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Samy M, Mensah K, El-Fakharany EM, Elkady M, Shokry H. Green valorization of end-of-life toner powder to iron oxide-nanographene nanohybrid as a recyclable persulfate activator for degrading emerging micropollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115460. [PMID: 36775090 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable management of toner waste (T-raw) was performed via carbonization at 500 °C (T-500) and 600 °C (T-600) to produce iron oxide-nanographene nanohybrid (FeO-NG) for activating persulfate (PS) to efficiently degrade dyes (methylene blue, MB), antibiotics (sulfamethazine, SMZ), and pesticides (diazinon, DZN). Morphology, crystallinity, chemical structure, chemical composition, surface area, and pore size distribution of the synthesized materials were investigated using various analyses. High degradation ratios of MB were attained over a wide pH range (2-7), and the optimum operating conditions were determined. The FeO-NG/PS system was tested in different water matrices. MB degradation efficiency dropped from 80.13% to 78.56% after five succeeding experiments, proving the high stability of T-500. Trapping experiments proved the major role of sulfate radicals and the minor contribution of singlet oxygen. The toxicity evaluation of the treated and untreated MB solutions was conducted via measuring the cell viability, showing an increase in cell viability ratio after the degradation of MB. The degradation efficiencies of DZN and SMZ were 97.54% and 83.7%, respectively and the mineralization ratios were 74.08% and 60.37% at initial concentrations of sulfamethazine and diazinon of 50 and 100 mg/L, respectively. The high degradation efficiency of emerging micropollutants as well as the inexpensiveness, and facile synthesis of the catalyst boost the prospect of applying the proposed system on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Samy
- Public Works Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Kenneth Mensah
- Environmental Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Esmail M El-Fakharany
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA- City), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa Elkady
- Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering Dept., Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt; Fabrication Technology Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hassan Shokry
- Environmental Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt; Electronic Materials Researches Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt
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Itoua PI, Sun D, Li P, Shen S. Influence of Waste Toner on Asphalt Binder: Chemical and Rheological Characterization. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062794. [PMID: 36985765 PMCID: PMC10058980 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing amount of waste toner (WT) has posed a significant environmental challenge. Meanwhile, researchers are interested in the feasibility of utilizing waste toner as an asphalt binder modifier because its primary chemical components (Styrene-acrylic copolymer and carbon black) are known to improve asphalt properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical and rheological properties of the waste-toner-modified asphalt binder and hence determine the suitability of integrating waste toner for asphalt modification. The waste-toner-modified asphalt (TMA) binders were produced by blending base asphalt with two types of waste toners of different gradation sizes. Microscopic tests such as x-ray fluorescence (XRF), attenuated total reflectance transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDS) and fluorescence microscope, as well as rheology tests such as multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests, oscillation tests, and bending beam rheometer tests were performed. The FTIR results showed that there was a chemical reaction between waste toners and base asphalt binder. A fluorescence effect was observed on the binders produced with different toners used in this research. The binder modified with an optimal content of 8%WTs revealed better high and low-temperature properties. Additionally, 8%WTs used in this research could change the PG70-22 binder to PG76-22 binder. The rutting properties of asphalt material were improved for its improved elasticity. In addition, the 200-mesh TMA binders were desirable with respect to waste toner particle size. Overall, there is a benefit to using waste toner in the asphalt industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Igor Itoua
- Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (P.I.I.); (D.S.)
| | - Daquan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (P.I.I.); (D.S.)
