1
|
Yang T, Li X, Xu N, Guo Y, Liu G, Zhao J. Preparation of cellulose nanocrystals from commercial dissolving pulp using an engineered cellulase system. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:42. [PMID: 38647579 PMCID: PMC10992297 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
There is increasing attention to the production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from lignocellulosic biomass by enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase. In this study, the feasibility of the application of a cellulase system from engineered strain Penicillium oxalicum cEES in the production of CNCs was assessed. Using commercial eucalyptus dissolving pulp (EDP) as substrate, the CNCs were successfully obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis with the cellulase cEES, and the total yields of CNCs reached 15.7% through three-step enzymatic hydrolysis of total 72 h (24 h for each step). The prepared CNCs were characterized and found that their crystallinity and thermal stability were higher than that of EDP. In the later stage of enzymatic hydrolysis, the process efficiency of enzymatic preparation of CNCs greatly decreased because of the high crystallinity of cellulosic substrate, and a simple homogenization treatment can promote the enzymatic hydrolysis, as well as produce fusiform CNCs with more uniform size and more fermentable sugar that could be further converted into fuels and bulk chemicals through fermentation. This study provides a feasible enzymatic preparation process for CNCs with engineered cellulase and commercial cellulosic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
- Henan Province Engineering Laboratory for Bioconversion Technology of Functional Microbes, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
| | - Nuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hoo DY, Low ZL, Low DYS, Tang SY, Manickam S, Tan KW, Ban ZH. Ultrasonic cavitation: An effective cleaner and greener intensification technology in the extraction and surface modification of nanocellulose. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 90:106176. [PMID: 36174272 PMCID: PMC9519792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With rising consumer demand for natural products, a greener and cleaner technology, i.e., ultrasound-assisted extraction, has received immense attention given its effective and rapid isolation for nanocellulose compared to conventional methods. Nevertheless, the application of ultrasound on a commercial scale is limited due to the challenges associated with process optimization, high energy requirement, difficulty in equipment design and process scale-up, safety and regulatory issues. This review aims to narrow the research gap by placing the current research activities into perspectives and highlighting the diversified applications, significant roles, and potentials of ultrasound to ease future developments. In recent years, enhancements have been reported with ultrasound assistance, including a reduction in extraction duration, minimization of the reliance on harmful chemicals, and, most importantly, improved yield and properties of nanocellulose. An extensive review of the strengths and weaknesses of ultrasound-assisted treatments has also been considered. Essentially, the cavitation phenomena enhance the extraction efficiency through an increased mass transfer rate between the substrate and solvent due to the implosion of microbubbles. Optimization of process parameters such as ultrasonic intensity, duration, and frequency have indicated their significance for improved efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Do Yee Hoo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Zhen Li Low
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Darren Yi Sern Low
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Siah Ying Tang
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Khang Wei Tan
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Zhen Hong Ban
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang T, Li X, Guo Y, Zhao J, Qu Y. Preparation of nanocellulose crystal from bleached pulp with an engineering cellulase and co-production of ethanol. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 301:120291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
4
|
Ng SW, Chong WT, Soo YT, Tang TK, Ab Karim NA, Phuah ET, Lee YY. Pickering emulsion stabilized by palm-pressed fiber cellulose nanocrystal extracted by acid hydrolysis-assisted high pressure homogenization. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271512. [PMID: 36044467 PMCID: PMC9432738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Palm pressed fibre (PPF) is a lignocellulose biomass generated from palm oil mill that is rich in cellulose. The present work aimed to combine acid hydrolysis followed by high-pressure homogenisation (HPH) to produce nanocrystal cellulose (CNC) with enhanced physicochemical properties from PPF. PPF was alkaline treated, bleached, acid hydrolysed and homogenised under high pressure condition to prepare CNC. The effects of homogenisation pressure (10, 30, 50, 70 MPa) and cycles (1, 3, 5, 7) on the particle size, zeta potential and rheological properties of CNC produced were investigated. HPH was capable of producing CNC with better stability. Results revealed that utilizing 1 cycle of homogenisation at a pressure of 50 MPa resulted in CNC with the smallest dimension, highest aspect ratio, moderate viscosity and exceptionally high zeta potential. Subsequently, 0.15% (CNC 0.15 -PE) and 0.30% (CNC 0.30 -PE) of CNC was used to stabilise oil-in-water emulsions and their stability was evaluated against different pH, temperature and ionic strength. All the CNC-stabilised emulsions demonstrated good thermal stability. CNC 0.30 -PE exhibited larger droplets but higher stability than CNC 0.15 -PE. In short, CNC with gel like structure has a promising potential to serve as a natural Pickering emulsifier to stabilise oil-in-water emulsion in various food applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Wan Ng
