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El Messaoudi N, Franco DSP, Gubernat S, Georgin J, Şenol ZM, Ciğeroğlu Z, Allouss D, El Hajam M. Advances and future perspectives of water defluoridation by adsorption technology: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118857. [PMID: 38569334 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Fluoride contamination in water sources poses a significant challenge to human health and the environment. In recent years, adsorption technology has emerged as a promising approach for water defluoridation due to its efficiency and cost-effectiveness. This review article comprehensively explores the advances in water defluoridation through adsorption processes. Various adsorbents, including natural and synthetic materials, have been investigated for their efficacy in removing fluoride ions from water. The mechanisms underlying adsorption interactions are elucidated, shedding light on the factors influencing defluoridation efficiency. Moreover, the review outlines the current state of technology, highlighting successful case studies and field applications. Future perspectives in the field of water defluoridation by adsorption are discussed, emphasizing the need for sustainable and scalable solutions. The integration of novel materials, process optimization, and the development of hybrid technologies are proposed as pathways to address existing challenges and enhance the overall efficacy of water defluoridation. This comprehensive assessment of the advances and future directions in adsorption-based water defluoridation provides valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners working towards ensuring safe and accessible drinking water for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine El Messaoudi
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, 80000, Morocco.
| | - Dison Stracke Pfingsten Franco
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Sylwia Gubernat
- Inżynieria Rzeszów S.A., ul. Podkarpacka 59A, 35-082, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jordana Georgin
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
| | - Zeynep Mine Şenol
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Diet, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ciğeroğlu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Usak University, Usak, 64300, Turkey
| | - Dalia Allouss
- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis & Valorization of Natural Resources, FSTM, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Maryam El Hajam
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, Orono, 04469, United States
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Pugliese L, Canga E, Hansen HCB, Kjærgaard C, Heckrath GJ, Poulsen TG. Long-term phosphorus removal by Ca and Fe-rich drainage filter materials under variable flow and inlet concentrations. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120792. [PMID: 37925858 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) losses from tile-drained agricultural fields may degrade surface water quality by accelerating eutrophication. Among the different edge-of-field technologies, compact filter systems using different filter materials have been identified as potentially effective solutions for removing P from drainage water before discharge downstream. This study investigated the long-term (>696 days) P removal efficiency of 5 different filter materials in a column setup, using artificial drainage water (pH 6). Filter materials included two iron-based granulates (calcinated diatomaceous earth (CDE), ferric hydroxide granules (CFH)), and three calcium-based granulates (seashells, limestone, calcinated silicate/calcium oxide (Filtralite-P)). Experiments were performed under variable flow rates (0.037 and 1.52 L h-1; hydraulic retention time of 26-43 min and 18-30 h) and inlet P concentrations (0.14 and 0.7 mg L-1). An overall analysis revealed that the Fe-based materials achieved higher P retention than Ca-based materials. In particular, CFH was capable of retaining 99 and 98 % of the high and low inlet P concentrations, respectively. Conversely, limestone retained only 25 % of the high P load. CDE performed moderately well, independently of the inlet P concentration. Filtralite-P and Seashells performed well at high inlet P concentration but relatively poorly at low P concentration. The sensitivity of filter material P removal efficiency to variations in P loading was generally lowest for CFH and highest for limestone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pugliese
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, Tjele 8830, Denmark.
