic modulus and tensile strength without compromising the toughness of PET matrix. These significantly reduced fire hazards properties are mainly attributed to the catalytic carbonation of HCCP and the barrier effect of GO. Thus, PET composites with good flame-retardant and mechanical properties were prepared, which provides a new strategy for further flame retardant PET preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Wei
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China;
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. A2, East Yinghua Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.); (W.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. A2, East Yinghua Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.); (W.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Zhiguo Zhu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. A2, East Yinghua Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.); (W.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Wenqing Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. A2, East Yinghua Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.); (W.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Hanguang Wu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. A2, East Yinghua Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.); (W.W.); (H.W.)
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8
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Wang B, Li J, Lai X, Li H, Chen Y, Zeng X. Synthesis of a novel
N
‐alkoxyamine containing macromolecular intumescent flame retardant and its synergism in flame‐retarding polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xuejun Lai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Hongqiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yishen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xingrong Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou P. R. China
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9
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Song Y, Zong X, Shan X, Zhang X, Zou G, Zhao C, Li J. Synergistic effect of fly ash on hydroxymethylated lignin‐containing flame retardant polypropylene: Flame retardancy and thermal stability. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Xu Zong
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Xueying Shan
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Guoxiang Zou
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Caixia Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Jinchun Li
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
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10
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Seidi F, Movahedifar E, Naderi G, Akbari V, Ducos F, Shamsi R, Vahabi H, Saeb MR. Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081701. [PMID: 32751298 PMCID: PMC7464193 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) is a commodity plastic known for high rigidity and crystallinity, which is suitable for a wide range of applications. However, high flammability of PP has always been noticed by users as a constraint; therefore, a variety of additives has been examined to make PP flame-retardant. In this work, research papers on the flame retardancy of PP have been comprehensively reviewed, classified in terms of flame retardancy, and evaluated based on the universal dimensionless criterion of Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). The classification of additives of well-known families, i.e., phosphorus-based, nitrogen-based, mineral, carbon-based, bio-based, and hybrid flame retardants composed of two or more additives, was reflected in FRI mirror calculated from cone calorimetry data, whatever heat flux and sample thickness in a given series of samples. PP composites were categorized in terms of flame retardancy performance as Poor, Good, or Excellent cases. It also attempted to correlate other criteria like UL-94 and limiting oxygen index (LOI) with FRI values, giving a broad view of flame retardancy performance of PP composites. The collected data and the conclusions presented in this survey should help researchers working in the field to select the best additives among possibilities for making the PP sufficiently flame-retardant for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran 14965/115, Iran; (E.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Ghasem Naderi
- Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran 14965/115, Iran; (E.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Vahideh Akbari
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
| | - Franck Ducos
- Université de Lorraine, IUT de Moselle Est, IUTSGM, 57600 Forbach, France;
| | - Ramin Shamsi
- Research and Development Center, Marun Petrochemical Company, Mahshahr 63531 69311, Iran;
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
- Correspondence: (H.V.); or (M.R.S.); Tel.: +33-(0)38-793-9186 (H.V.); +98-912-826-4307 (M.R.S.); Fax: +33-(0)38-793-9101 (H.V.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
- Correspondence: (H.V.); or (M.R.S.); Tel.: +33-(0)38-793-9186 (H.V.); +98-912-826-4307 (M.R.S.); Fax: +33-(0)38-793-9101 (H.V.)
