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Chen Y, Yin X, Udoessiet NP, Wang J, Zhu J, Luo S. Influence of polypropylene fibers on the tensile mechanical properties of calcium silicate hydrate: molecular simulation. J Mol Model 2024; 30:360. [PMID: 39356315 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT This research assesses the influence of polypropylene (PP) fibers, both homopolymer and hydroxylated (PPOH), on the tensile properties of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) composites through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our models explore C-S-H matrices integrated with PP and PPOH fibers at varying polymerization degrees. The results demonstrate that both PP and PPOH fibers significantly influence the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the composites. Notably, PPOH fibers contribute to more substantial mechanical enhancements than PP, attributed to the increased polarity and enhanced intermolecular interactions from the hydroxyl groups. The study reveals a nonlinear relationship between polymer additive content and mechanical performance, with optimal properties at a polymerization degree of 20. Additionally, stress-strain analysis indicates that PPOH composites exhibit superior ductility and fracture energy, particularly at polymerization degrees of 20, showing enhanced ultimate strain and fracture energy by up to 9.6% and 13.9%, respectively, compared to PP counterparts. These results highlight the crucial role of tailored polymer additive composition and chemical modifications in maximizing the mechanical efficacy of C-S-H-based materials, enhancing their durability and structural performance. METHODS All MD simulations were conducted using LAMMPS. The models employed a combination of Clayff and Cvff force fields. During the entire tensile simulation, the system was configured under the NPT ensemble at 300 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuyang Yin
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ndukeabasi Peter Udoessiet
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiale Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Zhu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimei Luo
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
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2
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Won JS, Park JJ, Kang EH, Jeon MH, Kwon M, Lee SG. Study on the Migration Behaviors of Magnesium Oxysulfate Nano-Whiskers in Polypropylene Composites with Surface Modification. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5899. [PMID: 37687592 PMCID: PMC10488912 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, surface modification aimed to enhance the compatibility between a hydrophilic inorganic filler and polypropylene (PP) matrix using hydrophobic treatment. Lauric acid, butyl acrylate, and maleic anhydride were employed to modify the filler surface. After treatment, inorganic filler/PP composites were produced using melt-mixing and extrusion-injection molding processes. The study focused on investigating compatibility and migration behavior between the filler and matrix. The findings indicated that hydrophobic modification, specifically with butyl acrylate and maleic anhydride, improved migration issues in nano-whisker, while maintaining favorable mechanical properties even under accelerated thermal aging. However, excessive hydrophobicity induced by superhydrophobic treatment using lauric acid led to reduced compatibility with the matrix, compromising its effectiveness. Consequently, the study revealed the potential of surface modification to enhance interfacial properties and mitigate migration concerns in PP composites for automotive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Sung Won
- Defense Materials & Energy Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34060, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jeong Jin Park
- Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun Hye Kang
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (E.H.K.); (M.H.J.)
| | - Min Hong Jeon
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (E.H.K.); (M.H.J.)
| | - Miyeon Kwon
- Material and Component Convergence R&D Research Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (E.H.K.); (M.H.J.)
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3
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Dziadowiec D, Matykiewicz D, Szostak M, Andrzejewski J. Overview of the Cast Polyolefin Film Extrusion Technology for Multi-Layer Packaging Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1071. [PMID: 36770077 PMCID: PMC9920539 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The review article presents the technology of producing polyolefin-based films by extrusion casting. Due to the wide use of this type of film as packaging for food and other goods, obtaining films with favorable properties is still a challenge for many groups of producers in the plastics market. The feedblock process and multimanifold process are the main methods of producing multi-layer film. In the case of food films, appropriate barrier properties are required, as well as durability and puncture resistance also at low temperatures. On the other hand, in order to properly pack and present products, an appropriate degree of transparency must be maintained. Therefore, processing aids such as anti-slip, anti-block and release agents are commonly used. Other popular modifiers, such as waxes, fatty acid amides and mineral fillers-silica, talc or calcium carbonate-and their use in film extrusion are discussed. The article also presents common production problems and their prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Dziadowiec
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
- Eurocast Sp. z o.o., Wejherowska 9, 84-220 Strzebielino, Poland
| | - Danuta Matykiewicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Szostak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Andrzejewski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
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4