| | - Ping Li
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Changsha University & Technology, 2nd Section, Wanjiali RD (S), Changsha 410114, China;
| | - Shihui Shen
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Changsha University & Technology, 2nd Section, Wanjiali RD (S), Changsha 410114, China;
- Department of Engineering, Penn State University, Altoona, PA 16601, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(814)-9403326
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Hammani S, Daikhi S, Bechelany M, Barhoum A. Role of ZnO Nanoparticles Loading in Modifying the Morphological, Optical, and Thermal Properties of Immiscible Polymer (PMMA/PEG) Blends. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8453. [PMID: 36499948 PMCID: PMC9738493 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-performance hybrid polymer blends can be prepared by blending different types of polymers to improve their properties. However, most polymer blends exhibit phase separation after blending. In this study, polymethylmethacrylate/polyethylene glycol (PMMA/PEG) polymer blends (70/30 and 30/70 w/w) were prepared by solution casting with and without ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) loading. The effect of loading ZnO nanoparticles on blend morphology, UV blocking, glass transition, melting, and crystallization were investigated. Without loading ZnO NP, the PMMA/PEG blends showed phase separation, especially the PEG-rich blend. Loading PMMA/PEG blend with ZnO NPs increased the miscibility of the blend and most of the ZnO NPs dispersed in the PEG phase. The interaction of the ZnO NPs with the blend polymers slightly decreased the intensity of infrared absorption of the functional groups. The UV-blocking properties of the blends increased by 15% and 20%, and the band gap energy values were 4.1 eV and 3.8 eV for the blends loaded with ZnO NPs with a PMMA/PEG ratio of 70/30 and 30/70, respectively. In addition, the glass transition temperature (Tg) increased by 14 °C, the crystallinity rate increased by 15%, the melting (Tm) and crystallization(Tc) temperatures increased by 2 °C and 14 °C, respectively, and the thermal stability increased by 25 °C compared to the PMMA/PEG blends without ZnO NP loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Hammani
- Laboratoire Chimie Physique Moléculaire et Macromoléculaire, Université Saad Dahlab Blida1, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Sihem Daikhi
- Laboratoire Chimie Physique Moléculaire et Macromoléculaire, Université Saad Dahlab Blida1, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Europeen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34730 Montpellier, France
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 Y074 Dublin, Ireland
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Recycling of Waste Toner Powder as Adsorbent to Remove Aqueous Heavy Metals. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124150. [PMID: 35744209 PMCID: PMC9230598 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The removal of Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ from metal solutions onto waste toner power (WTP) was investigated. The influence of parameters such as pH, contact time, initial metal concentration and adsorbent dosage was studied in batch adsorption experiments. Batch equilibrium experiments showed that the highest removal efficiency for Zn2+ and Cd2+ occurs at pH 7, while pH 5 is the most suitable for Ni2+ removal. The amount of metal removed (mg/g) improved when increasing the initial concentration, and sorption of heavy metals reached equilibrium in 24 h. Metals’ uptake increased with increasing adsorbent dosage. The adsorption isotherms of Zn2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ onto WTP fit the Langmuir better than the Freundlich model with correlation coefficient R2 values ranging from 0.998 to 0.968 and 0.989 to 0.881, respectively. The data showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of heavy metals, amax, ranged from 2.42 to 1.61 mg/g, from 6.22 to 2.01 mg/g and from 3.49 to 2.56 mg/g for Ni2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+, respectively, with the three WTPs used in this study. This adsorbent can potentially be used to remove metal ions from wastewater.
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Barhoum A, García-Betancourt ML, Jeevanandam J, Hussien EA, Mekkawy SA, Mostafa M, Omran MM, S. Abdalla M, Bechelany M. Review on Natural, Incidental, Bioinspired, and Engineered Nanomaterials: History, Definitions, Classifications, Synthesis, Properties, Market, Toxicities, Risks, and Regulations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:177. [PMID: 35055196 PMCID: PMC8780156 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are becoming important materials in several fields and industries thanks to their very reduced size and shape-related features. Scientists think that nanoparticles and nanostructured materials originated during the Big Bang process from meteorites leading to the formation of the universe and Earth. Since 1990, the term nanotechnology became very popular due to advances in imaging technologies that paved the way to specific industrial applications. Currently, nanoparticles and nanostructured materials are synthesized on a large scale and are indispensable for many industries. This fact fosters and supports research in biochemistry, biophysics, and biochemical engineering applications. Recently, nanotechnology has been combined with other sciences to fabricate new forms of nanomaterials that could be used, for instance, for diagnostic tools, drug delivery systems, energy generation/storage, environmental remediation as well as agriculture and food processing. In contrast with traditional materials, specific features can be integrated into nanoparticles, nanostructures, and nanosystems by simply modifying their scale, shape, and composition. This article first summarizes the history of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. Followed by the progress that led to improved synthesis processes to produce different nanoparticles and nanostructures characterized by specific features. The content finally presents various origins and sources of nanomaterials, synthesis strategies, their toxicity, risks, regulations, and self-aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (E.A.H.); (M.M.)
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Jaison Jeevanandam
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Eman A. Hussien
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (E.A.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Sara A. Mekkawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.M.O.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Menna Mostafa
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (E.A.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohamed M. Omran
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.M.O.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Mohga S. Abdalla
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.M.O.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
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Printing toner used as carrier for immobilization of laccase. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Toner waste is one of the major electronic waste materials posing serious environmental threat and health hazards. Globally, only about 20–30% of toner waste is recycled, while the remaining percentage is dumped in landfills. Recycling options are limited due to the desirably engineered durability of toners, ascribed to a complicated composition of chemicals, carbon black, and plastic particles, which in turn creates critical challenges in recycling. The World Health Organization has classified toner waste as class 2B carcinogen due to its potential health hazard. In this review, the existing challenges in toner waste recycling are discussed from the perspective of environmental, health, and feasibility aspects. In parallel, the challenges have been opening up alternative strategies to recycle toner wastes. Emerging trends in toner waste recycling include transformation of toner waste into value-added products, utilization as raw material for nanomaterial synthesis, generation of composite electrodes for power generation/storage devices, integration into construction materials, and development of microwave absorbing composites. Considering the enormous volume of toner waste generated globally every year, better recycling and transformation strategies are needed immediately. A circular economy could be established in the future by transforming the enormous toner waste into a resource for other applications. For an effective management of toner waste in the future, an integrated approach involving policies and legislations, infrastructure for collection and treatment, and financial planning among the stakeholders is needed in addition to technological innovations.