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wai-Ting Chong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Theng Soo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Teck-Kim Tang
- School of Food Studies and Gastronomy, Taylor University Lakeside Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Eng-Tong Phuah
- Food Science and Technology, School of Applied Sciences and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Yee-Ying Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Monash-Industry Palm Oil Education and Research Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Streimikyte P, Viskelis P, Viskelis J. Enzymes-Assisted Extraction of Plants for Sustainable and Functional Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2359. [PMID: 35216475 PMCID: PMC8876524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific community and industrial companies have discovered significant enzyme applications to plant material. This rise imparts to changing consumers' demands while searching for 'clean label' food products, boosting the immune system, uprising resistance to bacterial and fungal diseases, and climate change challenges. First, enzymes were used for enhancing production yield with mild and not hazardous applications. However, enzyme specificity, activity, plant origin and characteristics, ratio, and extraction conditions differ depending on the goal. As a result, researchers have gained interest in enzymes' ability to cleave specific bonds of macroelements and release bioactive compounds by enhancing value and creating novel derivatives in plant extracts. The extract is enriched with reducing sugars, phenolic content, and peptides by disrupting lignocellulose and releasing compounds from the cell wall and cytosolic. Nonetheless, depolymerizing carbohydrates and using specific enzymes form and release various saccharides lengths. The latest studies show that oligosaccharides released and formed by enzymes have a high potential to be slowly digestible starches (SDS) and possibly be labeled as prebiotics. Additionally, they excel in new technological, organoleptic, and physicochemical properties. Released novel derivatives and phenolic compounds have a significant role in human and animal health and gut-microbiota interactions, affecting many metabolic pathways. The latest studies have contributed to enzyme-modified extracts and products used for functional, fermented products development and sustainable processes: in particular, nanocellulose, nanocrystals, nanoparticles green synthesis with drug delivery, wound healing, and antimicrobial properties. Even so, enzymes' incorporation into processes has limitations and is regulated by national and international levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Streimikyte
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania
| | - Pranas Viskelis
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania
| | - Jonas Viskelis
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meftahi A, Samyn P, Geravand SA, Khajavi R, Alibkhshi S, Bechelany M, Barhoum A. Nanocelluloses as skin biocompatible materials for skincare, cosmetics, and healthcare: Formulations, regulations, and emerging applications. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118956. [PMID: 34973772 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, skin biocompatible products are fast-growing markets for nanocelluloses with increasing number of patents published in last decade. This review highlights recent developments, market trends, safety assessments, and regulations for different nanocellulose types (i.e. nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanofibers, nanoyarns, bacterial nanocellulose) used in skincare, cosmetics, and healthcare. The specific properties of nanocelluloses for skincare include high viscosity and shear thinning properties, surface functionality, dispersion stability, water-holding capacity, purity, and biocompatibility. Depending on their morphology (e.g. size, aspect ratio, geometry, porosity), nanocelluloses can be used as formulation modifiers, moisturizers, nanofillers, additives, membranes, and films. Nanocellulose composite particles were recently developed as carriers for bioactive compounds or UV-blockers and platforms for wound healing and skin sensors. As toxicological assessment depends on morphologies and intrinsic properties, stringent regulation is needed from the testing of efficient nanocellulose dosages. The challenges and perspectives for an industrial breakthrough are related to optimization of production and processing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Meftahi
- Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pieter Samyn
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Applied and Circular Chemistry, University Hasselt, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Sahar Abbasi Geravand
- Department of Technical & Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Khajavi
- Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34730 Montpellier, France
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt; School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 Y074 Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