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Sousa SM, Morais HLO, Santos JCC, Barboza APM, Neves BRA, Pinto ES, Prado MC. Liquid phase exfoliation of talc: effect of the medium on flake size and shape. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:68-78. [PMID: 36761680 PMCID: PMC9843237 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Industrial applications of nanomaterials require large-scale production methods, such as liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). Regarding this, it is imperative to characterize the obtained materials to tailor parameters such as exfoliation medium, duration, and mechanical energy source to the desired applications. This work presents results of statistical analyses of talc flakes obtained by LPE in four different media. Talc is a phyllosilicate that can be exfoliated into nanoflakes with great mechanical properties. Sodium cholate at two different concentrations (below and at the critical micelar concentration), butanone, and Triton-X100 were employed as exfoliation medium for talc. Using recent published statistical analysis methods based on atomic force microscopy images of thousands of flakes, the shape and size distribution of nanotalc obtained using the four different media are compared. This comparison highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the media tested and hopefully will facilitate the choice of the medium for applications that have specific requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Sousa
- Campus Santa Luzia, Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, R. Érico Veríssimo, 317, Santa Luzia – MG, 33115-390, Brazil
| | - Helane L O Morais
- Campus Santa Luzia, Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, R. Érico Veríssimo, 317, Santa Luzia – MG, 33115-390, Brazil
| | - Joyce C C Santos
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear CDTN/CNEN, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula M Barboza
- Physics Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, R. Diogo de Vasconcelos, 122, Ouro Preto – MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Bernardo R A Neves
- Physics Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte – MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Elisângela S Pinto
- Campus Ouro Preto, Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, R. Pandiá Calógeras, 898, Ouro Preto – MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Prado
- Physics Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, R. Diogo de Vasconcelos, 122, Ouro Preto – MG, 35400-000, Brazil
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5
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Khoury Moussa H, Challita G, Badreddine H, Montay G, Guelorget B, Vallon T, Yared W, Abi Rizk M, Alhussein A. Enhancement of mechanical properties of high modulus polypropylene grade for multilayer sewage pipes applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Khoury Moussa
- UR LASMIS, Université de Technologie de Troyes Troyes France
- Équipe MMC, CRSI, Lebanese University Faculty of Engineering Roumieh Lebanon
| | - Georges Challita
- Équipe MMC, CRSI, Lebanese University Faculty of Engineering Roumieh Lebanon
| | | | | | - Bruno Guelorget
- UR LASMIS, Université de Technologie de Troyes Troyes France
| | - Thomas Vallon
- UR LASMIS, Université de Technologie de Troyes Troyes France
| | - Wadih Yared
- Advanced Plastic Industries – API Company Dbayeh Lebanon
| | | | - Akram Alhussein
- UR LASMIS, Université de Technologie de Troyes Pôle Technologique Sud Champagne Nogent France
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6
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Podkościelna B, Klepka T, Podkościelny P, Bocho-Janiszewska A, Wasilewski T, Klapiszewski Ł. Structural, Mechanical and Flammability Characterization of Crosslinked Talc Composites with Different Particle Sizes. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134492. [PMID: 35806615 PMCID: PMC9267937 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The influence of filler particle size on selected physicochemical and functional properties of polymer composites was analyzed. The following test was carried out for the system: the bisphenol A glycerolate (1 glycerol/phenol) di-methacrylate (BPA.DM) was subjected to UV-polymerization in bulk with N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) as a polymer matrix and talc with particle sizes ranging from ≤8 to 710 µm as a non-toxic and cheap mineral filler. An effective method of preparing cross-linked polymeric composites with talc was developed. The obtained samples were subjected to structural analysis and the thermal, mechanical and flammability properties were assessed. It has been empirically confirmed that the talc particles are incorporated into the composite structure. However, with increasing particle size, the composite heterogeneity increases. In the case of the developed method of sample production, homogeneous systems were obtained for particles in the ≤8–250 µm range. The surface roughness of the samples correlates directly with the size of talc particles. The value of Young’s modulus during the axial stretching of samples decreases with the increasing size of talc particles. For the composites containing ≤15 and ≤35 µm talc particles, the highest values were obtained under bending conditions. There was no equivocal effect of particle size on the composites’ swelling in water. The addition of talc reduces the flame height and intensity slightly. The biggest difference was obtained for the composites containing relatively large talc particles. It was proved that the selected properties of polymer composites can be controlled depending on the size of the talc particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Podkościelna
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, M. Curie-Skłodowska Sq. 3, PL-20031 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (B.P.); (Ł.K.)
| | - Tomasz Klepka
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, PL-20618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Podkościelny
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, M. Curie-Skłodowska Sq. 3, PL-20031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anita Bocho-Janiszewska
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Chrobrego 27, PL-26600 Radom, Poland; (A.B.-J.); (T.W.)
| | - Tomasz Wasilewski
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Chrobrego 27, PL-26600 Radom, Poland; (A.B.-J.); (T.W.)
| | - Łukasz Klapiszewski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: (B.P.); (Ł.K.)
