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Mladenović Nikolić N, Kljajević L, Nenadović SS, Potočnik J, Knežević S, Dolenec S, Trivunac K. Adsorption Efficiency of Cadmium (II) by Different Alkali-Activated Materials. Gels 2024; 10:317. [PMID: 38786234 PMCID: PMC11121154 DOI: 10.3390/gels10050317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to demonstrate the potential utilization of fly ash (FA), wood ash (WA), and metakaolin (MK) in developing new alkali-activated materials (AAMs) for the removal of cadmium ions from waste water. The synthesis of AAMs involved the dissolution of solid precursors, FA, WA, and MK, by a liquid activator (Na2SiO3 and NaOH). In concentrated solutions of the activator, the formation of an aluminosilicate gel structure occurred. DRIFT spectroscopy of the AAMs indicated main vibration bands between 1036 cm-1 and 996 cm-1, corresponding to Si-O-Si/Si-O-Al bands. Shifting vibration bands were seen at 1028 cm-1 to 1021 cm-1, indicating that the Si-O-Si/Si-O-Al bond is elongating, and the bond angle is decreasing. Based on the X-ray diffraction results, alkali-activated samples consist of an amorphous phase and residual mineral phases. The characteristic "hump" of an amorphous phase in the range from 20 to 40° 2θ was observed in FA and in all AWAFA samples. By the XRD patterns of the AAMs obtained by the activation of a solid three-component system, a new crystalline phase, gehlenite, was identified. The efficiency of AAMs in removing cadmium ions from aqueous solutions was tested under various conditions. The highest values of adsorption capacity, 64.76 mg/g (AWAFA6), 67.02 mg/g (AWAFAMK6), and 72.84 mg/g mg/g (AWAMK6), were obtained for materials activated with a 6 M NaOH solution in the alkali activator. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second kinetic order provided the best fit for all investigated AAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Mladenović Nikolić
- Department for Materials, “Vinča“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.K.); (S.S.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Ljiljana Kljajević
- Department for Materials, “Vinča“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.K.); (S.S.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Snežana S. Nenadović
- Department for Materials, “Vinča“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.K.); (S.S.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Jelena Potočnik
- Department of Atomic Physics, “Vinča“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Sanja Knežević
- Department for Materials, “Vinča“ Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.K.); (S.S.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Sabina Dolenec
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Trivunac
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Quality Control, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Yannick TL, Juste Constant EE, Pierre Boris Gael E, Andre William B, Luc Leroy MN, Arlin Bruno T, Ismaïla N. Durability, thermo-physical characteristics, and mechanical strength prediction of green Portland cement matrix incorporating recycled soda-lime glass and lead glass. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26288. [PMID: 38404801 PMCID: PMC10884463 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study is concerned with acid and calcination durability, thermal and thermo-physical properties, and mechanical strength prediction of mortars containing soda-lime glass (PVS) and lead glass (PVP). It demonstrates that up to 30% of PVP (PVP30) and PVS (PVS30) enhancements lessen the consequences of acid attack. In both cases, 20% additions show the best acid resistance at 2 days, but mortars with 10% addition resist better at 28 days. Furthermore, sulfuric acid damages the formed mortars more aggressively than hydrochloric acid. According to the thermal study, the loss of mass owing to calcination is reduced with increasing glass addition. It falls from 22% to -19.5% for PVS30 and -18% for PVP30. The flexural strengths of the calcined mortars significantly drop after firing, although the compressive strengths are higher at 400 °C than at ambient temperature. However, at 600 °C, a 20% glass addition retains the mortar's fire resistance. However, around 800 °C, all formulations mechanically deteriorate. PVP20 has the best fire behavior with relative variations of 48.6% at 400 °C, 18.5% at 600 °C, and -45.8% at 800 °C, while PVS20 has 45.4% at 400 °C, 24.8% at 600 °C, and -33.1% at 800 °C. The hydrates found in the calcined mortars emphasize autoclave reactions that improve mechanical characteristics between 400 and 600 °C, whereas at 800 °C, advanced dehydration of the matrix results in a generalized decrease in