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Kairytė A, Makowska S, Rybiński P, Strzelec K, Kremensas A, Šeputytė-Jucikė J, Vaitkus S. Effect of Liquid Glass-Modified Lignin Waste on the Flammability Properties of Biopolyurethane Foam Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:205. [PMID: 38257004 PMCID: PMC10819798 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Water-blown biopolyurethane (bioPUR) foams are flammable and emit toxic gases during combustion. Herein, a novel approach suggested by the current study is to use different amounts of lignin waste (LigW), which increases the thermal stability and delays the flame spread and sodium silicate (LG), which has foaming ability at high temperatures and acts as a protective layer during a fire. However, there have been no studies carried out to investigate the synergy between these two materials. Therefore, two different ratios, namely 1/1 and 1/2 of LigW/LG, were used to prepare bioPUR foam composites. The obtained bioPUR foam composites with a 1/2 ratio of LigW/LG exhibited inhibition of flame propagation during the ignitability test by 7 s, increased thermal stability at higher temperatures by 40 °C, reduced total smoke production by 17%, reduced carbon monoxide release by 22%, and increased compressive strength by a maximum of 123% and 36% and tensile strength by a maximum of 49% and 30% at 100 °C and 200 °C, respectively, compared to bioPUR foam composites with unmodified LigW. Additionally, thanks to the sufficient compatibility between the polymeric matrix and LigW/LG particles, bioPUR foam composites were characterised by unchanged or even improved physical and mechanical properties, as well as increased glass transition temperature by 16% compared to bioPUR foam composites with unmodified LigW particles, making them suitable for application as a thermal insulating layer in building envelopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenų St. 28, 08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.K.); (J.Š.-J.); (S.V.)
| | - Sylwia Makowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Przemysław Rybiński
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, Żeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Arūnas Kremensas
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenų St. 28, 08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.K.); (J.Š.-J.); (S.V.)
| | - Jurga Šeputytė-Jucikė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenų St. 28, 08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.K.); (J.Š.-J.); (S.V.)
| | - Saulius Vaitkus
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenų St. 28, 08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.K.); (J.Š.-J.); (S.V.)
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Acosta A, Aramburu AB, Beltrame R, Gatto DA, Amico S, Labidi J, Delucis RDA. Wood Flour Modified by Poly(furfuryl alcohol) as a Filler in Rigid Polyurethane Foams: Effect on Water Uptake. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245510. [PMID: 36559877 PMCID: PMC9784639 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of lignocellulosic fillers in rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) has been receiving great attention due to their good mechanical and insulation properties and the high sustainable appeal of the obtained cellular polymers, although high water uptakes are found in most of these systems. To mitigate this detrimental effect, RPUFs filled with wood flour (2.5% wt) were fabricated with the addition of furfuryl alcohol (FA) to create a polymer grafted with the wood filler. Two concentrations of FA (10 wt% and 15 wt%) were investigated in relation to the wood flour, and the RPUFs were characterized for cell morphology, density, compressive properties, thermal stability, and water uptake. The introduction of wood flour as a filler decreased the cell size and increased the anisotropy index of the RPUFs and, in addition to that, the FA grafting increased these effects even more. In general, there were no significant changes in both mechanical and thermal properties ascribed to the incorporation of the fillers. On the other hand, a reduction of up to 200% in water uptake was ascribed to the FA-treated fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Acosta
- Post-Graduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91509-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (J.L.)
| | - Arthur B. Aramburu
- Post-Graduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91509-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Beltrame
- Post-Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, Brazil
| | - Darci A. Gatto
- Post-Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, Brazil
| | - Sandro Amico
- Post-Graduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91509-900, Brazil
| | - Jalel Labidi
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country, Plaza de Europa 1, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (J.L.)
