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Kurańska M, Malewska E, Ożóg H, Sędzimir J, Put A, Kowalik N, Michałowski S, Zemła M, Kucała M, Prociak A. Open-Cell Spray Polyurethane Foams Based on Biopolyols from Fruit Seed Oils. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1145. [PMID: 38675064 PMCID: PMC11053532 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural oils from watermelon, cherry, black currant, grape and pomegranate fruit seeds were applied in the synthesis of biopolyols using the transesterification reaction. In this manuscript, the preparation possibility of open-cell foams from a polyurethane system in which petrochemical polyol was fully replaced with biopolyols is analyzed. Firstly, polyurethane foam systems were developed on a laboratory scale, and they were next tested under industrial conditions. It was shown that the foaming method has a significant impact on the foaming process and the cell structure of obtained foams as well as their thermal insulation properties. Based on the conducted research, it was found that the method of processing the polyurethane system has a significant impact on the properties of open-cell spray foams. Foams produced under industrial conditions have a much higher cell density, which has a positive effect on their selected physical-mechanical properties compared to foams produced on a laboratory scale. The open-cell biofoams obtained using a high-pressure machine had apparent densities 12-17 kg/m3, thermal conductivity coefficients 35-37 mW/m·K, closed-cell contents < 10% and were dimensionally stable at low and high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kurańska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (E.M.); (H.O.); (J.S.); (A.P.); (N.K.); (S.M.); (M.Z.); (M.K.); (A.P.)
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Kirpluks M, Abolins A, Eihe D, Pomilovskis R, Fridrihsone A. Rapeseed Oil as Feedstock for Bio-Based Thermoset Foams Obtained via Michael Addition Reaction. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:117. [PMID: 38201783 PMCID: PMC10780781 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed oil was used to develop thermoset foams via Michael addition reaction by mixing two liquid components, Michael donor and Michael acceptor. The foaming of the curing thermoset was achieved by the physical blowing agent which expanded from the reacting foam mass due to an exothermic curing reaction. The influence of the rapeseed oil-based Michael donor functionality on the foaming process and the characteristics of the obtained thermoset foams was studied. The 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine catalyst's influence on the foaming process kinetics was studied using FOAMAT equipment. The curing of the bio-based thermoset was analysed using a dielectric polarisation sensor. The morphology of the developed thermoset foam was analysed using a scanning electron microscope and the obtained foams were characterized using TGA, DSC, DMA and mechanical analysis tests. A direct correlation between the thermoset foam polymer crosslinking density and foaming reactivity, mechanical properties and glass transition temperature were determined. Obtained rapeseed oil based thermoset foams had a relatively low thermal conductivity of 33.9-35.4 mW/(m·K) which allows their use as thermal insulation material in civil engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikelis Kirpluks
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Str. Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.A.); (D.E.); (R.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Arnis Abolins
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Str. Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.A.); (D.E.); (R.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Darta Eihe
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Str. Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.A.); (D.E.); (R.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Ralfs Pomilovskis
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Str. Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.A.); (D.E.); (R.P.); (A.F.)
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Str. P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Anda Fridrihsone
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Str. Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.A.); (D.E.); (R.P.); (A.F.)
