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Fistos T, Fierascu I, Manaila-Maximean D, Fierascu RC. Advancements in Stone Object Restoration Using Polymer-Inorganic Phosphate Composites for Cultural Heritage Preservation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2085. [PMID: 39065402 PMCID: PMC11281135 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in cultural heritage preservation have increasingly focused on the development and application of new composites, harnessing the diverse properties of their components. This study reviews the current state of research and practical applications of these innovative materials, emphasizing the use of inorganic phosphatic materials (in particular the hydroxyapatite) and various polymers. The compatibility of phosphatic materials with calcareous stones and the protective properties of polymers present a synergistic approach to addressing common deterioration mechanisms, such as salt crystallization, biological colonization, and mechanical weathering. By examining recent case studies and experimental results, this paper highlights the effectiveness, challenges, and future directions for these composites in cultural heritage conservation. The findings underscore the potential of these materials to enhance the durability and aesthetic integrity of heritage stones, promoting sustainable and long-term preservation solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toma Fistos
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM Bucharest, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (T.F.); (I.F.); (R.C.F.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM Bucharest, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (T.F.); (I.F.); (R.C.F.)
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Doina Manaila-Maximean
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Claudiu Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM Bucharest, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (T.F.); (I.F.); (R.C.F.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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Mastrangelo R, Chelazzi D, Baglioni P. New horizons on advanced nanoscale materials for Cultural Heritage conservation. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:566-579. [PMID: 38264785 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00383c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have permeated numerous scientific and technological fields, and have gained growing importance over the past decades also in the preservation of Cultural Heritage. After a critical overview of the main nanomaterials adopted in art preservation, we provide new insights into some highly relevant gels, which constitute valuable tools to selectively remove dirt or other unwanted layers from the surface of works of art. In particular, the recent "twin-chain" gels, obtained by phase separation of two different PVAs and freeze-thawing, were considered as the most performing gel systems for the cleaning of Cultural Heritage. Three factors are crucial in determining the final gel properties, i.e., pore size, pore connectivity, and surface roughness, which belong to the micro/nanodomain. The pore size is affected by the molecular weight of the phase-separating PVA polymer, while pore connectivity and tortuosity likely depend on interconnections formed during gelation. Tortuosity greatly impacts on cleaning capability, as the removal of matter at the gel-target interface increases with the uploaded fluid's residence time at the interface (higher tortuosity produces longer residence). The gels' surface roughness, adaptability and stickiness can also be controlled by modulating the porogen amount or adding different polymers to PVA. Finally, PVA can be partially replaced with different biopolymers yielding gels with enhanced sustainability and effective cleaning capability, where the selection of the biopolymer affects the gel porosity and effectiveness. These results shed new light on the effect of micro/nanoscale features on the cleaning performances of "twin-chain" and composite gels, opening new horizons for advanced and "green"/sustainable gel materials that can impact on fields even beyond art preservation, like drug-delivery, detergency, food industry, cosmetics and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Mastrangelo
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, FI 50019, Italy.
| | - David Chelazzi
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, FI 50019, Italy.
| | - Piero Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, FI 50019, Italy.
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Marinescu L, Motelica L, Ficai D, Ficai A, Oprea OC, Andronescu E, Holban AM. A Two-Step Surface Modification Methodology for the Advanced Protection of a Stone Surface. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:68. [PMID: 38202523 PMCID: PMC10780400 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The biodeterioration of the natural surface on monuments, historical buildings, and even public claddings brings to the attention of researchers and historians the issues of conservation and protection. Natural stones undergo changes in their appearance, being subjected to deterioration due to climatic variations and the destructive action of biological systems interfering with and living on them, leading to ongoing challenges in the protection of the exposed surfaces. Nanotechnology, through silver nanoparticles with strong antimicrobial effects, can provide solutions for protecting natural surfaces using specific coupling agents tailored to each substrate. In this work, surfaces of two common types of natural stone, frequently encountered in landscaping and finishing works, were modified using siloxane coupling agents with thiol groups. Through these agents, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were fixed, exhibiting distinct characteristics, and subjected to antimicrobial analysis. This study presents a comparative analysis of the efficiency of coupling agents that can be applied to a natural surface with porous structures, when combined with laboratory-obtained silver nanoparticles, in reducing the formation of microbial biofilms, which are a main trigger for stone biodeterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Marinescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh Polizu Street 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (L.M.); (L.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Ludmila Motelica