resistance. Furthermore, the gradual inclusion of glass reduces the thermal conductivity of mortars correspondingly. The inclusion of 30% PVS results in a reduction of -38.99%, while 30% PVP results in a reduction of -49.95%. The other thermophysical parameters are calculated as a function of these values. The models developed in the area of mechanical strength prediction using the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) method of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) allow for R2 correlation coefficients of 0.86-0.92 during training with the database and 0.77 to 0.90 during validation, with values of MAE ≤ 2.12 and RMSE ≤ 2.67 in all situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tchedele Langollo Yannick
- Local Materials Promotion Authority (MIPROMALO), Yaounde, Cameroon
- School of Geology and Mining Engineering, University of Ngaoundere, Meiganga, Cameroon
| | - Essomba Essomba Juste Constant
- Local Materials Promotion Authority (MIPROMALO), Yaounde, Cameroon
- School of Geology and Mining Engineering, University of Ngaoundere, Meiganga, Cameroon
| | | | - Boroh Andre William
- School of Geology and Mining Engineering, University of Ngaoundere, Meiganga, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Ngounouno Ismaïla
- School of Geology and Mining Engineering, University of Ngaoundere, Meiganga, Cameroon
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Lin RS, Liao Y, Han Y, Oh S, Park KB, Yang HM, Wang XY, Yang B, Meng LY. Low-CO 2 Optimization Design of Quaternary Binder Containing Calcined Clay, Slag, and Limestone. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6385. [PMID: 37834521 PMCID: PMC10573860 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Blended cement is commonly used for producing sustainable concretes. This paper presents an experimental study and an optimization design of a low-CO2 quaternary binder containing calcined clay, slag, and limestone using the response surface method. First, a Box-Behnken design with three influencing factors and three levels was used for the combination design of the quaternary composite cement. The lower limit of the mineral admixtures was 0%. The upper limits of slag, calcined clay, and limestone powder were 30%, 20%, and 10%, respectively. The water-to-binder ratio (water/binder) was 0.5. Experimental works to examine workability and strength (at 3 and 28 days) were performed for the composite cement. The CO2 emissions were calculated considering binder compositions. A second-order polynomial regression was used to evaluate the experimental results. In addition, a low-CO2 optimization design was conducted for the composite cement using a composite desirability function. The objectives of the optimization design were the target 28-day strength (30, 35, 40, and 45 MPa), target workability (160 mm flow), and low CO2 emissions. The trends of the properties of optimal combinations were consistent with those in the test results. In summary, the proposed optimization design can be used for designing composite cement considering strength, workability, and ecological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Sheng Lin
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (R.-S.L.); (Y.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Kunming 650500, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Green Construction and Intelligent Maintenance of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yongpang Liao
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (R.-S.L.); (Y.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Kunming 650500, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Green Construction and Intelligent Maintenance of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Integrated Energy and Infra System, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea; (Y.H.); (S.O.); (B.Y.); (L.-Y.M.)
| | - Seokhoon Oh
- Department of Integrated Energy and Infra System, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea; (Y.H.); (S.O.); (B.Y.); (L.-Y.M.)
| | - Ki-Bong Park
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyun-Min Yang
- Division of Smart Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, 1271 Sa-3-dong, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiao-Yong Wang
- Department of Integrated Energy and Infra System, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea; (Y.H.); (S.O.); (B.Y.); (L.-Y.M.)
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Integrated Energy and Infra System, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea; (Y.H.); (S.O.); (B.Y.); (L.-Y.M.)
| | - Li-Yi Meng
- Department of Integrated Energy and Infra System, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea; (Y.H.); (S.O.); (B.Y.); (L.-Y.M.)
