1
|
Cappello M, Strangis G, Cinelli P, Camodeca C, Filippi S, Polacco G, Seggiani M. From Waste Vegetable Oil to a Green Compatibilizer for HDPE/PA6 Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4178. [PMID: 37896422 PMCID: PMC10611262 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
When properly compatibilized, the blending of polyethylene (PE) and polyamide (PA) leads to materials that combine low prices, suitable processability, impact resistance, and attractive mechanical properties. Moreover, the possibility of using these polymers without prior separation may be a suitable opportunity for their recycling. In this work, the use of an epoxidized waste vegetable oil (EWVO) was investigated as a green compatibilizer precursor (CP) for the reactive blending of a high-density PE (HDPE) with a polyamide-6 (PA6). EWVO was synthesized from waste vegetable cooking oil (WVO) using ion-exchange resin (Amberlite) as a heterogeneous catalyst. HDPE/PA6 blends were produced with different weight ratios (25/75, 75/25, 85/15) and amounts of EWVO (1, 2, 5 phr). Samples with WVO or a commercial fossil-based CP were also prepared for comparison. All the blends were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheology, and mechanical tests. In the case of HDPE/PA6 75/25 and 85/15 blends, the addition of EWVO at 2 phr showed a satisfactory compatibilizing effect, thus yielding a material with improved mechanical properties with respect to the blend without compatibilizer. On the contrary, the HDPE/PA6 25/75 ratio yielded a material with a high degree of crosslinking that could not be further processed or characterized. In conclusion, the results showed that EWVO had a suitable compatibilizing effect in HDPE/PA6 blends with high HDPE content, while it resulted in unsuitable for blends with high content of PA6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cappello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Giovanna Strangis
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Caterina Camodeca
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Sara Filippi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Giovanni Polacco
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Maurizia Seggiani
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dadashi P, Babaei A, Khoshnood M. Investigating the role of PA6/GO interactions on the morphological, rheological, and mechanical properties of PA6/ABS/GO nanocomposites. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2133617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Dadashi
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Babaei
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
| | - M. Khoshnood
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Guo W. Effects of core‐shell structured rubber on biobased polyamide 56 with stiffness and toughness balance. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Zhang
- Institute of Biobased Materials, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Weihong Guo
- Institute of Biobased Materials, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Influence of Small Amounts of ABS and ABS-MA on PA6 Properties: Evaluation of Torque Rheometry, Mechanical, Thermomechanical, Thermal, Morphological, and Water Absorption Kinetics Characteristics. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072502. [PMID: 35407835 PMCID: PMC8999899 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, polyamide 6 (PA6) properties were tailored and improved using a maleic anhydride-grafted acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS-MA). The PA6/ABS-MA blends were prepared using a co-rotational twin-screw extruder. Subsequently, the extruded pellets were injection-molded. Blends were characterized by torque rheometry, the Molau test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), impact strength, tensile strength, Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetry (TG), Contact Angle, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and water absorption experiments. The most significant balance of properties, within the analyzed content range (5, 7.5, and 10 wt.%), was obtained for the PA6/ABS-MA (10%) blend, indicating that even low concentrations of ABS-MA can improve the properties of PA6. Significant increases in impact strength and elongation at break have been achieved compared with PA6. The elastic modulus, tensile strength, HDT, and thermal stability properties of the PA6/ABS-MA blends remained at high levels, indicating that maleic anhydride interacted with amine end-groups of PA6. Torque rheometry, the Molau test, and SEM analysis suggested interactions in the PA6/ABS-MA system, confirming the high properties obtained. Additionally, there was a decrease in water absorption and the diffusion coefficient of the PA6/ABS-MA blends, corroborating the contact angle analysis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin X, Wu Y, Fan S, Chen X, Liu Y, Liu X, Zheng W. Structural evolution and properties of polyamide‐6/poly(ether block amide) films during the simultaneous biaxial stretching. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xintu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou China
| | - Yincai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou China
| | - Shuhong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou China
| | - Xi Chen
- Xiamen Changsu Industrial Company Limited Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Yuejun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou China
| | - Xiaochao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Xiamen Changsu Industrial Company Limited Xiamen Fujian China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin X, Wu Y, Cui L, Chen X, Fan S, Liu Y, Liu X, Zheng W. Crystal structure, morphology, and mechanical properties of biaxially oriented polyamide‐6 films toughened with poly(ether block amide). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xintu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou China
| | - Yincai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou China
| | - Lingna Cui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou China
| | - Xi Chen
- Research & Development Center Xiamen Changsu Industrial Company Limited Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Shuhong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou China
| | - Yuejun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou China
| | - Xiaochao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Research & Development Center Xiamen Changsu Industrial Company Limited Xiamen Fujian China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xu Y, Liu X, Guo W. Modification of biobased polyamide 56 to achieve ultra-toughening. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1924198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Zhang
- Department of polymer materials, Institute of Bio-based Materials, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of polymer materials, Institute of Bio-based Materials, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhan Xu
- Department of polymer materials, Institute of Bio-based Materials, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiucai Liu
- Department of polymer materials, Institute of Bio-based Materials, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihong Guo
- Department of polymer materials, Institute of Bio-based Materials, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gonçalves NI, Münchow EA, Santos JD, Sato TP, de Oliveira LR, de Arruda Paes-Junior TJ, Bottino MC, Borges ALS. The role of polymeric nanofibers on the mechanical behavior of polymethyl methacrylate resin. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 112:104072. [PMID: 32911228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to synthesize and characterize non-woven acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyamide-6 (P6), and polystyrene (PS) nanofibers, and evaluate their effects on the flexural strength and fracture resistance of fiber-modified polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin. ABS, P6, and PS polymer solutions were prepared and electrospun into fiber mats, which were characterized by means of morphological, chemical, physical, and mechanical analyses. The fiber mats were then used to modify a thermally-activated PMMA resin, resulting in four testing groups: one unmodified group (control) and three fiber-modified groups incorporated with ABS, P6, or PS fiber mats. Flexural strength, work of fracture, and fractographic analysis were performed for all groups. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis or ANOVA tests (α = 0.05). The fiber diameter decreased, respectively, as follows: ABS > P6 > PS. Only the P6 fiber mats demonstrated a crystalline structure. Wettability was similar among the distinct fiber mats, although tensile strength was significantly greater for P6, followed by ABS, and then PS mats. Flexural strength of the fiber-modified PMMA resins was similar to the control, except for the weaker P6-based material. The work of fracture seemed to be greater and lower when the P6 and PS fibers were used, respectively. The fiber-modified groups exhibited a rougher pattern in the fractured surfaces when compared to the control, which may suggest that the presence of fibers deviates the direction of crack propagation, making the fracture mechanism of the PMMA resin more dynamic. While the neat PMMA showed a typical brittle response, the fiber-modified PMMA resins demonstrated a ductile response, combined with voids, suggesting large shear deformation during fracture. Altogether, despite the lack of direct reinforcement in the mechanical strength of the PMMA resin, the use of electrospun fibers showed promising application for the improvement of fracture behavior of PMMA resins, turning them into more compliant materials, although this effect may depend on the fiber composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natália I Gonçalves
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliseu A Münchow
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jéssica D Santos
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Tabata P Sato
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Letícia R de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marco C Bottino
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Alexandre L S Borges
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|