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh Polizu Street 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (L.M.); (L.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Denisa Ficai
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh Polizu Street 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Anton Ficai
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh Polizu Street 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (L.M.); (L.M.); (A.F.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050054 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Cristian Oprea
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh Polizu Street 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050054 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh Polizu Street 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (L.M.); (L.M.); (A.F.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050054 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina-Maria Holban
- Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalelor Lane, District 5, 77206 Bucharest, Romania;
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Boniek D, Batista Dos Santos AF, de Resende Stoianoff MA. Detection of Cladosporium spinulosum on an engraving by Rembrandt and susceptibility profile to eco-friendly antifungal treatments. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:1085-1094. [PMID: 37551023 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Interdisciplinary studies on cultural heritage artworks provide efficient solutions to control fungal growth and the negative effects of biodeterioration. In this study, we aimed to identify the population of filamentous fungi colonizing an engraving by the Dutch painter Rembrandt, whose conservation status was compromised and showed visible stains of biodeterioration. Microbiological techniques, such as cultivation-dependent approaches and molecular biology, have been used to identify fungal populations. In addition, the anaerobic atmosphere technique and eco-friendly antifungal agents, such as essential oils (EOs) of Curcuma longa, Thymus vulgaris, and Melaleuca alternifolia, were tested against the metabolically active fungal population Cladoposporium spinulosum. Furthermore, in vitro assays revealed that the interaction between the fungal strains and EO was positive, inhibiting the growth of these fungi, and the EOs from T. vulgaris and M. alternifolia showed low minimum inhibitory concentration values. Exposure to anaerobic conditions for 35 days was effective in the total elimination of isolated fungal strains. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the effectiveness of a nondestructive technique for artwork on engraving colonized by fungal strains and using EO as an alternative to toxic antifungals used in conventional treatments in artworks. Thus, this interdisciplinary study involving applied microbiology and botanical and preventive conservation presents a tool to control microbial growth while maintaining artwork integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Boniek
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio Fernando Batista Dos Santos
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Education and Culture Foundation of Minas Gerais, FUMEC University, Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Spairani-Berrio Y, Huesca-Tortosa JA, Rodriguez-Navarro C, Gonzalez-Muñoz MT, Jroundi F. Bioconsolidation of Damaged Construction Calcarenites and Evaluation of the Improvement in Their Petrophysical and Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6043. [PMID: 37687736 PMCID: PMC10488494 DOI: 10.3390/ma16176043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioconsolidation treatment using bacterial carbonatogenesis has been proposed as an environmentally friendly strategy for the efficient preservation of damaged stones, particularly suitable for carbonate stones. The study presented here deals with the evaluation of the performance of this treatment, applied to damaged carbonate stones in two historical buildings in Spain. The methodology applied in this research serves as a reference for future similar studies. Results showed significant improvement in the petrophysical and mechanical properties of the damaged stone following the treatment through the production of calcite and vaterite by the abundant carbonatogenic bacteria inhabiting the stone. These bacteria were able to effectively consolidate weathered areas if an adequate nutritional solution was employed, thereby augmenting the stone's resistance, as evidenced by the Drilling Resistance Measurement System (DRMS). FESEM images showed calcified bacteria and calcified exopolymeric substances (EPS) consolidating stone minerals without blocking their pores. In addition to consolidation, this biotreatment improves the stone's behavior against water absorption and increases the contact angle of water droplets without significant modifications in the pore size or diminishing vapor permeability. No color changes are observed. Overall, these results show that the application of the nutritional solution (M-3P) for in situ consolidation of different types of porous carbonate building stones is a highly effective conservation method, with no modification of the chemical composition of the treated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Spairani-Berrio
- Department of Architectural Constructions, University of Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain;
| | - J. Antonio Huesca-Tortosa
- Department of Architectural Constructions, University of Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain;
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Navarro
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - María Teresa Gonzalez-Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.T.G.-M.); (F.J.)
| | - Fadwa Jroundi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.T.G.-M.); (F.J.)