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Jofrishal J, Adlim M, Yusibani E, Akhyar A, Inda Rahmayani RF, Fajri R. Preparation and characterization of indoor heat blockage panel composites made of polyurethane-hybrid-foam-concrete and rice-husk-ash. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18925. [PMID: 37593610 PMCID: PMC10428050 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The preferable properties of indoor heat blockage material for tropical environments are blocking outside heat without absorbing and storing it inside the blockage material, therefore studying the component and the composite properties are crucial. This study, therefore, aims to prepare and characterize a new hybrid foam concrete based on Rice Husk Ash (RHA) composite panels as an indoor building material called Hybrid Foam Panel (HFP). Polyurethane made of the combination of blended polyol (catalyst and surfactant) and diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate with a constant proportion was used as a matrix, while white Portland cement and RHA with various compositions were used as fillers. The formation of polyurethane foam and related chemical reactions are confirmed and RHA in HFP composition gave significant roles in composite properties. HFP made with the right constituent composition caused much lower thermal conductivity (down to 0.22 W/mK) than the control, blocked the IR radiation heat, and it has moderate compressive strength. HFP with RHA content in consolidated parameters shows a compressive strength of 7.25-12.37 MPa; densities of 1216-1351 kg/m3 and a porosity of 62%. HFP also stands for heat at least 300 °C, thereby it is a potential interior solar heat blockade, especially in the tropical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jofrishal Jofrishal
- Graduate School of Mathematics and Applied Science, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Samudra, Langsa, 24415, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Adlim
- Graduate School of Mathematics and Applied Science, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Elin Yusibani
- Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Akhyar Akhyar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Ratu Fazlia Inda Rahmayani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Rahmatul Fajri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Samudra, Langsa, 24415, Indonesia
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Du W, Liu B, Feng Z, Liu Q, Wu M, Zuo D. Influence of Electromagnetic Inductive Microcapsules on Self-Healing Ability of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Mortar. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3081. [PMID: 37514470 PMCID: PMC10384683 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to promote the sustainability of cementitious materials, it is imperative to reduce the level of environmental pollution and energy consumption during their production, as well as extend the service life of building elements. This study utilized limestone, calcined clay and gypsum as supplementary cementitious materials to prepare LC3 mortar, replacing 50% of ordinary silicate cement. Three types of microcapsules (M1, M2 and M3) were prepared using IPDI as a healing agent and polyethylene wax, polyethylene wax/nano-CaCO3 or polyethylene wax/ferrous powder as shell materials. The microcapsules were added to the LC3 mortar and tested for their effects on the mechanical properties, pore structure and permeability of mortars. Pre-loaded and pre-cracked mortar specimens were subjected to room temperature or under an applied magnetic field to evaluate the self-healing ability of the microcapsules on mortars. The kinetics of the curing reaction between IPDI and moisture were investigated using quasi-first-order and quasi-second-order reaction kinetic models. The experimental results showed that the mortar (S3) mixed with electromagnetic inductive microcapsules (M3) exhibited the best self-healing ability. The compressive strength retention, the percentage of pores larger than 0.1 μm, recovery of chloride diffusion coefficient and maximum amplitude after self-healing of S3 were 92.2%, 42.6%, 78.9% and 28.87 mV, respectively. Surface cracks with an initial width of 0.3~0.5 mm were healed within 24 h. The curing reaction between IPDI and moisture during self-healing followed a quasi-second-order reaction kinetic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Industrial Detonator Intelligent Assembly, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Zhengang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Road Structure and Materials, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China
| | - Quantao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingli Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Danying Zuo
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Industrial Detonator Intelligent Assembly, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
