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Zarski A, Kapusniak K, Ptak S, Rudlicka M, Coseri S, Kapusniak J. Functionalization Methods of Starch and Its Derivatives: From Old Limitations to New Possibilities. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:597. [PMID: 38475281 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that starch as a raw material is of strategic importance for meeting primarily the nutritional needs of people around the world. Year by year, the demand not only for traditional but also for functional food based on starch and its derivatives is growing. Problems with the availability of petrochemical raw materials, as well as environmental problems with the recycling of post-production waste, make non-food industries also increasingly interested in this biopolymer. Its supporters will point out countless advantages such as wide availability, renewability, and biodegradability. Opponents, in turn, will argue that they will not balance the problems with its processing and storage and poor functional properties. Hence, the race to find new methods to improve starch properties towards multifunctionality is still ongoing. For these reasons, in the presented review, referring to the structure and physicochemical properties of starch, attempts were made to highlight not only the current limitations in its processing but also new possibilities. Attention was paid to progress in the non-selective and selective functionalization of starch to obtain materials with the greatest application potential in the food (resistant starch, dextrins, and maltodextrins) and/or in the non-food industries (hydrophobic and oxidized starch).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Zarski
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Kamila Kapusniak
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Sylwia Ptak
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rudlicka
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Sergiu Coseri
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 41 A, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Janusz Kapusniak
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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Min Y, Woo MW, Dai R, Yang NQ, Dang X, Liu W, Chen H. The role of urea on the dissolution of starch in NaOH-urea aqueous solutions. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:3496-3509. [PMID: 37140096 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01659a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Potato starch can be dissolved in NaOH-urea aqueous solutions to form a stable and homogeneous mixture to initiate further modification. The mechanism for the formation of such a solution was investigated by examining the interactions between urea and starch, using rheological tests, 13C NMR, FTIR, and a novel Kamlet-Taft solvation parameter analysis. It was found that the optimized dissolution condition was in aqueous 10% w/w NaOH-14% w/w urea, under which 97.4% light transmission was achieved. This was due to dispersive forces between urea and starch without the presence of strong hydrogen bond based interactions. DSC results further showed that the subtle dissolving facilitation of urea might be attributed to the heat released during urea hydrate formation. Compared with conventional hydrothermal gelatinized starch, the starch-NaOH-urea aqueous dispersion exhibited better stability. This highlighted the role of urea in forming a 'bridge' to combine starch with water molecules. This reduces the tendency for starch aggregation via its hydrophobic components. Intrinsic viscosity and GPC analysis indicated that the degradation of starch molecules was significantly reduced. This work provides new insights into the role of urea in starch-NaOH-urea aqueous dispersion. This type of starch solvent formulation will have significant potential for further preparation of starch-based materials for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Min
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Meng Wai Woo
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rui Dai
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Nima Qu Yang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xugang Dang
- College of Bioresources Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610065, China
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Zdanowicz M, Rokosa M, Pieczykolan M, Antosik AK, Chudecka J, Mikiciuk M. Study on Physicochemical Properties of Biocomposite Films with Spent Coffee Grounds as a Filler and Their Influence on Physiological State of Growing Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097864. [PMID: 37175572 PMCID: PMC10178467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to plasticize corn starch with two selected urea (U)-rich plasticizers: choline chloride (CC):U or betaine (B):U eutectic mixtures at a molar ratio of 1:5 with a presence of spent coffee grounds as a filler. The biomaterials were prepared via a solventless one-step extrusion method and then extrudates were thermoformed using compression molding into sheets. The materials were characterized using mechanical and sorption tests, TGA, DMTA and FTIR. Additionally, a study on the biodegradation and remaining nitrogen content in soil was conducted. For the first time, an influence on physiological state of growing plants of the materials presence in soil was investigated. The addition of the coffee filler slightly increased the mechanical properties and decreased the swelling degree of the materials. The DMTA results indicated that biocomposites were easily thermoformable and the high filler addition (20 pph per polymer matrix) did not affect the processability. According to the biodegradation test results, the materials disappeared in soil within ca. 70 days. The results from this study on the physiological state of growing plants revealed that the materials, especially plasticized with CCU, did not exhibit any toxic effect on the yellow dwarf bean. The percentage of total nitrogen in the soil substrate in comparison with the control increased indicating an effective release of nitrogen from the TPS materials into the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zdanowicz
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego St. 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Rokosa
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Entomology, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Słowackiego St. 17, 70-953 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pieczykolan
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego St. 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Adrian Krzysztof Antosik
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego St. 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Justyna Chudecka
- Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Słowackiego St. 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Mikiciuk
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Entomology, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Słowackiego St. 17, 70-953 Szczecin, Poland
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Zunita M, Winoto HP, Fauzan MFK, Haikal R. Recent Advances in Plastics Waste Degradation Using Ionic Liquid-Based Process. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Marimuthu T, Sidat Z, Kumar P, Choonara YE. An Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid as a Model to Study Plasticization Effects on Cationic Polymethacrylate Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051239. [PMID: 36904480 PMCID: PMC10006978 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been touted as effective and environmentally friendly agents, which has driven their application in the biomedical field. The study compares the effectiveness of an IL agent, 1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([HMIM]Cl), to current industry standards for plasticizing a methacrylate polymer. Industrial standards glycerol, dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and the combination of [HMIM]Cl with a standard plasticizer was also evaluated. Plasticized samples were evaluated for stress-strain, long-term degradation, thermophysical characterizations, and molecular vibrational changes within the structure, and molecular mechanics simulations were performed. Physico-mechanical studies showed that [HMIM]Cl was a comparatively good plasticizer than current standards reaching effectiveness at 20-30% w/w, whereas plasticizing of standards such as glycerol was still inferior to [HMIM]Cl even at concentrations up to 50% w/w. Degradation studies show HMIM-polymer combinations remained plasticized for longer than other test samples, >14 days, compared to glycerol <5 days, while remaining more pliable. The combination of [HMIM]Cl-DOP was effective at concentrations >30% w/w, demonstrating remarkable plasticizing capability and long-term stability. ILs used as singular agents or in tandem with other standards provided equivalent or better plasticizing activity than the comparative free standards.