| | - Eriona Canga
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, Tjele 8830, Denmark
| | - Hans Chr Bruun Hansen
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Physics, Copenhagen University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Kjærgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, Tjele 8830, Denmark
| | - Goswin J Heckrath
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, Tjele 8830, Denmark
| | - Tjalfe G Poulsen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Daxue Road 241, Shantou 515063, China
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Chu Z, Wang W, Yin M, Yang Z. Zirconium Component Modified Porous Nanowood for Efficient Removal of Phosphate from Aqueous Solutions. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13111807. [PMID: 37299711 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urban industrialization and agricultural production have led to the discharge of excessive phosphate into aquatic systems, resulting in a rise in water pollution. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore efficient phosphate removal technologies. Herein, a novel phosphate capture nanocomposite (PEI-PW@Zr) with mild preparation conditions, environmental friendliness, recyclability, and high efficiency has been developed by modifying aminated nanowood with a zirconium (Zr) component. The Zr component imparts the ability to capture phosphate to the PEI-PW@Zr, while the porous structure provides a mass transfer channel, resulting in excellent adsorption efficiency. Additionally, the nanocomposite maintains more than 80% phosphate adsorption efficiency even after ten adsorption-desorption cycles, indicating its recyclability and potential for repeated use. This compressible nanocomposite provides novel insights into the design of efficient phosphate removal cleaners and offers potential approaches for the functionalization of biomass-based composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Chu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mengping Yin
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhuohong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Gubernat S, Masłoń A, Czarnota J, Koszelnik P, Chutkowski M, Tupaj M, Gumieniak J, Kramek A, Galek T. Removal of Phosphorus with the Use of Marl and Travertine and Their Thermally Modified Forms-Factors Affecting the Sorption Capacity of Materials and the Kinetics of the Sorption Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1225. [PMID: 36770230 PMCID: PMC9920275 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents new reactive materials, namely marl and travertine, and their thermal modifications and the Polonite® material, analyzing their phosphorus removal from water and wastewater by sorption. Based on the experimental data, an analysis of the factors influencing the sorption capacity of the materials, such as the material dose, pH of the initial solution, process temperature, surface structure, and morphology, was performed. Adsorption isotherms and maximum sorption capacities were determined with the use of the Langmuir, Freundlich, Langmuir-Freundlich, Tóth, Radke-Praunitz, and Marczewski-Jaroniec models. The kinetics of the phosphorus sorption process of the tested materials were described using reversible and irreversible pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and mixed models. The natural materials were the most sensitive to changes in the process conditions, such as temperature and pH. The thermal treatment process stabilizes the marl and travertine towards materials with a more homogeneous surface in terms of energy and structure. The fitted models of the adsorption isotherms and kinetic models allowed for an indication of a possible phosphorus-binding mechanism, as well as the maximum amount of this element that can be retained on the materials' surface under given conditions-raw marl (43.89 mg P/g), raw travertine (140.48 mg P/g), heated marl (80.44 mg P/g), heated travertine (282.34 mg P/g), and Polonite® (54.33 mg P/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Gubernat
- Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical Sciences at the Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
- Inżynieria Rzeszów S.A., ul. Podkarpacka 59A, 35-082 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Adam Masłoń
- Department of Environmental and Chemistry Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Joanna Czarnota
- Department of Environmental and Chemistry Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Piotr Koszelnik
- Department of Environmental and Chemistry Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Marcin Chutkowski
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Mirosław Tupaj
- Department of Component Manufacturing and Production Organization, Rzeszow University of Technology, ul. Kwiatkowskiego 4, 37-450 Stalowa Wola, Poland
| | - Justyna Gumieniak
- Department of Component Manufacturing and Production Organization, Rzeszow University of Technology, ul. Kwiatkowskiego 4, 37-450 Stalowa Wola, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kramek