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7
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Surface and Structural Studies of Age-Related Changes in Dental Enamel: An Animal Model. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15113993. [PMID: 35683290 PMCID: PMC9182525 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the animal kingdom, continuously erupting incisors provided an attractive model for studying the enamel matrix and mineral composition of teeth during development. Enamel, the hardest mineral tissue in the vertebrates, is a tissue sensitive to external conditions, reflecting various disturbances in its structure. The developing dental enamel was monitored in a series of incisor samples extending the first four weeks of postnatal life in the spiny mouse. The age-dependent changes in enamel surface morphology in the micrometre and nanometre-scale and a qualitative assessment of its mechanical features were examined by applying scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). At the same time, structural studies using XRD and vibrational spectroscopy made it possible to assess crystallinity and carbonate content in enamel mineral composition. Finally, a model for predicting the maturation based on chemical composition and structural factors was constructed using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The research presented here can extend the existing knowledge by proposing a pattern of enamel development that could be used as a comparative material in environmental, nutritional, and pharmaceutical research.
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8
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Melo de Lima LR, Magalhães da Silva SP, Trindade T, Oliveira JM. Rheological behavior of poly(propylene) reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets for injection molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiza R. Melo de Lima
- EMaRT Group – Emerging: Materials, Research, Technology, School of Design Management and Production Technologies Northern Aveiro University of Aveiro Estrada do Cercal, 449, Santiago de Riba‐Ul Oliveira de Azeméis Portugal
- Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro Portugal
- CICECO‐Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro Portugal
| | - Sara P. Magalhães da Silva
- EMaRT Group – Emerging: Materials, Research, Technology, School of Design Management and Production Technologies Northern Aveiro University of Aveiro Estrada do Cercal, 449, Santiago de Riba‐Ul Oliveira de Azeméis Portugal
| | - Tito Trindade
- Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro Portugal
- CICECO‐Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro Portugal
| | - José M. Oliveira
- EMaRT Group – Emerging: Materials, Research, Technology, School of Design Management and Production Technologies Northern Aveiro University of Aveiro Estrada do Cercal, 449, Santiago de Riba‐Ul Oliveira de Azeméis Portugal
- CICECO‐Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro Portugal
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9
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Joynal Abedin FN, Hamid HA, Alkarkhi AFM, Amr SSA, Khalil NA, Ahmad Yahaya AN, Hossain MS, Hassan A, Zulkifli M. The Effect of Graphene Oxide and SEBS-g-MAH Compatibilizer on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene/Talc Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183180. [PMID: 34578081 PMCID: PMC8472971 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)/talc/graphene oxide/SEBS-g-MAH (ABS/Talc/GO/SEBS-g-MAH) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/graphene oxide/SEBS-g-MAH (ABS/GO/SEBS-g-MAH) composites were isolated with varying graphene oxide (0.5 to 2.0 phr) as a filler and SEBS-g-MAH as a compatibilizer (4 to 8 phr), with an ABS:talc ratio of 90:10 by percentage. The influences of graphene oxide and SEBS-g-MAH loading in ABS/talc composites were determined on the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites. It was found that the incorporation of talc reduces the stiffness of composites. The analyses of mechanical and thermal properties of composites revealed that the inclusion of graphene oxide as a filler and SEBS-g-MAH as a compatibilizer in the ABS polymer matrix significantly improved the mechanical and thermal properties. ABS/talc was prepared through melt mixing to study the fusion characteristic. The mechanical properties showed an increase of 30%, 15%, and 90% in tensile strength (TS), flexural strength (FS), and flexural modulus (FM), respectively. The impact strength (IS) resulted in comparable properties to ABS, and it was better than the ABS/talc composite due to the influence of talc in the composite that stiffens and reduces the extensibility of plastic. The incorporation of GO and SEBS-g-MA also shows a relatively higher thermal stability in both composites with and without talc. The finding of the present study reveals that the graphene oxide and SEBS-g-MAH could be utilized as a filler and a compatibilizer in ABS/talc composites to enhance the thermo-mechanical stability because of the superior interfacial adhesion between the matrix and filler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Najwa Joynal Abedin
- Green Chemistry and Sustainability Cluster, Branch Campus, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Technology University Kuala Lumpur, Taboh Naning, Alor Gajah, Melaka 78000, Malaysia; (F.N.J.A.); (H.A.H.); (N.A.K.); (A.N.A.Y.)