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Gomez-Villalba LS, Salcines C, Fort R. Application of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Cultural Heritage Conservation, Risk of Toxicity, and Preventive Measures. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091454. [PMID: 37176999 PMCID: PMC10180185 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has allowed for significant progress in architectural, artistic, archaeological, or museum heritage conservation for repairing and preventing damages produced by deterioration agents (weathering, contaminants, or biological actions). This review analyzes the current treatments using nanomaterials, including consolidants, biocides, hydrophobic protectives, mechanical resistance improvers, flame-retardants, and multifunctional nanocomposites. Unfortunately, nanomaterials can affect human and animal health, altering the environment. Right now, it is a priority to stop to analyze its advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the aims are to raise awareness about the nanotoxicity risks during handling and the subsequent environmental exposure to all those directly or indirectly involved in conservation processes. It reports the human-body interaction mechanisms and provides guidelines for preventing or controlling its toxicity, mentioning the current toxicity research of main compounds and emphasizing the need to provide more information about morphological, structural, and specific features that ultimately contribute to understanding their toxicity. It provides information about the current documents of international organizations (European Commission, NIOSH, OECD, Countries Normative) about worker protection, isolation, laboratory ventilation control, and debris management. Furthermore, it reports the qualitative risk assessment methods, management strategies, dose control, and focus/receptor relationship, besides the latest trends of using nanomaterials in masks and gas emissions control devices, discussing their risk of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Stella Gomez-Villalba
- Institute of Geosciences, Spanish National Research Council, Complutense University of Madrid (CSIC, UCM), Calle Dr. Severo Ochoa 7, Planta 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ciro Salcines
- Infrastructures Service, Health and Safety Unit, University of Cantabria, Pabellón de Gobierno, Avenida de los Castros 54, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Rafael Fort
- Institute of Geosciences, Spanish National Research Council, Complutense University of Madrid (CSIC, UCM), Calle Dr. Severo Ochoa 7, Planta 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Gîfu IC, Ianchiș R, Nistor CL, Petcu C, Fierascu I, Fierascu RC. Polyelectrolyte Coatings-A Viable Approach for Cultural Heritage Protection. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2873. [PMID: 37049167 PMCID: PMC10096418 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The continuous degradation of cultural heritage artifacts (due to different factors, including the rising air pollution, climate change or excessive biological activity, among others) requires the continuous development of protection strategies, technologies and materials. In this regard, polyelectrolytes have offered effective ways to fight against degradation but also to conserve the cultural heritage objects. In this review, we highlight the key developments in the creation and use of polyelectrolytes for the preservation, consolidation and cleaning of the cultural heritage artifacts (with particular focus on stone, metal and artifacts of organic nature, such as paper, leather, wood or textile). The state of the art in this area is presented, as well as future development perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Cătălina Gîfu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM–Bucharest, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.N.); (C.P.); (I.F.)
| | - Raluca Ianchiș
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM–Bucharest, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.N.); (C.P.); (I.F.)
| | - Cristina Lavinia Nistor
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM–Bucharest, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.N.); (C.P.); (I.F.)
| | - Cristian Petcu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM–Bucharest, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.N.); (C.P.); (I.F.)
| | - Irina Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM–Bucharest, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.N.); (C.P.); (I.F.)
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Claudiu Fierascu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM–Bucharest, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.N.); (C.P.); (I.F.)
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8
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Carrapiço A, Martins MR, Caldeira AT, Mirão J, Dias L. Biosynthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Microbial Cultures: Mechanisms, Antimicrobial Activity and Applications to Cultural Heritage. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020378. [PMID: 36838343 PMCID: PMC9960935 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (1 to 100 nm) have unique physical and chemical properties, which makes them suitable for application in a vast range of scientific and technological fields. In particular, metal nanoparticle (MNPs) research has been showing promising antimicrobial activities, paving the way for new applications. However, despite some research into their antimicrobial potential, the antimicrobial mechanisms are still not well determined. Nanoparticles' biosynthesis, using plant extracts or microorganisms, has shown promising results as green alternatives to chemical synthesis; however, the knowledge regarding the mechanisms behind it is neither abundant nor consensual. In this review, findings from studies on the antimicrobial and biosynthesis mechanisms of MNPs were compiled and evidence-based mechanisms proposed. The first revealed the importance of enzymatic disturbance by internalized metal ions, while the second illustrated the role of reducing and negatively charged molecules. Additionally, the main results from recent studies (2018-2022) on the biosynthesis of MNPs using microorganisms were summarized and analyzed, evidencing a prevalence of research on silver nanoparticles synthesized using bacteria aiming toward testing their antimicrobial potential. Finally, a synopsis of studies on MNPs applied to cultural heritage materials showed potential for their future use in preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Carrapiço
- HERCULES Laboratory, Cultural Heritage, Studies and Safeguard, University of Évora, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Advanced Training (IIFA), University of Évora, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Martins
- HERCULES Laboratory, Cultural Heritage, Studies and Safeguard, University of Évora, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
- Department of Medicinal Sciences and Health, School of Health and Human Development, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Caldeira
- HERCULES Laboratory, Cultural Heritage, Studies and Safeguard, University of Évora, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - José Mirão
- HERCULES Laboratory, Cultural Heritage, Studies and Safeguard, University of Évora, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
- Department of Geosciences, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Luís Dias
- HERCULES Laboratory, Cultural Heritage, Studies and Safeguard, University of Évora, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
- Department of Geosciences, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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A Multidisciplinary Approach in Examining the Susceptibility to Microbial Attack of Polyacrylic and Polyurethane Resins Used in Art Restoration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911725. [PMID: 36233025 PMCID: PMC9569816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic polymers used to protect artworks from deterioration process can be colonized by the fungi and bacteria responsible for the biodeterioration process. In this study, the susceptibility of synthetic polyacrylics and polyurethane resins to microorganisms (Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642, Aureobasidium pullulans ATCC 15233, Chaetomium globosum ATCC 6205, Cladosporium cladosporioides ATCC 16022, Alternaria alternata BC01, Penicillium citrinum LS1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027) was investigated. The microbial attack was simulated alone and with a biocide and the related growth was observed up to 21 days for bacteria and 28 days for fungi. The polyacrylic and polyurethane resins were subjected to microbial attack, regardless of the biocide treatment, with a fungal growth from 60% to the complete coverage of the plate surface. Penicillium citrinum showed the greatest adaptation ability and was found in all the examined resins. P. aeruginosa was visible in all the different resins, regardless of the presence of biocide. An environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) revealed the presence of fungal conidia and hyphae in the inoculated resins and the Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) indicated chemical transformations in the IR spectra, particularly the hydrolysis of esters, with some differences between the polyacrylic and polyurethane resins, which were probably due to their different chemical features. Overall, our data stress that the chemical, physical and biological deterioration caused by microorganisms capable of degrading synthetic polymers is still a problem in art restoration and that new strategies must be considered to counteract this phenomenon.
