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Shams AT, Papon EA, Shinde PS, Bara J, Haque A. Degree of Cure, Microstructures, and Properties of Carbon/Epoxy Composites Processed via Frontal Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1493. [PMID: 38891440 PMCID: PMC11174699 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The frontal polymerization (FP) of carbon/epoxy (C/Ep) composites is investigated, considering FP as a viable route for the additive manufacturing (AM) of thermoset composites. Neat epoxy (Ep) resin-, short carbon fiber (SCF)-, and continuous carbon fiber (CCF)-reinforced composites are considered in this study. The evolution of the exothermic reaction temperature, polymerization frontal velocity, degree of cure, microstructures, effects of fiber concentration, fracture surface, and thermal and mechanical properties are investigated. The results show that exothermic reaction temperatures range between 110 °C and 153 °C, while the initial excitation temperatures range from 150 °C to 270 °C. It is observed that a higher fiber content increases cure time and decreases average frontal velocity, particularly in low SCF concentrations. This occurs because resin content, which predominantly drives the exothermic reaction, decreases with increased fiber content. The FP velocities of neat Ep resin- and SCF-reinforced composites are seen to be 0.58 and 0.50 mm/s, respectively. The maximum FP velocity (0.64 mm/s) is observed in CCF/Ep composites. The degree of cure (αc) is observed to be in the range of 70% to 85% in FP-processed composites. Such a range of αc is significantly low in comparison to traditional composites processed through a long cure cycle. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of neat epoxy resin is seen to be approximately 154 °C, and it reduces slightly to a lower value (149 °C) for SCF-reinforced composites. The microstructures show significantly high void contents (12%) and large internal cracks. These internal cracks are initiated due to high thermal residual stress developed during curing for non-uniform temperature distribution. The tensile properties of FP-cured samples are seen to be inferior in comparison to autoclave-processed neat epoxy. This occurs mostly due to the presence of large void contents, internal cracks, and a poor degree of cure. Finally, a highly efficient and controlled FP method is desirable to achieve a defect-free microstructure with improved mechanical and thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurpon Tahsin Shams
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; (A.T.S.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Easir Arafat Papon
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; (A.T.S.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Pravin S. Shinde
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; (P.S.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Jason Bara
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; (P.S.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Anwarul Haque
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; (A.T.S.); (E.A.P.)
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Kumar SSA, M NB, Batoo KM, Wonnie Ma IA, Ramesh K, Ramesh S, Shah MA. Fabrication and characterization of graphene oxide-based polymer nanocomposite coatings, improved stability and hydrophobicity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8946. [PMID: 37268705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, acrylic-epoxy-based nanocomposite coatings loaded with different concentrations (0.5-3 wt.%) of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were successfully prepared via the solution intercalation approach. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the inclusion of GO nanoparticles into the polymer matrix increased the thermal stability of the coatings. The degree of transparency evaluated by the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy showed that the lowest loading rate of GO (0.5 wt.%) had completely blocked the incoming irradiation, thus resulting in zero percent transmittance. Furthermore, the water contact angle (WCA) measurements revealed that the incorporation of GO nanoparticles and PDMS into the polymer matrix had remarkably enhanced the surface hydrophobicity, exhibiting the highest WCA of 87.55º. In addition, the cross-hatch test (CHT) showed that all the hybrid coatings exhibited excellent surface adhesion behaviour, receiving 4B and 5B ratings respectively. Moreover, the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) micrographs confirmed that the presence of the functional groups on the GO surface facilitated the chemical functionalization process, which led to excellent dispersibility. The GO composition up to 2 wt.% showed excellent dispersion and uniform distribution of the GO nanoparticles within the polymer matrix. Therefore, the unique features of graphene and its derivatives have emerged as a new class of nanofillers/inhibitors for corrosion protection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Sharma Ashok Kumar
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nujud Badawi M
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Mujasam Batoo
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - I A Wonnie Ma
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K Ramesh
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Department of Physics/Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha University (SIMATS), Chennai, India.
| | - S Ramesh
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Physics/Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha University (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Mohd Asif Shah
- College of Business and Economics, Kebri Dehar University, 250, Kebri Dehar, Somali, Ethiopia.
- School of Business, Woxsen University, Kamkole, Sadasivpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, 502345, India.
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144001, Punjab, India.
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Liu X, Wu L, Yu X, Peng H, Xu S, Zhou Z. In-Situ Growth of Graphene Films to Improve Sensing Performances. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7814. [PMID: 36363409 PMCID: PMC9653576 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene films made by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are a popular method to modify sensors by virtue of large-scale and reproducibility, but suffer from various surface contamination and structural defects induced during transfer procedures. In-situ growth of graphene films is proposed in this review article to improve sensing performance. Root causes of the surface contamination and structural defects are revealed with several common transfer methods. In-situ approaches are introduced and compared, growing graphene films with clean surfaces and few defects. This allows graphene film to display superior sensing performance for sensor applications. This work may reasonably be expected to offer a good avenue for synthesis of graphene films applicable for sensing applications.
