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Mrówka M, Franke D, Ošlejšek M, Jureczko M. Influence of Citrus Fruit Waste Filler on the Physical Properties of Silicone-Based Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6569. [PMID: 37834706 PMCID: PMC10573941 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Silicones have been used as protective coatings due to their resistance to hydrolytic degradation and UV (ultraviolet) degradation. There is a growing problem with managing organic waste, which can be used as fillers in composites. This research demonstrated the use of organic waste from citrus peels, including grapefruit, lime, lemon, and orange peels. Silicone-based composites were prepared by gravity-casting using 2.5, 5, and 10 wt.% waste filler. Samples made from the composite panels were subjected to static tensile, density, hardness, pin-on-disc, and Schopper-Schlobach abrasion tests. The test results showed that lower tensile strength values characterized the composite materials compared to the silicone used as a filler. All materials had greater hardness than the silicone without the addition. At the same time, composites with a mass density of the filler of 2.5 and 5 wt.% showed more excellent abrasion resistance than the silicone used as a matrix. This research showed that the samples containing 2.5 wt.% grapefruit filler had the best mechanical properties and the lowest abrasive wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Mrówka
- Department of Material Technologies, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
- Material Innovations Laboratory, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dawid Franke
- Department of Geoengineering and Resource Exploitation, Faculty of Mining, Safety Engineering and Industrial Automation, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Martin Ošlejšek
- Department of English and American Studies, Faculty of Arts, Palacký University Olomouc, Křížkovského 10, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Mariola Jureczko
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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Jureczko M, Mrówka M. Multiobjective Optimization of Composite Wind Turbine Blade. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134649. [PMID: 35806770 PMCID: PMC9267708 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
When designing a wind turbine, the main objective is to generate maximum effective power with the lowest possible production costs. The power of a wind turbine depends primarily on the aerodynamic properties of its blades. Moreover, the cost of making a blade for a wind turbine, and therefore also for the entire wind turbine, depends on the materials used for its production. Therefore, wind turbine blades are the most studied element of a wind turbine. By selecting the optimal material and geometric properties of the wind turbine blade, it is possible to reduce the costs of making the entire wind turbine. These rationales led the authors to investigate composite wind turbine blades. A two-criteria optimization task was formulated, which allowed for the simultaneous consideration of two criteria: minimizing the mass and minimizing the vertical deflection of the wind turbine blade. Geometric properties of the blade, influencing the considered criteria, were assumed as decision variables. The weighted sum method was used. The results obtained allowed us to determine the optimal geometric and material properties of a wind turbine blade.
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Sławski S, Woźniak A, Bazan P, Mrówka M. The Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Epoxy-Based Composites Filled with Manganese-Containing Waste. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:1579. [PMID: 35208119 PMCID: PMC8875339 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Waste from large-scale production processes is a growing environmental problem that can potentially be solved by using this waste as fillers in polymeric composites to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of polymeric matrixes. This paper presents research concerning how the introduction of fillers in the form of manganese residue and manganese(II) oxide changes the mechanical and tribological properties of epoxy composites produced by gravity casting. The research was carried out for composites with 2.5 wt.%, 5 wt.%, and 10 wt.% of fillers. Properties such as the density, hardness, resilience, flexural strength, deflection, flexural modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus were determined. Moreover, based on the ball-on-plate test, the wear volume and friction coefficients of the tested materials were determined. Microscopic images of the abrasion profiles were also obtained. The geometry of the wear paths was measured with a profilometer, and the results showed that introducing fillers reduced the abrasive wear of the composites; however, in all cases, the fillers decreased the strength of the tested materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Sławski
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Anna Woźniak
- Materials Research Laboratory, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Patrycja Bazan
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Institute of Materials Engineering, Tadeusz Kosciuszko Cracow University of Technology, 31-864 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Maciej Mrówka
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Mrówka M, Woźniak A, Nowak J, Wróbel G, Sławski S. Determination of Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Silicone-Based Composites Filled with Manganese Waste. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164459. [PMID: 34442982 PMCID: PMC8398512 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-tonnage industrial processes generate high amount of waste. This is a growing problem in the whole world. Neutralizing such waste can be time consuming and costly. One of the possibilities of their reuse is to use them as fillers in polymer composites. Introduction of the filler in polymer matrix causes change in its mechanical and tribological properties. In the article, the effect of introducing fillers from post-production waste, and its effect on changing the physical properties of silicone-based composites filled with manganese (II) oxide and waste manganese residue was investigated. The composites were made by gravity casting. Composites with 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt% of the fillers were examined. The composite materials were subjected to tests such as: density, hardness, resilience, tensile test, abrasion resistance, and ball-on-disc. Microscopic images showed that, the particles of the fillers are uniformly distributed in silicone matrix with the formation of smaller agglomerates. Such agglomerates introduced a discontinuity in the structure of the polymer material, which caused a decrease in the tensile strength and elongation at break for all tested compositions in comparison with the mechanical properties of the silicone used as the matrix. However, it was found that all silicone-based composites filled with manganese (II) oxide and manganese residue showed a reduction in abrasive wear, compared to the reference sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Mrówka
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.M.); (G.W.)