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Sujak A, Pyzalski M, Durczak K, Brylewski T, Murzyn P, Pilarski K. Studies on Cement Pastes Exposed to Water and Solutions of Biological Waste. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051931. [PMID: 35269162 PMCID: PMC8911754 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents studies on the early stages of biological corrosion of ordinary Portland cements (OPC) subjected to the reactive media from the agricultural industry. For ten months, cement pastes of CEM I type with various chemical compositions were exposed to pig slurry, and water was used as a reference. The phase composition and structure of hydrating cement pastes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (DTA/TG/DTG/EGA), and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The mechanical strength of the cement pastes was examined. A 10 to 16% decrease in the mechanical strength of the samples subjected to pig slurry was observed. The results indicated the presence of thaumasite (C3S·CO2·SO3·15H2O) as a biological corrosion product, likely formed by the reaction of cement components with living matter resulting from the presence of bacteria in pig slurry. Apart from thaumasite, portlandite (Ca(OH)2)—the product of hydration—as well as ettringite (C3A·3CaSO4·32H2O) were also observed. The study showed the increase in the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) phase. The occurrence of unreacted phases of cement clinker, i.e., dicalcium silicate (C2S) and tricalcium aluminate (C3A), in the samples was confirmed. The presence of thaumasite phase and the exposure condition-dependent disappearance of CSH phase (calcium silicate hydrate), resulting from the hydration of the cements, were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sujak
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 50 Street, 60-627 Poznań, Poland; (A.S.); (K.D.); (K.P.)
| | - Michał Pyzalski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30 Street, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (T.B.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-617-45-52
| | - Karol Durczak
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 50 Street, 60-627 Poznań, Poland; (A.S.); (K.D.); (K.P.)
| | - Tomasz Brylewski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30 Street, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (T.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Paweł Murzyn
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30 Street, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (T.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Krzysztof Pilarski
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 50 Street, 60-627 Poznań, Poland; (A.S.); (K.D.); (K.P.)
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Han Y, Oh S, Wang XY, Lin RS. Hydration-Strength-Workability-Durability of Binary, Ternary, and Quaternary Composite Pastes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:204. [PMID: 35009349 PMCID: PMC8746265 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
At present, reducing carbon emissions is an urgent problem that needs to be solved in the cement industry. This study used three mineral admixtures materials: limestone powder (0-10%), metakaolin (0-15%), and fly ash (0-30%). Binary, ternary, and quaternary pastes were prepared, and the specimens' workability, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse speed, surface resistivity, and the heat of hydration were studied; X-ray diffraction and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared tests were conducted. In addition, the influence of supplementary cementitious materials on the compressive strength and durability of the blended paste and the sustainable development of the quaternary-blended paste was analyzed. The experimental results are summarized as follows: (1) metakaolin can reduce the workability of cement paste; (2) the addition of alternative materials can promote cement hydration and help improve long-term compressive strength; (3) surface resistivity tests show that adding alternative materials can increase the value of surface resistivity; (4) the quaternary-blended paste can greatly reduce the accumulated heat of hydration; (5) increasing the amount of supplementary cementitious materials can effectively reduce carbon emissions compared with pure cement paste. In summary, the quaternary-blended paste has great advantages in terms of durability and sustainability and has good development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- Department of Integrated Energy and Infra System, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea; (Y.H.); (S.O.)
| | - Seokhoon Oh
- Department of Integrated Energy and Infra System, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea; (Y.H.); (S.O.)
| | - Xiao-Yong Wang
- Department of Integrated Energy and Infra System, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea; (Y.H.); (S.O.)
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea
| | - Run-Sheng Lin
- Department of Integrated Energy and Infra System, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea; (Y.H.); (S.O.)
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Marin BC, Voicu G, Stoleriu S. Synthesis of High-Performance CSA Cements as Low Carbon OPC Alternative. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14227057. [PMID: 34832457 PMCID: PMC8622644 DOI: 10.3390/ma14227057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Starting from natural raw materials, cements based calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) clinkers have been successfully obtained as an eco-friendly alternative to ordinary Portland cement. CSA-based cements with ye’elimite as the main phase have been produced over the years and are widely used today. In this regard, the present paper considers the study of hydration processes for CSA pastes prepared with a water/cement ratio of 0.5 according to the EN-197 standard and their characterization by thermal analysis (DTA-TG), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). A mechanical strength of 60.9 MPa was the greatest achieved for mortars hardened for 28 days.