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Wang X, Jia N, Li J, Liu P, Zhao X, Lin Y, Sun C, Qin W. Sb Nanoparticles Embedded in the N-Doped Carbon Fibers as Binder-Free Anode for Flexible Li-Ion Batteries. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3093. [PMID: 36144880 PMCID: PMC9506069 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) is considered a promising anode for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high theoretical specific capacity and safe Li-ion insertion potential; however, the LIBs suffer from dramatic volume variation. The volume expansion results in unstable electrode/electrolyte interphase and active material exfoliation during lithiation and delithiation processes. Designing flexible free-standing electrodes can effectively inhibit the exfoliation of the electrode materials from the current collector. However, the generally adopted methods for preparing flexible free-standing electrodes are complex and high cost. To address these issues, we report the synthesis of a unique Sb nanoparticle@N-doped porous carbon fiber structure as a free-standing electrode via an electrospinning method and surface passivation. Such a hierarchical structure possesses a robust framework with rich voids and a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film, which can well accommodate the mechanical strain and avoid electrode cracks and pulverization during lithiation/delithiation processes. When evaluated as an anode for LIBs, the as-prepared nanoarchitectures exhibited a high initial reversible capacity (675 mAh g-1) and good cyclability (480 mAh g-1 after 300 cycles at a current density of 400 mA g-1), along with a superior rate capability (420 mA h g-1 at 1 A g-1). This work could offer a simple, effective, and efficient approach to improve flexible and free-standing alloy-based anode materials for high performance Li-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Nanjun Jia
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Pengbo Liu
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xinsheng Zhao
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yuxiao Lin
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Changqing Sun
- Research Institute of Interdisciplinary Science and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523820, China
| | - Wei Qin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
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11
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Palmieri E, Cicero C, Orazi N, Mercuri F, Zammit U, Mazzuca C, Orlanducci S. Nanodiamond composites: A new material for the preservation of parchment. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Palmieri
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Cristina Cicero
- Department of Literary, Philosophical and Art History Studies University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Noemi Orazi
- Industrial Engineering Department University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Fulvio Mercuri
- Industrial Engineering Department University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Ugo Zammit
- Industrial Engineering Department University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzuca
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Silvia Orlanducci
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
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12
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David ME, Ion RM, Grigorescu RM, Iancu L, Constantin M, Stirbescu RM, Gheboianu AI. Wood Surface Modification with Hybrid Materials Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1990. [PMID: 35745330 PMCID: PMC9229745 DOI: 10.3390/nano12121990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, new treatments based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), MWCNTs decorated with zinc oxide (ZnO), MWCNTs decorated with hydroxyapatite (HAp) and MWCNTs decorated with silver (Ag) nanoparticles dispersed in PHBHV solution are proposed for improving sound oak wood properties. We hypothesize that the solutions containing decorated MWCNTs will be more efficient as wood consolidants, not only because of the improved mechanical properties of the treated wood but also because of the hydrophobic layer created on the wood surface. In order to test these hypotheses, the treatments' potential was investigated by a number of complex methods, such as colorimetric parameter measurements, water absorption tests, mechanical tests, artificial aging and antifungal tests. The data confirm that the treated wood materials have moderate stability, and the color differences are not perceived with the naked eye. A significant improvement of the treated samples was observed by water absorption, humidity and mechanical tests compared to untreated wood. The best results were obtained for samples treated by brushing with solutions based on decorated CNTs, which confirms that a uniform and thicker layer is needed on the surface to ensure better protection. The wood behavior with accelerated aging revealed that the control sample degraded faster compared to the other treated samples. Antifungal tests showed that higher growth inhibition was obtained for samples treated with 0.2% MWCNTs_ZnO + PHBHV. Considering all of the obtained results, it can be concluded that the most effective treatment was MWCNTs_ZnO + PHBHV at a nanocomposite concentration of 0.2%, applied by brushing. Thus, wood protection against mold and fungi will be achieved, simultaneously ensuring improved mechanical strength and water barrier properties and therefore maintaining the structural integrity of sound oak wood over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Elena David
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.M.G.); (L.I.); (M.C.)