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Ivdre A, Abolins A, Volkovs N, Vevere L, Paze A, Makars R, Godina D, Rizikovs J. Rigid Polyurethane Foams as Thermal Insulation Material from Novel Suberinic Acid-Based Polyols. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3124. [PMID: 37514513 PMCID: PMC10383278 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing polyols from biomass sources contributes to a more circular economy by replacing petroleum-based polyols in the vast production of polyurethanes (PUR). One such potential biomass source could be leftover birch bark from which suberinic acids (SA) can be obtained. The purpose of this study was to identify the best synthesis routes for novel SA-based polyols, obtain rigid PUR foams, and evaluate their competitiveness and potential suitability as thermal insulation material. Novel polyols were synthesized from depolymerized SA by esterification with various functionality and molecular weight alcohols in several molar ratios. The moisture content, hydroxyl and acid values, and apparent viscosity were tested. Free-rise rigid PUR foams from the most suitable SA-based polyol and tall oil-based polyol were successfully prepared, reaching ~20 wt.% total renewable material content in the foam. The obtained rigid PUR foams' morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties were investigated and compared to present foam materials, including commercial foams. The apparent density (~33 kg/m3), as well as the closed cell content (~94%), compression strength (0.25 MPa, parallel to the foaming direction), and thermal conductivity (~0.019 W/(m·K)), approved the competitiveness and potential ability of SA-based rigid PUR foam production as thermal insulation material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiga Ivdre
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arnis Abolins
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Laima Vevere
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aigars Paze
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Daniela Godina
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Rizikovs
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
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Pomilovskis R, Mierina I, Beneš H, Trhlíková O, Abolins A, Fridrihsone A, Kirpluks M. The Synthesis of Bio-Based Michael Donors from Tall Oil Fatty Acids for Polymer Development. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194107. [PMID: 36236055 PMCID: PMC9572469 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the synthesis of a Michael donor compound from cellulose production by-products—tall oil fatty acids—was developed. The developed Michael donor compounds can be further used to obtain polymeric materials after nucleophilic polymerization through the Michael reaction. It can be a promising alternative method for conventional polyurethane materials, and the Michael addition polymerization reaction takes place under milder conditions than non-isocyanate polyurethane production technology, which requires high pressure, high temperature and a long reaction time. Different polyols, the precursors for Michael donor components, were synthesized from epoxidized tall oil fatty acids by an oxirane ring-opening and esterification reaction with different alcohols (trimethylolpropane and 1,4-butanediol). The addition of functional groups necessary for the Michael reaction was carried out by a transesterification reaction of polyol hydroxyl groups with tert-butyl acetoacetate ester. The following properties of the developed polyols and their acetoacetates were analyzed: hydroxyl value, acid value, moisture content and viscosity. The chemical structure was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization analysis was used for structure identification for this type of acetoacetate for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralfs Pomilovskis
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes St. 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena St. 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence:
| | - Inese Mierina
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena St. 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Hynek Beneš
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Trhlíková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Arnis Abolins
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes St. 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Anda Fridrihsone
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes St. 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mikelis Kirpluks
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes St. 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
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Bio-Based Polymer Developments from Tall Oil Fatty Acids by Exploiting Michael Addition. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194068. [PMID: 36236017 PMCID: PMC9571392 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, previously developed acetoacetates of two tall-oil-based and two commercial polyols were used to obtain polymers by the Michael reaction. The development of polymer formulations with varying cross-link density was enabled by different bio-based monomers in combination with different acrylates—bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate. New polymer materials are based on the same polyols that are suitable for polyurethanes. The new polymers have qualities comparable to polyurethanes and are obtained without the drawbacks that come with polyurethane extractions, such as the use of hazardous isocyanates or reactions under harsh conditions in the case of non-isocyanate polyurethanes. Dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and universal strength testing equipment were used to investigate the physical and thermal characteristics of the created polymers. Polymers with a wide range of thermal and mechanical properties were obtained (glass transition temperature from 21 to 63 °C; tensile modulus (Young’s) from 8 MPa to 2710 MPa and tensile strength from 4 to 52 MPa). The synthesized polymers are thermally stable up to 300 °C. The suggested method may be used to make two-component polymer foams, coatings, resins, and composite matrices.
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Recent Advances in Development of Waste-Based Polymer Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051050. [PMID: 35267873 PMCID: PMC8914771 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited petroleum sources, suitable law regulations, and higher awareness within society has caused sustainable development of manufacturing and recycling of polymer blends and composites to be gaining increasing attention. This work aims to report recent advances in the manufacturing of environmentally friendly and low-cost polymer materials based on post-production and post-consumer wastes. Sustainable development of three groups of materials: wood polymer composites, polyurethane foams, and rubber recycling products were comprehensively described. Special attention was focused on examples of industrially applicable technologies developed in Poland over the last five years. Moreover, current trends and limitations in the future “green” development of waste-based polymer materials were also discussed.
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Special Issue: Structure, Properties and Applications of Polymeric Foams. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061474. [PMID: 33802980 PMCID: PMC8002667 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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