| | - Hamidah Abdul Hamid
- Green Chemistry and Sustainability Cluster, Branch Campus, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Technology University Kuala Lumpur, Taboh Naning, Alor Gajah, Melaka 78000, Malaysia; (F.N.J.A.); (H.A.H.); (N.A.K.); (A.N.A.Y.)
| | - Abbas F. M. Alkarkhi
- Business School (UniKL BIS), University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50250, Malaysia;
| | - Salem S. Abu Amr
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karabuk University, Karabuk 78050, Turkey;
| | - Nor Afifah Khalil
- Green Chemistry and Sustainability Cluster, Branch Campus, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Technology University Kuala Lumpur, Taboh Naning, Alor Gajah, Melaka 78000, Malaysia; (F.N.J.A.); (H.A.H.); (N.A.K.); (A.N.A.Y.)
| | - Ahmad Naim Ahmad Yahaya
- Green Chemistry and Sustainability Cluster, Branch Campus, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Technology University Kuala Lumpur, Taboh Naning, Alor Gajah, Melaka 78000, Malaysia; (F.N.J.A.); (H.A.H.); (N.A.K.); (A.N.A.Y.)
| | - Md. Sohrab Hossain
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Azman Hassan
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Technology Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia;
| | - Muzafar Zulkifli
- Green Chemistry and Sustainability Cluster, Branch Campus, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Technology University Kuala Lumpur, Taboh Naning, Alor Gajah, Melaka 78000, Malaysia; (F.N.J.A.); (H.A.H.); (N.A.K.); (A.N.A.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-6551-208; Fax: +60-6-551-2001
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10
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Khan FSA, Mubarak NM, Khalid M, Walvekar R, Abdullah EC, Ahmad A, Karri RR, Pakalapati H. Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and hydroxyapatite nanorods reinforced with polypropylene for biomedical application. Sci Rep 2021; 11:843. [PMID: 33437011 PMCID: PMC7804326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80767-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) and hydroxyapatite nanorods (n-HA) were reinforced into polypropylene (PP) with the support of a melt compounding approach. Varying composition of f-MWCNTs (0.1–0.3 wt.%) and nHA (15–20 wt.%) were reinforced into PP, to obtain biocomposites of different compositions. The morphology, thermal and mechanical characteristics of PP/n-HA/f-MWCNTs were observed. Tensile studies reflected that the addition of f-MWCNTs is advantageous in improving the tensile strength of PP/n-HA nanocomposites but decreases its Young’s modulus significantly. Based on the thermal study, the f-MWCNTs and n-HA were known to be adequate to enhance PP’s thermal and dimensional stability. Furthermore, MTT studies proved that PP/n-HA/f-MWCNTs are biocompatible. Consequently, f-MWCNTs and n-HA reinforced into PP may be a promising nanocomposite in orthopedics industry applications such as the human subchondral bone i.e. patella and cartilage and fabricating certain light-loaded implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Saleem Ahmed Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Miri Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - N M Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Miri Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E C Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Awais Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Rama Rao Karri
- Petroleum, and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Harshini Pakalapati
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Brogans, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
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11
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The Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping of Starch/Kaolin Film Surfaces by Peak Force AFM. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020244. [PMID: 33445773 PMCID: PMC7828257 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch films modified with additives are materials increasingly being used in the production of packaging. These types of biopolymers can, to a considerable degree, replace plastic, contributing to the reduction in both production and waste management costs. However, they should be characterised by specific mechanical and surface parameters which determine their application. In the presented work, the PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanics Mapping (PFQNM) method was applied to analyse a starch-based biopolymer modified with two different kaolin clay contents (5% and 10%). The technique used facilitates the assessment of the correlation of Atomic Force Microscope AFM height parameters with nanomechanical ones which provide the definitions of mutual interactions and allow the possibility to analyse materials in respect of various details. The investigated material was mapped in the Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov (DMT) modulus, adhesion and height domains. The results obtained indicated the impact of additives on the determined parameters. Increases in the DMT modulus and the adhesion force, along with the kaolin content, were observed. The enhancement of starch films with kaolin clay also induced growth in the surface roughness parameters.