- Doctoral School of Materials Engineering Department, Valahia University of Targoviste, 130004 Targoviste, Romania
| | - Rodica-Mariana Ion
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.M.G.); (L.I.); (M.C.)
- Doctoral School of Materials Engineering Department, Valahia University of Targoviste, 130004 Targoviste, Romania
| | - Ramona Marina Grigorescu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.M.G.); (L.I.); (M.C.)
| | - Lorena Iancu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.M.G.); (L.I.); (M.C.)
| | - Mariana Constantin
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.M.G.); (L.I.); (M.C.)
| | - Raluca Maria Stirbescu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Science and Technology, Valahia University of Targoviste, 130004 Targoviste, Romania; (R.M.S.); (A.I.G.)
| | - Anca Irina Gheboianu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Science and Technology, Valahia University of Targoviste, 130004 Targoviste, Romania; (R.M.S.); (A.I.G.)
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13
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Facile Two-Step Deposition of Calcium Oxalate Film on Dolomite to Improve Acid Rain Resistance. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of a calcium oxalate layer on dolomite demonstrates potential application in stone culture heritage conservation. However, due to insufficient coverage and the presence of cracks, the film’s usefulness is restricted. In this investigation, we used a simple two-step procedure to create a cohesive and uncracked film. The findings show that the protective layer provides better coverage of the dolomite surface without causing cracks and significantly improves acid resistance. Furthermore, after the simple two-step treatment, the color and adhesive strength of dolomite substrates remained nearly unchanged.
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14
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Self-Cleaning Coatings for the Protection of Cementitious Materials: The Effect of Carbon Dot Content on the Enhancement of Catalytic Activity of TiO2. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12050587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The urgent demand for pollution protection of monuments and buildings forced the interest towards specific preservation methods, such as the application of photocatalytic coatings with self-cleaning and protective activity. TiO2 photocatalysts without and with a variety of carbon dots loading (TC0, TC25–75) were synthesized via a green, simple, low cost and large-scale hydrothermal method using citric acid, hydroxylamine and titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) and resulted in uniform anatase phase structures. In photocatalysis experiments, TC25 and TC50 composites with 1:3 and 1:1 mass ratio of C-dots solution to TTIP, respectively, showed the best degradation efficiency for methyl orange (MO) under UV-A light, simulated solar light and sunlight compared to TiO2, commercial Au/TiO2 (TAu) and catalysts with higher C-dot loading (TC62.5 and TC75). Treatment of cement mortars with a mixture of photocatalyst and a consolidant (FX-C) provided self-cleaning activity under UV-A and visible light. This study produced a variety of new, durable, heavy metal-free C-dots/TiO2 photocatalysts that operate well under outdoor weather conditions, evidencing the C-dot dosage-dependent performance. For the building protection against pollution, nanostructured photocatalytic films were proposed with consolidation and self-cleaning ability under solar irradiation, deriving from combined protective silica-based agents and TiO2 photocatalysts free or with low C-dot content.
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15
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Preliminary Studies of the Effects of Nanoconsolidants on Mural Paint Layers with a Lack of Cohesion. HERITAGE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/heritage4040183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the preliminary results of a comparative analysis of the effects of three consolidants on the color appearance of fresco paint layers affected by lack of cohesion. In vitro assays were performed with a laboratory-synthesized nanolime, a commercial nanolime (CaLoSiL® IP25), and a commercial acrylic resin (PrimalTM SF-016 ER®) applied by nebulization over two sets of replicas of buon and lime fresco painted with red and yellow ochres and smalt pigments. The paint layers were surveyed before, one week, and one month after treatment with technical photography in the visible range (Vis) and ultraviolet-induced fluorescence in the visible range (UVF), as well as optical microscopy (OM-Vis), colorimetry, spectrophotometry, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Experimental work also comprised the synthesis of nanolime and its characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA-DTG). The results show no alteration on pigments’ spectral curves and elemental composition. The increase in the CIEL* coordinate and ∆E color variation noticed after the treatment with the nanolimes is associated with a white haze formation on the paint surfaces. The impact on color appearance is higher on the darker tones.
