Nano-Carriers Based on pH-Sensitive Star-Shaped Copolymers for Drug-Controlled Release

Development of Pluronic-Based Micelles from Palm Oil Bioactive Compounds Incorporated by a Dissolvable Microarray Patch to Enhance the Efficacy of Atopic Dermatitis Therapy

The high content of vitamin E, including tocopherols and tocotrienols (TCF-TTE), in palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) has made it a promising candidate for the alternative treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the limited solubility of TCF-TTE has restricted its therapeutic efficacy. In this study, pluronic-based micelles (MCs) encapsulating palm oil-derived TCF-TTE were formulated with dissolvable microarray patch-micelles (DMP-MC) using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) synthesized from empty fruit bunches of palm to optimize its delivery for AD. The MC was prepared using a direct dissolution method using Pluronic F68 and F127. The results showed that MC increased the solubility of TCF-TTE, which was further confirmed by an in vitro study where 90.23 ± 2.07% TCF and 4.56 ± 1.36% TTE were released compared to the unencapsulated TCF-TTE extract. Furthermore, CMC biopolymers and MC integrated into DMP-MC with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) exhibited favorable physical properties, such as mechanical strength and penetration ability. DMP-MC also exhibited a better platform with lower permeation, indicating higher retention and increased localized effects on AD skin than cream-MC. Additionally, dermatokinetic profile parameters showed significant improvement. The mean residence time (MRT) parameter indicated that TCF-TTE was retained for longer times 19.28 ± 0.02 h and 20.68 ± 0.01 h. Moreover, an in vivo study revealed that DMP-MC could relieve AD symptoms more rapidly than oral doses and cream-MC, indicating that DMP-MC proved to be more efficient. Furthermore, DMP-MC showed no tissue destruction (granulation and fibrosis) in rats treated with DMP-MC on the seventh day. Therefore, this study successfully developed the MC formula in DMP-MC formulation using synthesized CMC, which could potentially improve AD's therapeutic efficacy.

Glycyrrhetinic acid-modified redox-sensitive polymeric mixed micelles for tumor-specific intracellular delivery of cantharidin

Cantharidin (CTD) has been widely used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in clinical practice. However, the current CTD preparations may induce hepatic and renal damage due to their non-specific distribution. Therefore, redox-sensitive polymer Pluronic F127-disulfide bond-poly(d,l-lactide) (F127-SS-PDLA) and active targeting polymer F127-glycyrrhetinic acid (F127-GA) were synthesized to prepare mixed micelles (GA/F127-SS-PDLA/CTD) for effective delivery of CTD. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy were used to verify the successful synthesis of F127-SS-PDLA and F127-GA. During the preparation, this study was the first to screen the density of GA by cellular uptake assay. The results indicated that mixed micelles with 10% and 15% F127-GA (weight fraction) exhibited superior cellular uptake in comparison to micelles with 5% and 20% F127-GA. GA/F127-SS-PDLA/CTD micelles prepared by thin film hydration method demonstrated excellent drug loading capacity for CTD (16.12 ± 0.11%). The particle size and zeta potential of GA/F127-SS-PDLA/CTD micelles were 85.17 ± 1.24 nm and -11.71 ± 0.86 mV, respectively. Hemolysis and stability assay showed that the mixed micelles had good blood compatibility and could remain stable for 30 days at 4 °C. The redox-sensitivity of GA/F127-SS-PDLA/CTD micelles in vitro was verified under reducing conditions through dynamic light scattering (DLS) and an in vitro drug release experiment, which showed obvious particle size variation and rapid drug release ability. In cellular experiments, GA/F127-SS-PDLA/CTD micelles could induce superior cytotoxicity, apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels compared with free CTD, non-sensitive F127-PDLA/CTD micelles and redox-sensitive F127-SS-PDLA/CTD micelles. The cellular uptake ability of nile red-labeled GA/F127-SS-PDLA micelles, which was evaluated via fluorescent microscope and flow cytometry, indicated that the modification of GA significantly increased micelle uptake in HepG-2 cells. Consequently, GA/F127-SS-PDLA/CTD micelles could be considered as a satisfactory drug administration strategy in the treatment of HCC.