- Department of Component Manufacturing and Production Organization, Rzeszow University of Technology, ul. Kwiatkowskiego 4, 37-450 Stalowa Wola, Poland
| | - Tomasz Galek
- Department of Integrated Design Systems and Tribology, Rzeszow University of Technology, ul. Kwiatkowskiego 4, 37-450 Stalowa Wola, Poland
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Konadu-Amoah B, Hu R, Ndé-Tchoupé AI, Gwenzi W, Noubactep C. Metallic iron (Fe 0)-based materials for aqueous phosphate removal: A critical review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 315:115157. [PMID: 35526394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of excessive phosphate from wastewater sources into the aquatic environment has been identified as a major environmental threat responsible for eutrophication. It has become essential to develop efficient but affordable techniques to remove excess phosphate from wastewater before discharging into freshwater bodies. The use of metallic iron (Fe0) as a reactive agent for aqueous phosphate removal has received a wide attention. Fe0 in-situ generates positively charged iron corrosion products (FeCPs) at pH > 4.5, with high binding affinity for anionic phosphate. This study critically reviews the literature that focuses on the utilization of Fe0-based materials for aqueous phosphate removal. The fundamental science of aqueous iron corrosion and historical background of the application of Fe0 for phosphate removal are elucidated. The main mechanisms for phosphate removal are identified and extensively discussed based on the chemistry of the Fe0/H2O system. This critical evaluation confirms that the removal process is highly influenced by several operational factors including contact time, Fe0 type, influent geochemistry, initial phosphate concentration, mixing conditions, and pH value. The difficulty in comparing independent results owing to diverse experimental conditions is highlighted. Moreover, contemporary research in progress including Fe0/oxidant systems, nano-Fe0 application, Fe0 material selection, desorption studies, and proper design of Fe0-based systems for improved phosphate removal have been discussed. Finally, potential strategies to close the loop in Fe0-based phosphate remediation systems are discussed. This review presents a science-based guide to optimize the efficient design of Fe0-based systems for phosphate removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Konadu-Amoah
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Fo Cheng Xi Road 8, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| | - Rui Hu
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Fo Cheng Xi Road 8, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| | - Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Fo Cheng Xi Road 8, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Chicgoua Noubactep
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Fo Cheng Xi Road 8, Nanjing, 211100, China; Centre for Modern Indian Studies (CeMIS), University of Göttingen, Waldweg 26, 37073, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Water and Environmental Science and Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; Faculty of Science and Technology, Campus of Banekane, Université des Montagnes, P.O. Box 208, Bangangté, Cameroon.
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Horizontal Shower Heat Exchanger as an Effective Domestic Hot Water Heating Alternative. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15134829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Wastewater has significant potential as a source of clean energy. This energy can be used both within external sewer networks and on the scale of individual residential buildings, and the use of shower heat exchangers appears to be the most reasonable solution. However, in the case of Poland, the problem is still the unwillingness of society to use this type of solution, caused mainly by the lack of space for the installation of vertical drain water heat recovery (DWHR) units and the low efficiency of horizontal units. In response to this issue, the efficiency of a new compact shower heat exchanger designed to be mounted below the shower tray, as well as its linear counterpart, was investigated under various operating conditions. In addition, the financial efficiency of using the compact DWHR unit with average water consumption for showering was evaluated. For this purpose, discount methods were used to estimate the financial efficiency of investments. The study showed that the compact shower heat exchanger has higher efficiency than its linear counterpart. Depending on the temperature of cold water and the flow rate of both media through the heat exchanger, it achieves efficiencies ranging from 22.43% to 31.82%, while the efficiency of the linear DWHR unit did not exceed 23.03% in the study. The financial analysis showed that its use is particularly beneficial when the building uses an electric hot water heater. The investment’s sensitivity to changes in the independent variables is small in this case, even with low water consumption per shower. The only exceptions are investment outlays. Therefore, the compact DWHR unit is a clean energy device, which in many cases is financially viable.