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Hammani S, Moulai-Mostefa N, Samyn P, Bechelany M, Dufresne A, Barhoum A. Morphology, Rheology and Crystallization in Relation to the Viscosity Ratio of Polystyrene/Polypropylene Polymer Blends. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13040926. [PMID: 32093024 PMCID: PMC7078875 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microfibrillar and droplet morphology of polypropylene (PP) phase dispersed in polypropylene (PS) was fabricated by using melt-extrusion. This morphology was obtained by introducing isotactic PP (20 wt.%) with different viscosity in the PS matrix (80 wt.%). Furthermore, the rheological properties of the blend investigated as a function of the viscosity ratio K. The variations in blend morphology were related to crystallization, melting properties, and viscoelasticity. The blends with K >> 1 develop a fine morphology with PP microfibrils along the flow direction, while diameters of the dispersed PP droplets gradually increase with lower values of K = 1, or K << 1. Crystallinity of the prepared blends significantly decreases compared to neat PP, while the microfibrillar morphology induces homogeneous crystallization with small crystallites. This is reflected in a decrease of the crystallization temperature, small loss in the crystallinity, and lower melting temperature of the PS80/PP20 blend compared to neat PP. The storage moduli, loss moduli, and complex viscosity are highest for the microfibrillar morphology that presents retarded relaxation. The rheological properties are dominated by the dispersed phase (K > 1), or matrix (K < 1). The variation in blend properties with microfibrillar morphology can be clearly distinguished from heterogeneous blends containing PP droplets, providing an efficient tool to create a binary blend with unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Hammani
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire et Macromléculaire, Faculté de Science, Université de Blida, 109000 Blida, Algeria;
| | - Nadji Moulai-Mostefa
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences & Technologie, Université de Médéa, Ain D’Heb, 26001 Medea, Algeria;
| | - Pieter Samyn
- Applied and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Alain Dufresne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.B.)
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Barhoum A, El-Maghrabi HH, Iatsunskyi I, Coy E, Renard A, Salameh C, Weber M, Sayegh S, Nada AA, Roualdes S, Bechelany M. Atomic layer deposition of Pd nanoparticles on self-supported carbon-Ni/NiO-Pd nanofiber electrodes for electrochemical hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 569:286-297. [PMID: 32114107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The most critical challenge in hydrogen fuel production is to develop efficient, eco-friendly, low-cost electrocatalysts for water splitting. In this study, self-supported carbon nanofiber (CNF) electrodes decorated with nickel/nickel oxide (Ni/NiO) and palladium (Pd) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by combining electrospinning, peroxidation, and thermal carbonation with atomic layer deposition (ALD), and then employed for hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions (HER/OER). The best CNF-Ni/NiO-Pd electrode displayed the lowest overpotential (63 mV and 1.6 V at j = 10 mA cm-2), a remarkably small Tafel slope (72 and 272 mV dec-1), and consequent exchange current density (1.15 and 22.4 mA cm-2) during HER and OER, respectively. The high chemical stability and improved electrocatalytic performance of the prepared electrodes can be explained by CNF functionalization via Ni/NiO NP encapsulation, the formation of graphitic layers that cover and protect the Ni/NiO NPs from corrosion, and ALD of Pd NPs at the surface of the self-supported CNF-Ni/NiO electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Barhoum
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt; Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), UMR-5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Heba H El-Maghrabi
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), UMR-5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France; Dept. of Refining, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, Nasr City P.B. 11727, Egypt
| | - Igor Iatsunskyi
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, 3 Wszechnicy Piastowskiej str., 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Emerson Coy
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, 3 Wszechnicy Piastowskiej str., 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Aurélien Renard
- LCPME - UMR 7564 - CNRS - Université de Lorraine, 405, rue de Vandoeuvre, 54600 Villers-Les-Nancy, France
| | - Chrystelle Salameh
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), UMR-5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu Weber
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), UMR-5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Syreina Sayegh
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), UMR-5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Amr A Nada
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), UMR-5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France; Dept. of Analysis and Evaluation, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, Nasr City P.B. 11727, Egypt
| | - Stéphanie Roualdes
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), UMR-5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), UMR-5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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