An L, Chen J, Heo JW, Bae JH, Jeong H, Kim YS. Synthesis of lignin-modified cellulose nanocrystals with antioxidant activity via Diels-Alder reaction and its application in carboxymethyl cellulose film. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 274:118651. [PMID: 34702470 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional polymers derived from renewable organic substances have received significant attention. In this work, the Diels-Alder "click" reaction was used to synthesize a renewable copolymer with the mechanical strength of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and the natural antioxidant activity of lignin. Chemical structural analysis and molecular weight results confirmed that lignin was successfully attached to the CNCs. Phenolic hydroxyl groups were introduced into CNCs, resulting in good antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 1.49 mg/mL, although a slight decrease in the crystallinity index and thermal properties was observed. Additionally, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films containing lignin-modified CNCs were prepared by solution casting. The lignin-modified CNCs endowed film with antioxidant activity and also contributed to increasing the tensile strength by 70%. This indicated that the lignin-modified CNCs with good antioxidant activities and mechanical strength have promising applications in multifunctional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang An
- Department of Paper Science & Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiansong Chen
- Department of Paper Science & Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Heo
- Department of Paper Science & Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Bae
- Department of Paper Science & Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseob Jeong
- Forest Industrial Materials Division, Forest Products and Industry Department, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- Department of Paper Science & Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Salama A, Abouzeid R, Leong WS, Jeevanandam J, Samyn P, Dufresne A, Bechelany M, Barhoum A. Nanocellulose-Based Materials for Water Treatment: Adsorption, Photocatalytic Degradation, Disinfection, Antifouling, and Nanofiltration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3008. [PMID: 34835769 PMCID: PMC8620168 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses are promising bio-nano-materials for use as water treatment materials in environmental protection and remediation. Over the past decades, they have been integrated via novel nanoengineering approaches for water treatment processes. This review aims at giving an overview of nanocellulose requirements concerning emerging nanotechnologies of waster treatments and purification, i.e., adsorption, absorption, flocculation, photocatalytic degradation, disinfection, antifouling, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Firstly, the nanocellulose synthesis methods (mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological), unique properties (sizes, geometries, and surface chemistry) were presented and their use for capturing and removal of wastewater pollutants was explained. Secondly, different chemical modification approaches surface functionalization (with functional groups, polymers, and nanoparticles) for enhancing the surface chemistry of the nanocellulose for enabling the effective removal of specific pollutants (suspended particles, microorganisms, hazardous metals ions, organic dyes, drugs, pesticides fertilizers, and oils) were highlighted. Thirdly, new fabrication approaches (solution casting, thermal treatment, electrospinning, 3D printing) that integrated nanocelluloses (spherical nanoparticles, nanowhiskers, nanofibers) to produce water treatment materials (individual composite nanoparticles, hydrogels, aerogels, sponges, membranes, and nanopapers) were covered. Finally, the major challenges and future perspectives concerning the applications of nanocellulose based materials in water treatment and purification were highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Salama
- Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Ragab Abouzeid
- Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.S.); (R.A.)
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Wei Sun Leong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore;
| | - Jaison Jeevanandam
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Pieter Samyn
- Institute for Materials Research (MO-IMOMEC), Applied and Analytical Chemistry, University of Hasselt, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
| | - Alain Dufresne
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Helwan 11795, Egypt
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 Y074 Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Babicka M, Woźniak M, Szentner K, Bartkowiak M, Peplińska B, Dwiecki K, Borysiak S, Ratajczak I. Nanocellulose Production Using Ionic Liquids with Enzymatic Pretreatment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3264. [PMID: 34204804 PMCID: PMC8231636 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose has gained increasing attention during the past decade, which is related to its unique properties and wide application. In this paper, nanocellulose samples were produced via hydrolysis with ionic liquids (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole acetate (EmimOAc) and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl)) from microcrystalline celluloses (Avicel and Whatman) subjected to enzymatic pretreatment. The obtained material was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The results showed that the nanocellulose had a regular and spherical structure with diameters of 30-40 nm and exhibited lower crystallinity and thermal stability than the material obtained after hydrolysis with Trichoderma reesei enzymes. However, the enzyme-pretreated Avicel had a particle size of about 200 nm and a cellulose II structure. A two-step process involving enzyme pretreatment and hydrolysis with ionic liquids resulted in the production of nanocellulose. Moreover, the particle size of nanocellulose and its structure depend on the ionic liquid used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Babicka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60625 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (M.W.); (K.S.)
| | - Magdalena Woźniak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60625 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (M.W.); (K.S.)