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Woźniak
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Nowak
- Zakłady Górniczo-Hutnicze “Bolesław” S.A. Capital Group, Kolejowa 37, 32-332 Bukowno, Poland;
| | - Gabriel Wróbel
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.M.); (G.W.)
| | - Sebastian Sławski
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.M.); (G.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-237-12-87
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Mrówka M, Machoczek T, Jureczko P, Joszko K, Gzik M, Wolański W, Wilk K. Mechanical, Chemical, and Processing Properties of Specimens Manufactured from Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) Using 3D Printing. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112717. [PMID: 34064115 PMCID: PMC8196800 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As part of the experiments herein, the mechanical properties of specimens made of poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) material using 3D printing technology were determined. Two populations of specimens were investigated, the first of which contained an amorphous structure, while the other held a crystal structure. The studies also investigated the influence of the print directionality on the mechanical properties obtained. Static tensile, three-point bending, and impact tests were carried out. The results for the effect of the structure type on the tensile properties showed that the modulus of elasticity was approximately 20% higher for the crystal than for the amorphous PEEK form. The Poisson’s ratios were similar, but the ratio was slightly higher for the amorphous samples than the crystalline ones. Furthermore, the studies included a chemical PEEK modification to increase the hydrophilicity. For this purpose, nitrite and hydroxyl groups were introduced into the chain by chemical reactions. The results demonstrate that the modified PEEK specimens had worse thermoplastic properties than the unmodified specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Mrówka
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 18A Konarskiego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.M.); (T.M.); (P.J.)
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Machoczek
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 18A Konarskiego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.M.); (T.M.); (P.J.)
| | - Paweł Jureczko
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 18A Konarskiego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.M.); (T.M.); (P.J.)
| | - Kamil Joszko
- Department of Biomechatronics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40 Str., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (M.G.); (W.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marek Gzik
- Department of Biomechatronics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40 Str., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (M.G.); (W.W.)
| | - Wojciech Wolański
- Department of Biomechatronics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40 Str., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (M.G.); (W.W.)
| | - Krzysztof Wilk
- 3DGence Inc., Graniczna 66 Str., 44-178 Przyszowice, Poland;
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The Influence of Zinc Waste Filler on the Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Silicone-Based Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040585. [PMID: 33672066 PMCID: PMC7919691 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicones are often used for various types of coatings, but due to their poor mechanical properties, they often require modification to meet specific requirements. At the same time, various production processes throughout the world generate different types of waste, the disposal of which is harmful to the environment. One possible solution is to use production waste as a filler. In this paper, the authors investigated how the use of metallurgical production waste products as fillers changed the mechanical properties of silicone composites prepared by casting. Composite samples were characterized using tensile tests, resilience, pin-on-disc, Schopper–Schlobach abrasion, hardness, and density measurements. Based on the obtained results, the authors assessed the effect of each of the fillers used in different weight proportions. The results showed that the silicone composite filled with 5 wt% zinc dust showed the lowest decrease in tensile strength and Young’s modulus, with a simultaneous significant reduction in abrasion compared with the reference sample. This research shows that zinc waste can be successfully introduced into a silicone matrix in cases where it is important to reduce abrasive wear.
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