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Exploring polymer precursors for low-cost high performance carbon fiber: A materials genome approach to finding polyacrylonitrile-co-poly(N-vinyl formamide). POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cai J, Kuo-Leblanc C, Naraghi M. Nanomechanical tests on continuous near-field electrospun PAN nanofibers reveal abnormal mechanical and morphology size effects. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gorelov BM, Mischanchuk OV, Sigareva NV, Shulga SV, Gorb AM, Polovina OI, Yukhymchuk VO. Structural and Dipole-Relaxation Processes in Epoxy-Multilayer Graphene Composites with Low Filler Content. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3360. [PMID: 34641174 PMCID: PMC8512419 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilayered graphene nanoplatelets (MLGs) were prepared from thermally expanded graphite flakes using an electrochemical technique. Morphological characterization of MLGs was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. DGEBA-epoxy-based nanocomposites filled with synthesized MLGs were studied using Static Mechanical Loading (SML), Thermal Desorption Mass Spectroscopy (TDMS), Broad-Band Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS), and Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS). The mass loading of the MLGs in the nanocomposites was varied between 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1% in the case of the SML study and 0.0, 1.0, 2, and 5% for the other measurements. Enhancements in the compression strength and the Young's modulus were obtained at extremely low loadings (C≤ 0.01%). An essential increase in thermal stability and a decrease in destruction activation energy were observed at C≤ 5%. Both the dielectric permittivity (ε1) and the dielectric loss factor (ε2) increased with increasing C over the entire frequency region tested (4 Hz-8 MHz). Increased ε2 is correlated with decreased free volume when increasing C. Physical mechanisms of MLG-epoxy interactions underlying the effects observed are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borys M. Gorelov
- Department of Composite Materials, Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03164 Kyiv, Ukraine; (B.M.G.); (O.V.M.); (N.V.S.); (S.V.S.)
| | - Oleksandr V. Mischanchuk
- Department of Composite Materials, Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03164 Kyiv, Ukraine; (B.M.G.); (O.V.M.); (N.V.S.); (S.V.S.)
| | - Nadia V. Sigareva
- Department of Composite Materials, Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03164 Kyiv, Ukraine; (B.M.G.); (O.V.M.); (N.V.S.); (S.V.S.)
| | - Sergey V. Shulga
- Department of Composite Materials, Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03164 Kyiv, Ukraine; (B.M.G.); (O.V.M.); (N.V.S.); (S.V.S.)
| | - Alla M. Gorb
- Faculty of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Oleksiy I. Polovina
- Faculty of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Volodymyr O. Yukhymchuk
- Department of Optics and Spectroscopy of Semiconductor and Dielectric Materials, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine;
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Mu Z, Wu S, Huang X, Zhang W, Yi J, Jiang N. High Elongation and Transparent Nacre-Inspired PVA/MMT Nanocomposites. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100229. [PMID: 34240517 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Currently, high strength nacre-inspired PVA/MMT (polyvinyl alcohol/montmorillonite) nanocomposites with high MMT nanofiller content (50-70 wt%) have been constructed successfully. However, this seriously sacrifices the elongation and reduces the corresponding transparency. In this paper, high elongation and transparent PVA/MMT nanocomposites with high MMT content are prepared by the evaporation-induced assembly with the introduction of the micro-crosslinking. Results demonstrate that the micro-crosslinking can inhibit the formation of rod-shaped arrays, and contribute to a more ordered layered microstructure, where an elongation of 76.2% in 47.8 wt% MMT content nanocomposites is gained, nearly 19 times of that of non-crosslinked nanocomposites (ultimate strain is 4.1%). This provides a potential approach for compromise between high strength and excellent elongation at the same MMT content. Moreover, disappearance of rod-shaped arrays and resultant ordered layered microstructure make eventual films more transparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongcheng Mu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shufan Wu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaobin Huang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shengyang, 110016, China
| | - Jiyuan Yi
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ningjing Jiang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Simultaneous characterization of dielectric and dynamic-mechanical properties of elastomeric materials under static and dynamic load. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ballistic Performance of Ramie Fabric Reinforcing Graphene Oxide-Incorporated Epoxy Matrix Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112711. [PMID: 33207800 PMCID: PMC7698323 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) incorporation in natural fiber composites has recently defined a novel class of materials with enhanced properties for applications, including ballistic armors. In the present work, the performance of a 0.5 vol % GO-incorporated epoxy matrix composite reinforced with 30 vol % fabric made of ramie fibers was investigated by stand-alone ballistic tests against the threat of a 0.22 lead projectile. Composite characterization was also performed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. Ballistic tests disclosed an absorbed energy of 130 J, which is higher than those reported for other natural fabrics epoxy composite, 74–97 J, as well as plain Kevlar (synthetic aramid fabric), 100 J, with the same thickness. This is attributed to the improved adhesion between the ramie fabric and the composite matrix due to the GO—incorporated epoxy. The onset of thermal degradation above 300 °C indicates a relatively higher working temperature as compared to common natural fiber polymer composites. DSC peaks show a low amount of heat absorbed or release due to glass transition endothermic (113–121 °C) and volatile release exothermic (~132 °C) events. The 1030 cm−1 prominent FTIR band, associated with GO bands between epoxy chains and graphene oxide groups, suggested an effective distribution of GO throughout the composite matrix. As expected, XRD of the 30 vol % ramie fabric-reinforced GO-incorporated epoxy matrix composite confirmed the displacement of the (0 0 1) peak of GO by 8° due to intercalation of epoxy chains into the spacing between GO layers. By improving the adhesion to the ramie fabric and enhancing the thermal stability of the epoxy matrix, as well as by superior absorption energy from projectile penetration, the GO may contribute to the composite effective ballistic performance.
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Effective Reinforcement of Melamine-functionalized WS2 Nanosheets in Epoxy Nanocomposites at Low Loading via Enhanced Interfacial Interaction. Macromol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ucpinar Durmaz B, Ozturk C, Aytac A. Reduced graphene oxide reinforced
PET
/
PBT
nanocomposites: Compatibilization and characterization. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bedriye Ucpinar Durmaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Canan Ozturk
- Polymer Science and Technology Programme Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Ayse Aytac
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
- Polymer Science and Technology Programme Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
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