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Zdanowicz M, Sałasińska K. Characterization of Thermoplastic Starch Plasticized with Ternary Urea-Polyols Deep Eutectic Solvent with Two Selected Fillers: Microcrystalline Cellulose and Montmorillonite. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040972. [PMID: 36850255 PMCID: PMC9964604 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to prepare and characterize composite materials based on thermoplastic starch (TPS)/deep eutectic solvent (DES). Potato starch was plasticized with ternary DES: urea:glycerol:sorbitol and modified with the selected fillers: microcrystalline cellulose and sodium montmorillonite. Films were prepared via twin-screw extrusion and thermocompression of the extrudates. Then, the physicochemical properties of the TPS films were examined. The ternary DES effectively plasticized the polysaccharide leading to a highly amorphous structure of the TPS (confirmed via mechanical tests, DMTA and XRD analyses). An investigation of the behavior in water (swelling and dissolution degree) and water vapor transmission rate of the films was determined. The introduction of the two types of fillers resulted in higher tensile strength and better barrier properties of the composite TPS films. However, montmorillonite addition exhibited a higher impact than microcrystalline cellulose. Moreover, a cone calorimetry analysis of the TPS materials revealed that they showed better fire-retardant properties than TPS plasticized with a conventional plasticizer (glycerol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zdanowicz
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
- Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland
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Chen D, Zhao Z, Wu Y, Prakash S, Wan J. Dissolution behaviour of corn starch with different amylose content in ionic liquids. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 228:207-215. [PMID: 36535353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The dissolution behaviour of three corn starches, including corn starch (CS), high amylose corn starch (HACS) and waxy corn starch (WCS) with different amylose content in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([AMIM]Cl) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) were studied by comparing their dissolution state in ionic liquids (ILs). Further, the structural and thermal properties of the regenerated starch were analyzed. WCS with the lowest amylose content had the fastest dissolution rate, the most extensive structural damage, and the lowest solubility and required the maximum energy for dissolution. In the process of dissolution-regeneration, the A-type crystalline structure of WCS and CS was completely destroyed and transformed into an amorphous structure, while the B-type crystalline structure of HACS transformed into an ordered V-shaped structure. And the thermal stability of starch was improved after dissolution-regeneration in ILs. Among the two kinds of ILs, [AMIM] Cl had a better ability to dissolve starch, causing minor damage to the starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Sangeeta Prakash
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jie Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China.
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Saheed IO, Azeez SO, Suah FBM. Imidazolium based ionic liquids modified polysaccharides for adsorption and solid-phase extraction applications: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 298:120138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Mohammed AABA, Hasan Z, Omran AAB, Kumar V, Elfaghi AM, Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM. Corn: Its Structure, Polymer, Fiber, Composite, Properties, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204396. [PMID: 36297977 PMCID: PMC9607144 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocomposite materials have a significant function in saving the environment by replacing artificial plastic materials with natural substances. They have been enrolled in many applications, such as housing, automotive engine components, aerospace and military products, electronic and circuit board components, and oil and gas equipment. Therefore, continuous studies have been employed to improve their mechanical, thermal, physical properties. In this research, we conduct a comprehensive review about corn fiber and corn starch-based biocomposite. The results gained from previous studies were compared and discussed. Firstly, the chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of cornstarch-based composite were discussed. Then, the effects of various types of plasticizers on the flexibility of the cornstarch-based composite were addressed. The effects of chemical treatments on the properties of biocomposite using different cross-linking agents were discussed. The corn fiber surface treatment to enhance interfacial adhesion between natural fiber and polymeric matrix also were addressed. Finally, morphological characterization, crystallinity degree, and measurement of vapor permeability, degradation, and uptake of water were discussed. The mechanical, thermal, and water resistance properties of corn starch and fibers-based biopolymers show a significant improvement through plasticizing, chemical treatment, grafting, and cross-linker agent procedures, which expands their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zaimah Hasan
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (A.A.B.O.)
| | - Abdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar P C-311, Oman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Science & Technology, Sebha University, Sabha 00218, Libya
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (A.A.B.O.)
| | - V.Vinod Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar P C-311, Oman
| | - Abdulhafid M. Elfaghi
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat 86400, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Center (AEMC), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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Sowińska-Baranowska A, Maciejewska M, Duda P. The Potential Application of Starch and Walnut Shells as Biofillers for Natural Rubber (NR) Composites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147968. [PMID: 35887318 PMCID: PMC9323199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was application of corn starch and ground walnut shells in various amounts by weight as biofillers of natural rubber (NR) biocomposites. Additionally, ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmiCl) and (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) were used to increase the activity of biofillers and to improve the curing characteristics of NR composites. The effect of biofillers used and their modification with aminosilane or ionic liquid on the curing characteristics of NR composites and their functional properties, including crosslink density, mechanical properties in static and dynamic conditions, hardness, thermal stability and resistance to thermo-oxidative aging were investigated. Starch and ground walnut shells were classified as inactive fillers, which can be used alternatively to commercial inactive fillers, e.g., chalk. BmiCl and APTES were successfully used to support the vulcanization and to improve the dispersion of biofillers in NR elastomer matrix. Vulcanizates with starch, especially those containing APTES and BmiCl, exhibited improved tensile properties due to the higher crosslink density and homogenous dispersion of starch, which resulted from BmiCl addition. NR filled with ground walnut shells demonstrated improved resistance to thermo-oxidative aging. It resulted from lignin present in walnut shells, the components of which belong to polyphenols, that have an antioxidant activity.
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Ren F, Wang J, Yu J, Zhong C, Xie F, Wang S. Green synthesis of acetylated maize starch in different imidazolium carboxylate and choline carboxylate ionic liquids. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Sarder R, Piner E, Rios DC, Chacon L, Artner MA, Barrios N, Argyropoulos D. Copolymers of starch, a sustainable template for biomedical applications: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118973. [PMID: 34973787 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding versatility of starch offers a source of inspiration for the development of high-performance-value-added biomaterials for the biomedical field, including drug delivery, tissue engineering and diagnostic imaging. This is because starch-based materials can be tailored to specific applications via facile grafting or other chemistries, introducing specific substituents, with starch being effectively the "template" used in all the chemical transformations discussed in this review. A considerable effort has been carried out to obtain specific tailored starch-based grafted polymers, taking advantage of its biocompatibility and biodegradability with appealing sustainability considerations. The aim of this review is to critically explore the latest research that use grafting chemistries on starch for the synthesis of products for biomedical applications. An effort is made in reviewing the literature that proposes synthetic "greener" approaches, the use of enzymes and their immobilized analogues and alternative solvent systems, including water emulsions, ionic liquids and supercritical CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Sarder
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC-27606, USA
| | - Emily Piner
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC-27606, USA
| | - David Cruz Rios
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC-27606, USA
| | - Lisandra Chacon
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC-27606, USA
| | - Mirela Angelita Artner
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC-27606, USA
| | - Nelson Barrios
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC-27606, USA
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Nasrollahzadeh M, Ghasemzadeh M, Gharoubi H, Nezafat Z. Progresses in polysaccharide and lignin-based ionic liquids: Catalytic applications and environmental remediation. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Zarski A, Bajer K, Kapuśniak J. Review of the Most Important Methods of Improving the Processing Properties of Starch toward Non-Food Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:832. [PMID: 33803238 PMCID: PMC7967182 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the second most abundantly available natural polymer in the world, after cellulose. If we add its biodegradability and non-toxicity to the natural environment, it becomes a raw material very attractive for the food and non-food industries. However, in the latter case, mainly due to the high hydrophilicity of starch, it is necessary to carry out many more or less complex operations and processes. One of the fastest growing industries in the last decade is the processing of biodegradable materials for packaging purposes. This is mainly due to awareness of producers and consumers about the dangers of unlimited production and the use of non-degradable petroleum polymers. Therefore, in the present review, an attempt was made to show the possibilities and limitations of using starch as a packaging material. The most important physicochemical features of this biopolymer are discussed, and special attention is paid to more or less environmentally friendly methods of improving its processing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Zarski
- Department of Dietetics and Food Studies, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15 Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Bajer
- Lukasiewicz Research Network—Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 55 Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Janusz Kapuśniak
- Department of Dietetics and Food Studies, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15 Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland;
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