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Behavior of Biochar-Modified Cementitious Composites Exposed to High Temperatures. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14185414. [PMID: 34576637 PMCID: PMC8465250 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of biochar on the high temperature resistance of cementitious paste was investigated using multiple experimental methods. The weight loss, cracks, residual compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) of biochar cementitious paste with 2% and 5% biochar exposed to 300, 550 and 900 °C were measured. The products and microstructures of biochar cementitious paste exposed to high temperatures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the cracks of specimens exposed to high temperatures decreased with increasing biochar content. The addition of 2% and 5% biochar increased the residual compressive strength of the specimens exposed to 300 °C and the relative residual compressive strength at 550 °C. As the exposure temperature increased, the addition of biochar compensated for the decreasing ultrasonic pulse velocity. The addition of biochar contributed to the release of free water and bound water, and reduced the vapor pressure of the specimen. The addition of biochar did not change the types of functional groups and crystalline phases of the products of cementitious materials exposed to high temperatures. Biochar particles were difficult to observe at 900 °C in scanning electron microscopy images. In summary, because biochar has internal pores, it can improve the high-temperature resistance of cement paste.
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Xuan MY, Wang YS, Wang XY, Lee HS, Kwon SJ. Effect of Cement Types and Superabsorbent Polymers on the Properties of Sustainable Ultra-High-Performance Paste. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061497. [PMID: 33803837 PMCID: PMC8003292 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the effects of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) and belite-rich Portland cement (BPC) on the compressive strength, autogenous shrinkage (AS), and micro- and macroscopic performance of sustainable, ultra-high-performance paste (SUHPP). Several experimental studies were conducted, including compressive strength, AS, isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultra-sonic pulse velocity (UPV), and electrical resistivity. The following conclusions can be made based on the experimental results: (1) a small amount of SAP has a strength promotion effect during the first 3 days, while BPC can significantly improve the strength over the following 28 days. (2) SAP slows down the internal relative humidity reduction and effectively reduces the development of AS. BPC specimens show a lower AS than other specimens. The AS shows a linear relationship with the internal relative humidity. (3) Specimens with SAP possess higher cumulative hydration heat than control specimens. The slow hydration rate in the BPC effectively reduces the exothermic heat. (4) With the increase in SAP, the calcium hydroxide (CH) and combined water content increases, and SAP thus improves the effect on cement hydration. The contents of CH and combined water in BPC specimens are lower than those in the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) specimen. (5) All samples display rapid hydration of the cement in the first 3 days, with a high rate of UPV development. Strength is an exponential function of UPVs. (6) The electrical resistivity is reduced due to the increase in porosity caused by the release of water from SAP. From 3 to 28 days, BPC specimens show a greater increment in electrical resistivity than other specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yu Xuan
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea;
| | - Yi-Sheng Wang
- Department of Integrated Energy and Infra System, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea;
| | - Xiao-Yong Wang
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea;
- Department of Integrated Energy and Infra System, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-033-250-6229
| | - Han-Seung Lee
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan-si 15588, Korea;
| | - Seung-Jun Kwon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hannam University, Daejeon-si 34430, Korea;