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11
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Tang W, Qian L, Chen Y, Qiu Y, Xu B, Li J. Joint‐aggregation intumescent flame‐retardant effect of ammonium polyphosphate and charring agent in polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of non‐halogen flame retardants for polymers Beijing China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of non‐halogen flame retardants for polymers Beijing China
| | - Yajun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of non‐halogen flame retardants for polymers Beijing China
| | - Yong Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of non‐halogen flame retardants for polymers Beijing China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of non‐halogen flame retardants for polymers Beijing China
| | - Juan Li
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Zhejiang China
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12
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Wang D, Guo J, Su M, Sun J, Zhang S, Yang W, Gu X, Li H. The Application of a Novel Char Source From Petroleum Refining Waste in Flame Retardant Thermoplastic Polyurethane. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials Beijing China
| | - Ming Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wantai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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13
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Montmorillonite-Synergized Water-Based Intumescent Flame Retardant Coating for Plywood. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, montmorillonite (MMT) was used as an inorganic synergist to prepare the water-based intumescent flame retardant (IFR) ornamental coating for plywood. Results indicate that the 7 wt.% MMT modified IFR coating (No. 3) possess the best fire resistance (longer than 20 min) of the tested samples according to the fire performance, which significantly declines the specific extinction area by 44.12 m2·kg−1 compared to the coating without MMT by cone calorimeter. In addition, characterizations such as XPS, XRD, TG, SEM and FTIR were characterized to investigate the surface and bulk properties as well as the morphology of MMT synergized water-based IFR coating. It is revealed that the residual nitrogenous polyaromatic structure and 25.5% residual mass in the No. 3 coating are a result of the effect of MMT on the antioxidation properties of the char layer.
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14
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Qi C, Yuan B, Dong H, Li K, Shang S, Sun Y, Chen G, Zhan Y. Supramolecular self‐assembly modification of ammonium polyphosphate and its flame retardant application in polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congrui Qi
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Bihe Yuan
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Haoran Dong
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Kaiyuan Li
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Sheng Shang
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yaru Sun
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Gongqing Chen
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhan
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
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15
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Intumescent flame retardant behavior of charring agents with different aggregation of piperazine/triazine groups in polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Improving Mechanical Properties and Reaction to Fire of EVA/LLDPE Blends for Cable Applications with Melamine Triazine and Bentonite Clay. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12152393. [PMID: 31357530 PMCID: PMC6696111 DOI: 10.3390/ma12152393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The high flame-retardant loading required for ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer blends with polyethylene (EVA-PE) employed for insulation and sheathing of electric cables represents a significant limitation in processability and final mechanical properties. In this work, melamine triazine (TRZ) and modified bentonite clay have been investigated in combination with aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) for the production of EVA-PE composites with excellent fire safety and improved mechanical properties. Optimized formulations with only 120 parts per hundred resin (phr) of ATH can achieve self-extinguishing behavior according to the UL94 classification (V0 rating), as well as reduced combustion kinetics and smoke production. Mechanical property evaluation shows reduced stiffness and improved elongation at break with respect to commonly employed EVA-PE/ATH composites. The reduction in filler content also provides improved processability and cost reductions. The results presented here allow for a viable and halogen-free strategy for the preparation of high performing EVA-PE composites.
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17
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Salmeia KA, Neels A, Parida D, Lehner S, Rentsch D, Gaan S. Insight into the Synthesis and Characterization of Organophosphorus-Based Bridged Triazine Compounds. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142672. [PMID: 31340573 PMCID: PMC6681112 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we report the synthesis of 2,4,6-substituted s-triazine-based organophosphorus compounds via a two-step process, which enables their production in high yields, and with a high purity as solids. In the first step, a Michaelis–Arbuzov rearrangement of cyanuric chloride with triethyl phosphite afforded 2,4,6-trisdiethoxyphosphinyl-1,3,5-triazine (HEPT). Subsequently, the nucleophilic substitution reaction on the triazine carbon was achieved, owing to the electron-withdrawing ability of the phosphonate groups. This characteristic of HEPT facilitated its derivatization with bi-functional amines, producing novel P–C containing bridged triazine organophosphorus compounds. The molecular structures of all of the compounds were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, CHN elemental analysis, and single crystal X-ray analysis. In the thermogravimetric analysis in an N2 environment, >33% char formation was observed for the bridged compounds. The chemical composition analysis of the char obtained under the oxidative thermal decomposition of the bridged compounds confirmed the presence of phosphorus- and nitrogen-enriched species, which indicate their function in the condensed phase. Comparatively, the detection of HPO and H–C≡P in the gas phase during the pyrolysis of the bridged compounds can act as a source for PO•, which is known for its gas phase flame inhibition reactions. The synergy of significant char formation and the generation of intermediates leading to PO• during pyrolysis makes these molecules promising flame-retardant additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalifah A Salmeia
- Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Antonia Neels
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Dambarudhar Parida
- Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Lehner
- Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Rentsch
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Li W, Liao D, Hu X, Cheng Z, Xie C. Synergistic improvement of fire retardancy and mechanical properties of ferrocene‐based polymer in intumescent polypropylene composite. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Xiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Dui‐Jun Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Xiao‐Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Zhou Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Chang‐Qiong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
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Synthesis of a Novel Phosphorous-Nitrogen Based Charring Agent and Its Application in Flame-retardant HDPE/IFR Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11061062. [PMID: 31248169 PMCID: PMC6631776 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a novel phosphorous-nitrogen based charring agent named poly(1,3-diaminopropane-1,3,5-triazine-o-bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphate) (PDTBP) was synthesized and used to improve the flame retardancy of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) together with ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed that PDTBP was successfully synthesized. Compared with the traditional intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system contained APP and pentaerythritol (PER), the novel IFR system (APP/PDTBP, weight ratio of 2:1) could significantly promote the flame retardancy, water resistance, and thermal stability of HDPE. The HDPE/APP/PDTBP composites (PE3) could achieve a UL-94 V-0 rating with LOI value of 30.8%, and had a lower migration percentage (2.2%). However, the HDPE/APP/PER composites (PE5) had the highest migration percentage (4.7%), lower LOI value of 23.9%, and could only achieve a UL-94 V-1 rating. Besides, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and fire hazard value of PE3 were markedly decreased compared to PE5. PE3 had higher tensile strength and flexural strength of 16.27 ± 0.42 MPa and 32.03 ± 0.59 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the possible flame-retardant mechanism of the APP/PDTBP IFR system indicated that compact and continuous intumescent char layer would be formed during burning, thus inhibiting the degradation of substrate material and improving the thermal stability of HDPE.
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Pallmann J, Ren Y, Mahltig B, Huo T. Phosphorylated sodium alginate/APP/DPER intumescent flame retardant used for polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Pallmann
- School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University 300387, Tianjin China
- Hochschule NiederrheinUniversity of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Textile and Clothing Technology 41065, Mönchengladbach Germany
| | - Yuan‐Lin Ren
- School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University 300387, Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composite, Ministry of EducationTianjin Polytechnic University 300387, Tianjin China
| | - Boris Mahltig
- Hochschule NiederrheinUniversity of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Textile and Clothing Technology 41065, Mönchengladbach Germany
| | - Tong‐Guo Huo
- School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University 300387, Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composite, Ministry of EducationTianjin Polytechnic University 300387, Tianjin China
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Wang N, Zhang M, Kang P, Zhang J, Fang Q, Li W. Synergistic Effect of Graphene Oxide and Mesoporous Structure on Flame Retardancy of Nature Rubber/IFR Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1005. [PMID: 29899305 PMCID: PMC6025052 DOI: 10.3390/ma11061005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to improve the flame retardancy performance of natural rubber (NR), we developed a novel flame retardant synergistic agent through grafting of MCM-41 to graphene oxide (GO), named as GO-NH-MCM-41, as an assistant to intumescent flame retardants (IFR). The flame retardancy of NR/IFR/GO-NH-MCM-41 composites was evaluated by limited oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, and cone calorimeter test. The LOI value of NR/IFR/GO-NH-MCM-41 reached 26.3%; the UL-94 ratings improved to a V-0 rating. Moreover, the addition of GO-NH-MCM-41 decreased the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and the total heat release (THR) of the natural rubber composites. Furthermore, the addition of GO-NH-MCM-41 increased the thickness of char residue. The images of SEM indicated the char residue was more compact and continuous. The degradation of GO-NH-MCM-41-based NR composites was completed with a mass loss of 35.57% at 600 °C. The tensile strength and the elongation at break of the NR/IFR/GO-NH-MCM-41 composites were 13.9 MPa and 496.7%, respectively. The results of the rubber process analyzer (RPA) reached the maximum value, probably due to a better network of fillers in the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Sino-Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Miao Zhang
- Sino-Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Ping Kang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Qinghong Fang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Wenda Li
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel 2, Getafe, 28906 Madrid, Spain.
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