| | - Rafael de Avila Delucis
- Post-Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, Brazil
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Mirski R, Walkiewicz J, Dukarska D, Derkowski A. Morphological Features of PUR-Wood Particle Composite Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6741. [PMID: 36234081 PMCID: PMC9571402 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to apply waste wood particles (WP) with different sizes from primary wood processing as a filler for open-cell PUR foams. For this purpose, various wood particle sizes were added as a filler for polyurethane foams (PUR). The effects of the addition of of 0.05−<0.125 mm, 0.125−<0.315 mm, 0.315−1.25 mm, and >1.25−2.0 of WP to the polyurethane matrix on the density, the kinetics of PUR foaming, the cell structure, and the morphology were investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray computer tomography were used. Based on the results, it was found that the addition of WP in the amount of 10% leads to an increase in density with an increase in particle size. The research shows that the morphology of the PUR-WP foam is influenced by its particle size. The difference in the number and size of cells in PUR-WP composites depends on the wood particle size. The addition of dust causes the formation of cells of much smaller sizes; confirmed by SEM images. Moreover, computer tomography clearly demonstrates that the WP are well-dispersed within the foams’ structures.
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Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Filled with Sawdust from Primary Wood Processing. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15155361. [PMID: 35955296 PMCID: PMC9369502 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the possibility of using sawdust, a by-product of primary wood processing, as a filler (WF) for rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams was investigated. The effects of the addition of 5, 10, 15 and 20% of WF particles to the polyurethane matrix on the foaming process, cell structure and selected physical-mechanical properties such as density, thermal conductivity, dimensional stability, water absorption, brittleness, compressive and bending strengths were evaluated. Based on the results, it was found that the addition of WF in the amount of up to 10% does not significantly affect the kinetics of the foam foaming process, allowing the reduction of their thermal conductivity, significantly reducing brittleness and maintaining high dimensional stability. On the other hand, such an amount of WF causes a slight decrease in the compressive strength of the foam, a decrease in its bending strength and an increase in water absorption. However, it is important that in spite of the observed decrease in the values of these parameters, the obtained results are satisfactory and consistent with the parameters of insulation materials based on rigid PUR foam, currently available on the market.
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Handika SO, Lubis MAR, Sari RK, Laksana RPB, Antov P, Savov V, Gajtanska M, Iswanto AH. Enhancing Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Ramie Fiber via Impregnation by Lignin-Based Polyurethane Resin. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226850. [PMID: 34832252 PMCID: PMC8617714 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this study, lignin isolated and fractionated from black liquor was used as a pre-polymer to prepare bio-polyurethane (Bio-PU) resin, and the resin was impregnated into ramie fiber (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich) to improve its thermal and mechanical properties. The isolated lignin was fractionated by one-step fractionation using two different solvents, i.e., methanol (MeOH) and acetone (Ac). Each fractionated lignin was dissolved in NaOH and then reacted with a polymeric 4,4-methane diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) polymer at an NCO/OH mole ratio of 0.3. The resulting Bio-PU was then used in the impregnation of ramie fiber. The characterization of lignin, Bio-PU, and ramie fiber was carried out using several techniques, i.e., Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pyrolysis-gas-chromatography-mass-spectroscopy (Py-GCMS), Micro Confocal Raman spectroscopy, and an evaluation of fiber mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity and tensile strength). Impregnation of Bio-PU into ramie fiber resulted in weight gain ranging from 6% to 15%, and the values increased when extending the impregnation time. The reaction between the NCO group on Bio-PU and the OH group on ramie fiber forms a C=O group of urethane as confirmed by FTIR and Micro Confocal Raman spectroscopies at a wavenumber of 1600 cm−1. Based on the TGA analysis, ramie fiber with lignin-based Bio-PU had better thermal properties than ramie fiber before impregnation with a greater weight residue of 21.7%. The mechanical properties of ramie fiber also increased after impregnation with lignin-based Bio-PU, resulting in a modulus of elasticity of 31 GPa for ramie-L-isolated and a tensile strength of 577 MPa for ramie-L-Ac. The enhanced thermal and mechanical properties of impregnated ramie fiber with lignin-based Bio-PU resins could increase the added value of ramie fiber and enhance its more comprehensive industrial application as a functional material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucia Okta Handika
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia;
| | - Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis
- Research Center for Biomaterials, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.L.); (R.K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Rita Kartika Sari
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.L.); (R.K.S.); (M.G.)
| | | | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Viktor Savov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Milada Gajtanska
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.L.); (R.K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Apri Heri Iswanto
- Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia;
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Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foam Composites Reinforced with Bleached Curauá Fiber. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011203. [PMID: 34681863 PMCID: PMC8538972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the influence of using a bleached Curauá fiber (CF) as filler in a novel rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) composite. The influence of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 wt.% of the reinforcements on the processing characteristics, cellular structure, mechanical, dynamic-mechanical, thermal, and flame behaviors were assessed and discussed for RPUF freely expanded. The results showed that the use of 0.5 wt.% of CF resulted in RPUF with smoother cell structure with low differences on the processing times and viscosity for the filled pre-polyol. These morphological features were responsible for the gains in mechanical properties, in both parallel and perpendicular rise directions, and better viscoelastic characteristics. Despite the gains, higher thermal conductivity and lower flammability were reported for the developed RPUF composites, related to the high content of cellulose and hemicellulose on the bleached CF chemical composition. This work shows the possibility of using a Brazilian vegetable fiber, with low exploration for the manufacturing of composite materials with improved properties. The developed RPUF presents high applicability as enhanced cores for the manufacturing of structural sandwich panels, mainly used in civil, aircraft, and marine industries.
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Gawdzik B, Sevastyanova O. Special Issue: "Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Blends from Renewable Sources". MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14174858. [PMID: 34500949 PMCID: PMC8432714 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this Special Issue is to highlight the progress in the manufacturing,characterization, and applications of environmentally friendly polymeric blends from renewable resources [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gawdzik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-614 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Olena Sevastyanova
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH-The Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden;
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Strąkowska A, Członka S, Kairytė A, Strzelec K. Effects of Physical and Chemical Modification of Sunflower Cake on Polyurethane Composite Foam Properties. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061414. [PMID: 33803963 PMCID: PMC7999528 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sunflower cake (SC), which is waste during the production of sunflower oil, was selected as a modifier of properties in polyurethane (PUR) foams. The SC was chemically modified with triphenylsilanol (SC_S) and physically modified with rapeseed oil (SC_O). The influence of SC on the rheological properties of the polyol and the kinetics of foam growth were investigated. PUR foams were characterized by morphological, mechanical, and thermal analysis. The results show that the physical and chemical modification of SC contributes to the changes in the properties of the foams in different ways. Too high hydrophobicity of SC_O affects the structure deterioration, and thus the mechanical properties, and in turn, reduces the affinity for water. In turn, chemical modification with silane allows for obtaining foams with the best mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (K.S.)
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Krzysztof Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (K.S.)
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Coir Fibers Treated with Henna as a Potential Reinforcing Filler in the Synthesis of Polyurethane Composites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051128. [PMID: 33673702 PMCID: PMC7957822 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, coir fibers were successfully modified with henna (derived from the Lawsonia inermis plant) using a high-energy ball-milling process. In the next step, such developed filler was used as a reinforcing filler in the production of rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams. The impact of 1, 2, and 5 wt % of coir-fiber filler on structural and physico-mechanical properties was evaluated. Among all modified series of PUR composites, the greatest improvement in physico-mechanical performances was observed for PUR composites reinforced with 1 wt % of the coir-fiber filler. For example, on the addition of 1 wt % of coir-fiber filler, the compression strength was improved by 23%, while the flexural strength increased by 9%. Similar dependence was observed in the case of dynamic-mechanical properties—on the addition of 1 wt % of the filler, the value of glass transition temperature increased from 149 °C to 178 °C, while the value of storage modulus increased by ~80%. It was found that PUR composites reinforced with coir-fiber filler were characterized by better mechanical performances after the UV-aging.
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