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16
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Comparative Inhibition Study by Nanomaterial, Plant Extract and Chemical Microcide on the Screaming Mummy in Egyptian Museum Store. HERITAGE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/heritage4030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mummies in museums are exposed to different deterioration factors like microorganisms, especially unwrapped mummies, such as the screaming mummy. This screaming mummy in the store of the Egyptian museum is suffering from stains due to microbial infection. There are three trends of materials to inhibit microbial growth: nano materials, plant extraction and chemical materials. This research compares three materials representing the three trends such as nano zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs), Ceratophyllum demersum and 4-chloro-m-cresol, respectively. Microorganisms, isolated from the degraded mummy, were identified with an optical microscope and ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) analysis to guarantee identification accuracy. Results indicated that the bacteria in the mummy are Bacillus jeotgali, Kocuria turfanensis, Microbacterium imperial, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus megaterium. Fungi are Monascus pallens and Rhizopus oryzae. The results of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) illustrated that the best concentrations for the bio treatment of isolated microorganisms is plant extract (Ceratophyllum demersum) at 600 ppm/100 mL, followed by 4-chloro-m-cresol at 600 ppm/100 mL and finally nano zinc oxide at 700 ppm/100 mL.
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17
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Design of Novel Photocatalytic Films for the Protection of Architectural Surfaces via the Incorporation of Green Photocatalysts. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11080934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In conservation science the demand of multifunctional green materials displaying water repellency, consolidation, resistance to organic pollutants and pigments is constantly increasing. This research developed a green nanocomposite exhibiting photocatalytic, hydrophobic, consolidation and self-cleaning properties. This was achieved by synthesizing a TiO2 photocatalyst enriched with carbon dots (C-dots) and successfully incorporated into a tetraethoxysilane nanocomposite modified with nano-calcium oxalate and polydimethylsiloxane. The TiO2/C-dots that were prepared with a simple, low temperature, cost-effective and large-scale procedure were assessed via analytical and spectroscopic techniques and were resulted in anatase structure ranging in size from 10 to 40 nm. Photooxidation measurements displayed that TiO2/C-dots nanoparticles could photodegrade completely Methyl Orange (MO) under UV and visible irradiation after 120 min. The photocatalytic performance of the nanocomposite with TiO2/C-dots resulted promising under UV after longer irradiation time. The degradation of MO was faster on bulk xerogels containing the TiO2/C-dots than the corresponding ones with TiO2. The treatment of concrete, limestone and lime mortars with the nanocomposite proved to be compatible with the substrates in terms of aesthetical aspects. This study demonstrates encouraging potential for large-scale production of a multifunctional protective composite that offers hydrophobicity, self-cleaning properties and consolidation to architectural surfaces.
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David ME, Ion RM, Grigorescu RM, Iancu L, Holban AM, Nicoara AI, Alexandrescu E, Somoghi R, Ganciarov M, Vasilievici G, Gheboianu AI. Hybrid Materials Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1415. [PMID: 34072004 PMCID: PMC8228541 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were decorated with different types of nanoparticles (NPs) in order to obtain hybrid materials with improved antimicrobial activity. Structural and morphological analysis, such as Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller technique were used in order to investigate the decoration of the nanotubes with NPs. Analysis of the decorated nanotubes showed a narrow size distribution of NPs, 7-13 nm for the nanotubes decorated with zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs, 15-33 nm for the nanotubes decorated with silver (Ag) NPs and 20-35 nm for the nanotubes decorated with hydroxyapatite (HAp) NPs, respectively. The dispersion in water of the obtained nanomaterials was improved for all the decorated MWCNTs, as revealed by the relative absorbance variation in time of the water-dispersed nanomaterials. The obtained nanomaterials showed a good antimicrobial activity; however, the presence of the NPs on the surface of MWCNTs improved the nanocomposites' activity. The presence of ZnO and Ag nanoparticles enhanced the antimicrobial properties of the material, in clinically relevant microbial strains. Our data proves that such composite nanomaterials are efficient antimicrobial agents, suitable for the therapy of severe infection and biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Elena David
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry - ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-M.I.); (R.M.G.); (L.I.); (E.A.); (R.S.); (M.G.); (G.V.)
- Doctoral School of Materials Engineering Department, Valahia University of Targoviste, 130004 Targoviste, Romania
| | - Rodica-Mariana Ion
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry - ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-M.I.); (R.M.G.); (L.I.); (E.A.); (R.S.); (M.G.); (G.V.)