| | - Kinga Szentner
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60625 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (M.W.); (K.S.)
| | - Monika Bartkowiak
- Department of Chemical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38/42, 60627 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Barbara Peplińska
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Dwiecki
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Mazowiecka 48, 60623 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Borysiak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Izabela Ratajczak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60625 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (M.W.); (K.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Michelin M, Gomes DG, Romaní A, Polizeli MDLTM, Teixeira JA. Nanocellulose Production: Exploring the Enzymatic Route and Residues of Pulp and Paper Industry. Molecules 2020; 25:E3411. [PMID: 32731405 PMCID: PMC7436152 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing environmental and sustainability concerns, caused by current population growth, has promoted a raising utilization of renewable bio-resources for the production of materials and energy. Recently, nanocellulose (NC) has been receiving great attention due to its many attractive features such as non-toxic nature, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, associated with its mechanical properties and those related to its nanoscale, emerging as a promising material in many sectors, namely packaging, regenerative medicine, and electronics, among others. Nanofibers and nanocrystals, derived from cellulose sources, have been mainly produced by mechanical and chemical treatments; however, the use of cellulases to obtain NC attracted much attention due to their environmentally friendly character. This review presents an overview of general concepts in NC production. Especial emphasis is given to enzymatic hydrolysis processes using cellulases and the utilization of pulp and paper industry residues. Integrated process for the production of NC and other high-value products through enzymatic hydrolysis is also approached. Major challenges found in this context are discussed along with its properties, potential application, and future perspectives of the use of enzymatic hydrolysis as a pretreatment in the scale-up of NC production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Michelin
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.M.); (A.R.); (J.A.T.)
| | - Daniel G. Gomes
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.M.); (A.R.); (J.A.T.)
| | - Aloia Romaní
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.M.); (A.R.); (J.A.T.)
| | - Maria de Lourdes T. M. Polizeli
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-901, Brazil;
| | - José A. Teixeira
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.M.); (A.R.); (J.A.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bartoli M, Rosso C, Giorcelli M, Rovere M, Jagdale P, Tagliaferro A, Chae M, Bressler DC. Effect of incorporation of microstructured carbonized cellulose on surface and mechanical properties of epoxy composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bartoli
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico d Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
| | - Carlo Rosso
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringPolitecnico d Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
| | - Mauro Giorcelli
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico d Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
| | - Massimo Rovere
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico d Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
| | - Pravin Jagdale
- Center for Sustainable FutureItalian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60 10144 Turin Italy
| | - Alberto Tagliaferro
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico d Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North Oshawa Ontario Canada
| | - Michael Chae
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of Alberta, 410 Ag/For Building T6G 2P5 Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - David C. Bressler
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of Alberta, 410 Ag/For Building T6G 2P5 Edmonton Alberta Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bartoli M, Giorcelli M, Jagdale P, Rovere M, Tagliaferro A, Chae M, Bressler DC. Shape tunability of carbonized cellulose nanocrystals. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
|
13
|
Ribeiro RSA, Pohlmann BC, Calado V, Bojorge N, Pereira N. Production of nanocellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis: Trends and challenges. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:279-291. [PMID: 32625008 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a great interest in increasing the levels of production of nanocellulose, either by adjusting production systems or by improving the raw material. Despite all the advantages and applications, nanocellulose still has a high cost compared to common fibers and to reverse this scenario the development of new, cheaper, and more efficient means of production is required. The market trend is to have an increase in the mass production of nanocellulose; there is a great expectation of world trade. In this sense, research in this sector is on the rise, because once the cost is not an obstacle to production, this material will have more and more market. Production of the cellulose fibers is determinant for the production of nanocellulose by a hydrolyzing agent with a reasonable yield. This work presents several aspects of this new material, mainly addressing the enzymatic pathway, presenting the hydrolysis conditions such as pH, biomass concentration, enzymatic loading, temperature, and time. Also, the commonly used characterization methods are presented, as well as aspects of the nanocellulose production market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruan S A Ribeiro
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Federal Fluminense University Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Bruno C Pohlmann
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Federal Fluminense University Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Veronica Calado
- School of Chemistry Center of Technology Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Ninoska Bojorge
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Federal Fluminense University Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Nei Pereira
- School of Chemistry Center of Technology Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| |
Collapse
|