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Khalil N, Algamal Y. Utilization of petroleum sludge wastes for increasing productivity of ordinary portland cement. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-200967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This work aims at maximum exploitation of petroleum waste sludge as additive to portland cement to prepare blended cements and hence increasing its production capacity without further firing. This will decrease the main cement industry problems involving environmental pollution such as releasing gases and high-energy consumption during industry and hence maximizes the production economics. Six batches of ordinary portland cement (OPC) mixed with different proportions of petroleum waste sludge (PWS) donated as C1 (control batch contains no PWS), C2 (contains 90 wt.% of OPC+10 wt.% of PWS), C3 (contains 80 wt.% of OPC+20 wt.% of PWS), C4 (contains 70 wt.% of OPC+30 wt.% of PWS), C4 (contains 60 wt.% of OPC+40 wt.% of PWS) and C6 (contains 50 wt.% of OPC+50 wt.% of PWS), were prepared and mixed individually with the suitable amount of mixing water. Cement mixes C2, C3 and C4 showed improved cementing and physicomechanical properties compared with pure cement (C1) with special concern of mix C4. Such improvement is due to the relatively higher surface area as well as the high content of kaolinite and quartz in the added PWS (high pozzalanity) favoring the hydration process evidenced by the increase in the cement hydration product (portlandite mineral (Ca (OH) 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- N.M. Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts at Khullis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousif Algamal
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts at Khullis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science & Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, Sudan
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Strength and microstructure properties of solidified sewage sludge with two types of cement-based binders. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20769. [PMID: 33247211 PMCID: PMC7695689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Solidification treatment with cementitious binder is an effective way to reduce environmental hazards of sewage sludge. Two cementitious binders, i.e., ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and sulfo-aluminate cement (SAC), were compared in this study to treat the sewage sludge. The strength of solidified sewage sludge (SSS) and changes in microscopic characteristics before and after treatment were analyzed through microscopic analysis methods. The effect of organic matter in sludge on the strength of SSS were also discussed. The results showed that the strength of SSS were lower than that of the solidified clay with no organic matter, and the filtrate extracted from the sludge can also weaken the cementation of the two cements significantly. The solidification effect of the OPC on the sludge was lower than that of the SAC evidently. The organic matter in the sewage sludge caused the surface of the soil particles to carry a large negative potential, which interfered with the hydration of the binder and reduced the amount of cementation skeleton formed by the binder hydration products. This resulted in a porous structure with low mechanical strength. The amount of early hydration product formed in the SAC-based solidified samples was higher than that of the OPC-based samples. This was favorable for filling the pores of the solidified samples and increasing their density. SAC had a better compatibility with soft soil containing high organic matter than OPC, and the which provides an effective alternative binder for dealing with sewage sludge.
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Strengths, Microstructure and Nanomechanical Properties of Concrete Containing High Volume of Zeolite Powder. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13184191. [PMID: 32967257 PMCID: PMC7560468 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to save resources and reduce the carbon footprint of concrete, the addition of high volumes of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to replace cement is one of the most effective and promising methods. Zeolite powder (ZP), with a high specific surface area, exhibits high pozzolanic reactivity in cement-based materials. This paper investigates the effects of ZP addition used to replace cement at the levels of 20%, 40% and 60% on the strength development and microstructure evolution of concrete, and the nanomechanical properties are analyzed using nanoindentation technique. The results show that the replacement of ZP for cement generally has a dilution effect on the concrete, leading to a detrimental effect on the strength development. However, the 20% ZP replacement for cement slightly enhances the 90-day compressive strength. The pore structure analysis shows that the sample with 20% ZP content has a lower total porosity than the control sample. The hydration of ZP goes against the dilution effect and reduces the total porosity of concrete to compact the microstructure. Nanoindentation investigation of the matrix shows that 20% ZP decreases the content of portlandite but increases the content of high density calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). This is beneficial for improving the nanomechanical properties of interface transition zone. However, further increases in the content of ZP (40% and 60%) decrease the total volume of C-S-H and increase the porosity to degrade the microstructure.