- Doctoral School of Materials Engineering Department, Valahia University of Targoviste, 130004 Targoviste, Romania
| | - Ramona Marina Grigorescu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry - ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-M.I.); (R.M.G.); (L.I.); (E.A.); (R.S.); (M.G.); (G.V.)
| | - Lorena Iancu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry - ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-M.I.); (R.M.G.); (L.I.); (E.A.); (R.S.); (M.G.); (G.V.)
| | | | - Adrian Ionut Nicoara
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Elvira Alexandrescu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry - ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-M.I.); (R.M.G.); (L.I.); (E.A.); (R.S.); (M.G.); (G.V.)
| | - Raluca Somoghi
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry - ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-M.I.); (R.M.G.); (L.I.); (E.A.); (R.S.); (M.G.); (G.V.)
| | - Mihaela Ganciarov
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry - ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-M.I.); (R.M.G.); (L.I.); (E.A.); (R.S.); (M.G.); (G.V.)
| | - Gabriel Vasilievici
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry - ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-M.I.); (R.M.G.); (L.I.); (E.A.); (R.S.); (M.G.); (G.V.)
| | - Anca Irina Gheboianu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Science and Technology, Valahia University of Targoviste, 130004 Targoviste, Romania;
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Sanmartín P, Noya-Pintos D, Fuentes E, Pozo-Antonio JS. Cracks in consolidants containing TiO 2 as a habitat for biological colonization: A case of quaternary bioreceptivity. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 124:112058. [PMID: 33947552 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The recently proposed concept of quaternary bioreceptivity applies to substrates treated with coating materials and it is considered in the present study with the alga Bracteacoccus minor and the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. onto granite specimens treated with ethyl silicate and nano-sized silica doped with different amounts of TiO2 (0, 0.5, 1 and 3 wt%). The findings showed a lack of correlation between the amount of TiO2 and the level of colonization (main bioreceptivity estimator) to the presence of cracks on the surface, which annul the biocidal power of TiO2. Crack formation, which depends on the mechanical properties, greatly influences the bioreceptivity of the material. Thus, the cracks provided anchor points where water is retained, in turn strongly influencing the early stages of colonization kinetics, to a greater extent than the biocidal power of TiO2, which will probably increase as the biofilm develops over the entire surface. In addition, although the cracks were more abundant and wider in the ethyl silicate-based consolidant, the nano-sized silica provided better anchoring points, making the material treated with the corresponding consolidant more bioreceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sanmartín
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - D Noya-Pintos
- Escola Superior de Conservación e Restauración de Bens Culturais de Galicia, 36002 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - E Fuentes
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J S Pozo-Antonio
- CINTECX, GESSMin Group, Departamento de Enxeñaría dos Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente, Escola de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, University of Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
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20
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Improving the Protective Properties of Shellac-Based Varnishes by Functionalized Nanoparticles. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Shellac is a natural varnish still known as one of the most elegant finishes for furniture and musical instruments, and currently used for restoration and refinishing of wooden antiques. However, it displays some limitations such as (i) sensitivity to alcoholic solvents (ii) softness of the coating, and (iii) considerable weathering due to photo- and bio-degradation. Hence, the main aim of this study was to improve the properties of shellac-based finish by introducing functionalized nanoparticles. Two inorganic nano-sized materials were considered: ZnO that was expected to reduce photo- and bio-degradation problems, and ZrO2 that was expected to improve the hardness of the varnish. Nanoparticles were synthesized and treated with a bifunctional silane coupling agent. Both plain and functionalized nanoparticles were extensively characterized using different experimental techniques. Functionalized nanoparticles were grafted on shellac through a reaction involving the epoxy-rings introduced on their surface. The resulting modified varnishes were applied on maple wood specimens according to traditional procedures. Different instrumental techniques and testing methods were used to characterize both nano-sized materials and the corresponding nanocomposites, as well as to evaluate the performance of the new coatings. The investigated composite materials display the same aesthetic appearance as plain shellac, while some other properties were improved. In particular, both nanocomposites are distinctly less soluble in alcohols than plain shellac and display antifungal properties. Moreover, coating containing functionalized ZnO nanoparticles displays photo-protection behavior, while shellac modified with ZrO2 nanoparticles exhibits a higher hardness when compared to the traditional varnish.