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Use of Natural Sorbents in the Processes of Removing Biogenic Compounds from the Aquatic Environment. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of the evaluation of the possibility of using a selected sorbent of natural origin, mineral (opoka rock), for the removal of biogenic compounds from aqueous solutions. The analyzed opoka rock contains approximately 70% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and from 26 to 27% silicon dioxide (SiO2) and has been classified as heavy opoka rock. The experiment focused on the sorption of organic components, including phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and carbon (C). It was carried out for two treatment systems, column tests and batch tests, for three samples of water—water from a water supply system, water from a fish pond and water from a garden pond—located in the region of Silesia (Poland). The results showed that the P removal efficiency was equal to 96.6% for the fine-grained sorbent (grain size <2 mm) and 90.8% for the coarse-grained sorbent (2–4 mm) in the batch tests, while lower effectiveness was observed for the column tests, reaching 67.8% and 54%, respectively. The efficiency of N (NH4+) removal was equal to 84% for both types of sorbents in the batch tests, while it was 47.7% for the fine-grained sorbent and 26.3% for the coarse-grained sorbent in the column tests. The efficiency of the removal of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−) was higher for the fine-grained sorbent in all analyzed water samples. The use of materials of natural origin in industrial applications is a recommended direction, part of the green transition. The analyzed samples of opoka rock come from deposits, and opoka rock has so far not been analyzed in terms of its possible use in water and sewage treatment technology. Therefore, further research is recommended for this low-cost sorbent, which may be a competitive material for commercial products.
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Sočo E, Domoń A, Papciak D, Michel MM, Cieniek B, Pająk D. Characteristics of the Properties of Absodan Plus Sorbent and Its Ability to Remove Phosphates and Chromates from Aqueous Solutions. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103540. [PMID: 35629567 PMCID: PMC9144202 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to characterize the parameters of the diatomite sorbent Absodan Plus as well as to assess its suitability for the adsorption of chromates and phosphates from acidic aqueous solutions simulating the conditions occurring in some types of industrial wastewater. The scope of the research includes XRD, SEM, BET, and PZC analyses, and 3D observation of commercial diatomite granules and batch tests to determine the constants of kinetics and the equilibrium of chromates and phosphates adsorption. Absodan Plus is a diatomite commercial material containing an amorphous phase (33%) and is also the crystalline phase of quartz, hematite, and grossite. The material is macro- and mesoporous and its specific surface area is about 30 m2/g. Its PZC is around pH = 5.5–6.0 and in an acidic environment is able to adsorb the anions. The saturation of the adsorbent surface with molecules of the adsorbed substance occurs after 2 h for chromates and 2.5 h for phosphates. The maximum adsorption capacity of Absodan Plus in terms of phosphorus and chromium amounts to 9.46 mg P/g and 39.1 mg Cr/g, respectively. As shown by XRD analysis, Absodan Plus contains an admixture of hematite, which can support the removal of chromium and phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Sočo
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Andżelika Domoń
- Department of Water Purification and Protection, Faculty of Civil, Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Dorota Papciak
- Department of Water Purification and Protection, Faculty of Civil, Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Magdalena M. Michel
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Bogumił Cieniek
- Institute of Materials Engineering, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Pająk
- Department of Casting and Welding, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
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Limousy L, Thiebault T, Brendle J. New Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051927. [PMID: 35269160 PMCID: PMC8911897 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Limousy
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, UMR CNRS 7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, 3b Rue Alfred Werner, F-68100 Mulhouse, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Thomas Thiebault
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, UMR CNRS METIS 7619, PSL Université, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France;
| | - Jocelyne Brendle
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, UMR CNRS 7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, 3b Rue Alfred Werner, F-68100 Mulhouse, France;
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Can Bottom Sediments Be a Prospective Fertilizing Material? A Chemical Composition Analysis for Potential Reuse in Agriculture. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247685. [PMID: 34947283 PMCID: PMC8706414 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Every year, huge amounts of bottom sediments are extracted worldwide, which need to be disposed. The recycling of bottom sediments for soil fertilization is in line with the long-promoted circular economy policy and enables the use of micro and macronutrients accumulated in sediments for soil fertilization. When considering potential agricultural reuse of the dredge sediments, the first necessary step should be to analyze whether the heavy metal content meets the obligatory criteria. Then, the contents of valuable elements required for plant growth and their ratios should be assessed. In this study, the content of nitrogen, organic carbon, phosphorus, and potassium was tested and iron, sulfur, calcium, and magnesium were also analyzed along vertical profiles of sediments extracted from four urban retention tanks in Gdańsk (Poland). The sediments were indicated to have a low content of nutrients (Ntot 0.01–0.52%, Corg 0.1–8.4%, P2O5 0.00–0.65%, K 0.0–1.0%), while being quite rich in Fe and S (0.2–3.3%, 0.0–2.5%, respectively). The C/N ratio changed in the range of 17.4–28.4, which proved good nitrogen availability for plants. The mean values of the Fe/P ratio were above 2.0, which confirms that phosphorus in the sediments would be available to the plants in the form of iron phosphate. To summarize, the bottom sediments from municipal retention reservoirs are not a perfect material for soil fertilization, but they are a free waste material which, when enriched with little cost, can be a good fertilizer. Future research should focus on cultivation experiments with the use of sediments enriched with N, P, Corg.