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12
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Podkościelna B, Wnuczek K, Goliszek M, Klepka T, Dziuba K. Flammability Tests and Investigations of Properties of Lignin-Containing Polymer Composites Based on Acrylates. Molecules 2020; 25:E5947. [PMID: 33334041 PMCID: PMC7765523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper flammability tests and detailed investigations of lignin-containing polymer composites' properties are presented. Composites were obtained using bisphenol A glycerolate (1 glycerol/phenol) diacrylate (BPA.GDA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and kraft lignin (lignin alkali, L) during UV curing. In order to evaluate the influence of lignin modification and the addition of flame retardant compounds on the thermal resistance of the obtained biocomposites, flammability tests have been conducted. After the modification with phosphoric acid (V) lignin, as well as diethyl vinylphosphonate, were used as flame retardant additives. The changes in the chemical structures (ATR-FTIR), as well as the influence of the different additives on the hardness, thermal (TG) and mechanical properties were discussed in detail. The samples after the flammability test were also studied to assess their thermal destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Podkościelna
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Krystyna Wnuczek
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Marta Goliszek
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (M.G.)
- Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Klepka
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Kamil Dziuba
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
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Effect of Chlorophyll Hybrid Nanopigments from Broccoli Waste on Thermomechanical and Colour Behaviour of Polyester-Based Bionanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112508. [PMID: 33126539 PMCID: PMC7692781 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural dyes obtained from agro-food waste can be considered promising substitutes of synthetic dyes to be used in several applications. With this aim, in the present work, we studied the use of chlorophyll dye (CD) extracted from broccoli waste to obtain hybrid nanopigments based on calcined hydrotalcite (HT) and montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclays. The synthesized chlorophyll hybrid nanopigments (CDNPs), optimized by using statistical designed experiments, were melt-extruded with a polyester-based matrix (INZEA) at 7 wt% loading. Mechanical, thermal, structural, morphological and colour properties of the obtained bionanocomposites were evaluated. The obtained results evidenced that the maximum CD adsorption into HT was obtained when adding 5 wt% of surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate) without using any biomordant and coupling agent, while the optimal conditions for MMT were achieved without adding any of the studied modifiers. In both cases, an improvement in CD thermal stability was observed by its incorporation in the nanoclays, able to protect chlorophyll degradation. The addition of MMT to INZEA resulted in large ΔE* values compared to HT incorporation, showing bionanocomposite green/yellow tones as a consequence of the CDNPs addition. The results obtained by XRD and TEM revealed a partially intercalated/exfoliated structure for INZEA-based bionanocomposites, due to the presence of an inorganic filler in the formulation of the commercial product, which was also confirmed by TGA analysis. CDNPs showed a reinforcement effect due to the presence of the hybrid nanopigments and up to 26% improvement in Young's modulus compared to neat INZEA. Finally, the incorporation of CDNPs induced a decrease in thermal stability as well as limited effect in the melting/crystallization behaviour of the INZEA matrix. The obtained results showed the potential use of green natural dyes from broccoli wastes, adsorbed into nanoclays, for the development of naturally coloured bionanocomposites.
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A Design of Experiment Approach for Surface Roughness Comparisons of Foam Injection-Moulding Methods. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13102358. [PMID: 32443909 PMCID: PMC7287706 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pursuit of polymer parts produced through foam injection moulding (FIM) that have a comparable surface roughness to conventionally processed components are of major relevance to expand the application of FIM. Within this study, 22% talc-filled copolymer polypropylene (PP) parts were produced through FIM using both a physical and chemical blowing agent. A design of experiments (DoE) was performed whereby the processing parameters of mould temperatures, injection speeds, back-pressure, melt temperature and holding time were varied to determine their effect on surface roughness, Young’s modulus and tensile strength. The results showed that mechanical performance can be improved when processing with higher mould temperatures and longer holding times. Also, it was observed that when utilising chemical foaming agents (CBA) at low-pressure, surface roughness comparable to that obtained from conventionally processed components can be achieved. This research demonstrates the potential of FIM to expand to applications whereby weight saving can be achieved without introducing surface defects, which has previously been witnessed within FIM.
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