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21
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Lettieri M, Masieri M, Frigione M. Novel Nano-Filled Coatings for the Protection of Built Heritage Stone Surfaces. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020301. [PMID: 33503902 PMCID: PMC7912206 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An experimental nano-filled coating, based on a fluorine resin containing SiO2 nano-particles, was applied on calcareous stones, representative of materials used in buildings and monuments of the Mediterranean basin; for comparison purposes, two commercial products were applied on the same substrates. The efficacy of the protective treatments was assessed by analyzing different characteristics of the three experimental/commercial products, i.e., color changes and permeability to water vapor to evaluate the treatments’ harmlessness; capillary water absorption and water stone contact angle to evaluate the protection against water ingress; oleophobicity of the treated surfaces and the behavior under staining by acrylic blue-colored spray paint and felt-tip marker to verify the anti-graffiti action. Finally, the properties of the treated stone surfaces were analyzed also after the application of pancreatin, used to simulate bird excreta (guano). The protective coatings were found to promote graffiti removal, reducing also the detrimental effects due to simulated guano. The experimental nano-filled product, in addition, was able to provide outstanding performance but using smaller amounts of product in comparison to commercial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Lettieri
- CNR–SPIN, SuPerconducting and Other INnovative Materials and Devices Institute, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Maurizio Masieri
- CNR–ISPC, Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Mariaenrica Frigione
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
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Surface Active Ionic Liquids Based Coatings as Subaerial Anti-Biofilms for Stone Built Cultural Heritage. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
New surface active ionic liquids (SAILs), based on cholinium cations and dodecylbenzenesulfonate as anion, have been synthesized and their potential application as antimicrobial colonization agents on cultural heritage (CH)stone materials investigated. The biocidal activity and antifouling capabilities were, preliminarily, evaluated by a screening on pure Gram (+) and Gram (−) bacteria strain cultures, yeasts, hyphomycetes and single-celled algae. Tests on stone materials (marble and tufa) vs. a stabilized community, constituted by a mixture of microbial strains, revealed that some SAILs display both antimicrobial and preventive antibiofilm action against new colonization. Analogous tests have been performed on the cholinium@halide precursors.
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Bionanocomposite Films Containing Halloysite Nanotubes and Natural Antioxidants with Enhanced Performance and Durability as Promising Materials for Cultural Heritage Protection. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12091973. [PMID: 32878027 PMCID: PMC7564337 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the interest toward the formulation of polymer films for cultural heritage protection continuously grew, and these films must be imperatively transparent, removable, and should not react/interact with surface of the artworks. In this research, bionanocomposite films, based on chitosan (Ch) and pectin (P) and containing naturally occurring fillers and antioxidants, were formulated by solvent casting methods and were accurately characterized. The natural halloysite nanotubes (HNT) have a two-fold role, specifically, physical compatibilizer and antioxidant carrier. Therefore, the theoretical solubility between Ch and P was estimated considering Hoy’s method for solubility of polymers, while the optimum ratio between biopolymer constituents was assessed by ζ-potential measurements. The transparency, wettability, and mechanical behavior of Ch:P films, also in presence of HNT without and with antioxidants, were investigated. The beneficial effects of natural antioxidants, such as vanillic acid (VA) and quercetin (Q), on Ch:P/HNT durability were found.
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Presentato A, Armetta F, Spinella A, Chillura Martino DF, Alduina R, Saladino ML. Formulation of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Controlled Release of Antimicrobials for Stone Preventive Conservation. Front Chem 2020; 8:699. [PMID: 32974275 PMCID: PMC7471835 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotic deterioration of artifacts of archaeological and artistic interest mostly relies on the action of microorganisms capable of thriving under the most disparate environmental conditions. Thus, to attenuate biodeterioration phenomena, biocides can be used by the restorers to prevent or slow down the microbial growth. However, several factors such as biocide half-life, its wash-out because of environmental conditions, and its limited time of action make necessary its application repeatedly, leading to negative economic implications. Sound and successful treatments are represented by controlled release systems (CRSs) based on porous materials. Here, we report on the design and development of a CRS system based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), as a carrier, and loaded with a biocide. MSNs, with a diameter of 55 nm and cylindrical pores of ca. 3-8 nm arranged as parallel arrays concerning the NP diameter, and with 422 m2/g of specific surface area were synthesized by the sol-gel method assisted by oil in water emulsion. Biocide loading and release were carried out in water and monitored by UV-Vis Spectroscopy; in addition, microbiological assay was performed using as control the MCM-41 mesoporous silica loaded with the same biocide. The role of specific supramolecular interaction in regulating the release is discussed. Further, we demonstrated that this innovative formulation was useful in inhibiting the in vitro growth of Kocuria rhizophila, an environmental Gram-positive bacterial strain. Besides, the CRS here prepared reduced the bacterial biomass contaminating a real case study (i.e., stone derived from the Santa Margherita cave located in Sicily, Italy), after several months of treatment thus opening for innovative treatments of deteriorated stone artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Presentato
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Armetta
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Spinella
- Advanced Technologies Network (ATeN) Center, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Delia Francesca Chillura Martino
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Advanced Technologies Network (ATeN) Center, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Alduina
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Saladino
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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