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Lee H, Peng YL, Whang LM, Liao JD. Recycled Steel Slag as a Porous Adsorbent to Filter Phosphorus-Rich Water with 8 Filtration Circles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3187. [PMID: 34207811 PMCID: PMC8228387 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Steel slag is a secondary product from steelmaking process through alkaline oxygen furnace or electric arc furnace (EAF). The disposal of steel slag has become a thorny environmental protection issue, and it is mainly used as unbound aggregates, e.g., as a secondary component of asphalt concrete used for road paving. In this study, the characteristics of compacted porous steel slag disc (SSD) and its application in phosphorous (P)-rich water filtration are discussed. The SSD with an optimal porosity of 10 wt% and annealing temperature of 900 °C, denoted as SSD-P (10, 900) meets a compressive strength required by ASTM C159-06, which has the capability of much higher than 90% P removal (with the effluent standard < 4 mg P/L) within 3 h, even after eight filtration times. No harmful substances from SSD have been detected in the filtered water, which complies with the effluent standard ISO 14001. The reaction mechanism for P-rich water filtration is mediated by water, followed by two reaction steps-CaO in SSD hydrolyzed from the matrix of SSD to Ca2+ and reacting with PO43-. However, the microenvironment of water is influenced by the pH value of the P-rich water at different filtration times and the kind of P-rich water with different free positive ion that interferes the reactions of the release of Ca2+. This study demonstrates the application of circular economy in reducing steel slag deposits, filtering P-rich water, and collecting Ca3(PO4)2 precipitate into fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (H.L.); (Y.-L.P.)
| | - Yen-Ling Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (H.L.); (Y.-L.P.)
| | - Liang-Ming Whang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Jiunn-Der Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (H.L.); (Y.-L.P.)
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Treatment of Hypolimnion Water on Mineral Aggregates as the Second Step of the Hypolimnetic Withdrawal Method Used for Lake Restoration. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min11020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the usefulness of mineral aggregates in orthophosphate (OP) removal from hypolimnetic water withdrawn from eutrophic lakes. Two low-cost and easily available reactive materials were tested: lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) and crushed limestone (LS). Their performance regarding OP removal and the effect on the pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, N-NO3 and N-NH4 concentrations of treated water were investigated in a column experiment with four-filter beds made of LECA and amended with LS (additions of 0, 25, 50 and 75% of the bed volume). The highest OP removal (>50%) was achieved in LECA beds with high (75% by volume) amendments of LS. Neither LECA nor LS distinctly affected the pH (maximum pH increase, from 7.1 or 7.2 to 7.6, occurred in the case of the LECA bed). In real-life conditions, it is not feasible to install a full-scale bed made of these mineral aggregates on the outflow from a lake due to the large required size of such a bed. At the operation time set for 30 d, the size of a bed would need to reach between 6113.2 and 12,226.4 m3. The proposed bed should be just one of the elements of an integrated treatment system. Constructions consisting of sorption beds ought to be coupled with adequately designed zones of aquatic vegetation. Three conceptional solutions were proposed for in situ treatment of the withdrawn water, differing in arrangement and construction of the potential sorption bed. Application of such solutions should be regarded as a substantial improvement of Olszewski’s method, as it can mitigate the pollution of downstream ecosystems.
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