Study on Reversible Solubilization by Adjusting Surfactant Properties

Solubilization allows us to dissolve hydrophobic materials in water and to carry them to where they are needed. The purpose of this study is to control solubilization, especially the release of solubilized materials, via external stimulation. An amphoteric surfactant, dodecyldimethyl(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide inner salt (SB-12), was employed, and a pH change was chosen as the external stimulus. We measured the surface tension of an SB-12 solution via the Wilhelmy method, and the absorbance of a solubilized solution was determined using UV-Vis spectroscopy at various pH values. The surface tension was almost the same at any pH, contrary to our expectations. This result suggests that the adsorption behavior and micelle formation of SB-12 were not affected by pH very much. On the other hand, the solubilization behavior remarkably depended on the pH. In particular, the solubilization ability under the basic condition was much larger than that under the acidic and neutral conditions. Taking advantage of such a difference in solubilization ability under some pH conditions, the solubilized material could be completely removed from the solution. Thus, we clarified the mechanism of release for solubilized materials due to a pH change.

Nano drugs delivery system: A novel promise for the treatment of atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common sustained tachyarrhythmias worldwide, and its prevalence is positively correlated with aging. AF not only significantly reduces the quality of life of patients but also causes a series of complications, such as thromboembolism, stroke, and heart failure, increases the average number of hospitalizations of patients, and places a huge economic burden on patients and society. Traditional drug therapy and ablation have unsatisfactory success rates, high recurrence rates, and the risk of serious complications. Surgical treatment is highly traumatic. The nano drug delivery system has unique physical and chemical properties, and in the application of AF treatment, whether it is used to assist in enhancing the ablation effect or for targeted therapy, it provides a safer, more effective and more economical treatment strategy.

Dual Thermo- and Photo-Responsive Micelles Based on Azobenzene-Containing Random Copolymer

Amphiphilic random copolymer poly(methacrylamido-azobenzene)-ran-poly(2-hydroxyethylacrylate) (PMAAAB-ran-PHEA) was synthesized via hydrolysis of poly(methacrylamido-azobenzene)-ran-poly[2-((2'-tetrahydropyranyl)oxy)ethylacrylate] (PMAAAB-ran-P(THP-HEA)), which was prepared by conventional radical polymerization. PMAAAB-ran-PHEA micelles were then prepared via dialysis method against water with DMF as solvent. The structure, morphology, size, and low critical solution temperature (LCST) of PMAAAB-ran-PHEA and its micelles were determined by 1H-NMR, GPC, TEM, and DLS. The thermo- and photo-responsive behaviors of the resulting polymer micelles were investigated with Nile red as a fluorescence probe. The results showed that PMAAAB-ran-PHEA micelles were porous or bowl-shaped and its size was 135-150 nm, and its LCST was 55 °C when FMAAAB of the random copolymer was 0.5351; the hydrophobicity of the micellar core was changed reversibly under the irradiation of UV light and visible light without release of Nile red or disruption of micelles; the size and solubilization capacity of the micelles were dependent on temperature, and Nile red would migrate for many times between the water phase and the micelles, and finally increasingly accumulated during the repeated heating and cooling processes.

Polymer-Ligated Nanocrystals Enabled by Nonlinear Block Copolymer Nanoreactors: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

The past several decades have witnessed substantial advances in synthesis and self-assembly of inorganic nanocrystals (NCs) due largely to their size- and shape-dependent properties for use in optics, optoelectronics, catalysis, energy conversion and storage, nanotechnology, and biomedical applications. Among various routes to NCs, the nonlinear block copolymer (BCP) nanoreactor technique has recently emerged as a general yet robust strategy for crafting a rich diversity of NCs of interest with precisely controlled dimensions, compositions, architectures, and surface chemistry. It is notable that nonlinear BCPs are unimolecular micelles, where each block copolymer arm of nonlinear BCP is covalently connected to a central core or polymer backbone. As such, their structures are static and stable, representing a class of functional polymers with complex architecture for directing the synthesis of NCs. In this review, recent progress in synthesizing NCs by capitalizing on two sets of nonlinear BCPs as nanoreactors are discussed. They are star-shaped BCPs for producing 0D spherical nanoparticles, including plain, hollow, and core-shell nanoparticles, and bottlebrush-like BCPs for creating 1D plain and core/shell nanorods (and nanowires) as well as nanotubes. As the surface of these NCs is intimately tethered with the outer blocks of nonlinear BCPs used, they can thus be regarded as polymer-ligated NCs (i.e., hairy NCs). First, the rational design and synthesis of nonlinear BCPs via controlled/living radical polymerizations is introduced. Subsequently, their use as the NC-directing nanoreactors to yield monodisperse nanoparticles and nanorods with judiciously engineered dimensions, compositions, and surface chemistry is examined. Afterward, the intriguing properties of such polymer-ligated NCs, which are found to depend sensitively on their sizes, architectures, and functionalities of surface polymer hairs, are highlighted. Some practical applications of these polymer-ligated NCs for energy conversion and storage and drug delivery are then discussed. Finally, challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field are presented.