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Effect of Nano-Silica on the Autogenous Shrinkage, Strength, and Hydration Heat of Ultra-High Strength Concrete. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10155202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of nano-silica on the autogenous shrinkage, hydration heat, compressive strength hydration products of Ultra-High Strength Concrete (UHSC) is studied. The water/binder ratio (w/b) of UHSC is 0.2. The nano-silica replaces 2% and 4% of the mass fraction of the cement in UHSCs, respectively. A new instrument was developed to simultaneously measure the autogenous shrinkage, internal relative humidity, and internal temperature of UHSC. The following results were obtained from the analysis of the experimental data: (1) The trends in the autogenous shrinking of UHSC can be divided into two stages, which are the variable temperature stage and the room temperature stage. The dividing point between the two stages occurs at the age of approximately 2 days. During the room temperature stage, the internal relative humidity and autogenous shrinkage showed a good linear relationship. (2) The compressive strength of UHSC increased significantly with the increase of nano-silica content at 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days. (3) The total accumulated heat of UHSC increased during the 72 h, with the increasing of nano-silica content. (4) The XRD data at the age of 28 days showed that the Ca(OH)2 peaks of nS2 and nS4 have a tendency to weaken due to the pozzolanic reaction, compared with the peak of nS0.
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Zhang GZ, Wang XY. Effect of Pre-Wetted Zeolite Sands on the Autogenous Shrinkage and Strength of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13102356. [PMID: 32443906 PMCID: PMC7288085 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the carrier effect of zeolite sands in reducing the autogenous shrinkage and optimizing the microstructure of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is studied. Pre-wetted calcined zeolite sand (CZ), calcined at 500 °C for 30 min, and natural zeolite sand (NZ), with 15 wt.% and 30 wt.% in UHPC, are used to partially replace standard sands. On that basis, a series of experiments are executed on the developed UHPC, including compressive strength, autogenous shrinkage, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and isothermal calorimetry experiments. With the increase of the zeolite sand content, the autogenous shrinkage of UHPC decreases gradually. Moreover, when the added CZ content is 30 wt.% (CZ30 specimen), it is effective in reducing autogenous shrinkage. Meanwhile, at the age of 28 days, the compressive strength of CZ30 is 97% of the control group. In summary, it is possible to effectively reduce the autogenous shrinkage of UHPC containing 30 wt.% CZ, without sacrificing its mechanical properties.
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Yang HM, Kwon SJ, Myung NV, Singh JK, Lee HS, Mandal S. Evaluation of Strength Development in Concrete with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Using Apparent Activation Energy. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13020442. [PMID: 31963399 PMCID: PMC7014101 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) conventionally has been incorporated with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) owing to reduce the environmental load and enhance the engineering performance. Concrete with GGBFS shows different strength development of normal concrete, but sensitive, to exterior condition. Thus, a precise strength evaluation technique based on a quantitative model like full maturity model is required. Many studies have been performed on strength development of the concrete using equivalent age which is based on the apparent activation energy. In this process, it considers the effect of time and temperature simultaneously. However, the previous models on the apparent activation energy of concrete with mineral admixtures have limitation, and they have not considered the effect of temperature on strength development. In this paper, the apparent activation energy with GGBFS replacement ratio was calculated through several experiments and used to predict the compressive strength of GGBFS concrete. Concrete and mortar specimens with 0.6 water/binder ratio, and 0 to 60% GGBFS replacement were prepared. The apparent activation energy (Ea) was experimentally derived considering three different curing temperatures. Thermodynamic reactivity of GGBFS mixed concrete at different curing temperature was applied to evaluate the compressive strength model, and the experimental results were in good agreement with the model. The results show that when GGBFS replacement ratio was increased, there was a delay in compressive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Min Yang
- Innovative Durable Building and Infrastructure Research Center, Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Korea (J.K.S.)
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Seung-Jun Kwon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hannam University, Daejeon 34430, Korea;
| | - Nosang Vincent Myung
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Jitendra Kumar Singh
- Innovative Durable Building and Infrastructure Research Center, Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Korea (J.K.S.)
| | - Han-Seung Lee
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-436-8159
| | - Soumen Mandal
- Intelligent Construction Automation Center, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea
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