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Li L, Zhang J, Li Y, Liu B, Yu J, Li N, Wang Z, Zhao J. Probing the Size Effect of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets on Ice Crystal Regulation and Laser-Assisted Rapid Rewarming. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:33149-33158. [PMID: 38887025 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have attracted many researchers to explore the effect of ice control and rapid deicing due to their functional groups, large specific surface area, and excellent photothermal properties. However, the impact of size effects on ice crystal formation, growth, and photothermal performance has been rarely explored. Here, graphene oxide nanosheets (GO NSs) with controllable sizes were used as a representative of 2D nanomaterials to probe the effect of size on ice crystal regulation and rapid rewarming in cell cryopreservation. All sizes of GO NSs exhibited notable inhibitory effects on ice crystal size during the recrystallization process. Significantly, when the size of GO NSs was smaller than a certain size (<150 nm), they showed a more significant ice recrystallization suppression effects, which could reduce the ice crystal size to about 17% of that of pure water. Meanwhile, the photothermal experiments also indicated that smaller-sized GO NSs exhibited better photothermal behavior, with 90 nm GO NSs (GO-90) heating to 70 °C in just 1 min induced by an 808 nm laser (2 W/cm2). Furthermore, applying GO-90 (200 μg/mL) to cell cryopreservation, cell viability could reach 95.2% and 93% with a low amount of traditional cryoprotectant (2% v/v DMSO) for A549 cells and HeLa cells after recovery, respectively. With the assistance of a 808 nm laser, the rewarming time was also shortened to 20 s, greatly improving the rewarming rate. Our work associated specific sizes of 2D nanomaterials with their ice growth inhibition behaviors during recrystallization and photothermal properties to synergistically improve cell cryopreservation efficiency, providing guidance for effectively designing novel 2D nanomaterials for collaborative control of ice crystals in cell cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyue Li
- School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Jixiang Zhang
- School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yifang Li
- School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Bianhua Liu
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Jiali Yu
- School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Nian Li
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Zhenyang Wang
- School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
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Silva FALS, Pinto S, Santos SG, Magalhães FD, Sarmento B, Pinto AM. New graphene-containing pharmaceutical formulations for infrared lamps-based phototherapy of skin cancer: In vitro validation and ex-vivo human skin permeation. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2024; 57:102734. [PMID: 38295912 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2024.102734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of human cancer, and treatment usually involves surgery, with alternative strategies being needed. We propose the use of carbopol hydrogels (HG) for topical administration of nanographene oxide (GOn) and partially-reduced nanographene oxide (p-rGOn) for photothermal therapy (PTT) of BCC. GOn and p-rGOn incorporated into the HG present lateral sizes ∼200 nm, being stable for 8 months. After 20 min irradiation with an infrared (IR) photothermal therapy lamp (15.70 mW cm-2), GOn-HG increased temperature to 44.7 °C, while p-rGOn-HG reached 47.0 °C. Human skin fibroblasts (HFF-1) cultured with both hydrogels (250 μg mL-1) maintained their morphology and viability. After 20 min IR irradiation, p-rGOn HG (250 μg mL-1) completely eradicated skin cancer cells (A-431). Ex vivo human skin permeability tests showed that the materials can successfully achieve therapeutic concentrations (250 μg mL-1) inside the skin, in 2.0 h for GO HG or 0.5 h for p-rGOn HG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa A L S Silva
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Soraia Pinto
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana G Santos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernão D Magalhães
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; CESPU-IUCS - Institute for Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Artur M Pinto
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal.
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Amaral SI, Silva FALS, Costa-Almeida R, Timochenco L, Fernandes JR, Sarmento B, Gonçalves IC, Magalhães FD, Pinto AM. Pharmaceutical Formulations Containing Graphene and 5-Fluorouracil for Light-Emitting Diode-Based Photochemotherapy of Skin Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4333-4347. [PMID: 38240200 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer worldwide, among which 80% is basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Current therapies' low efficacy, side effects, and high recurrence highlight the need for alternative treatments. In this work, a partially reduced nanographene oxide (p-rGOn) developed in our laboratory was used. It has been achieved through a controlled reduction of nanographene oxide via UV-C irradiation that yields small nanometric particles (below 200 nm) that preserve the original water stability while acquiring high light-to-heat conversion efficiency. The latter is explained by a loss of carbon-oxygen single bonds (C-O) and the re-establishment of sp2 carbon bonds. p-rGOn was incorporated into a Carbopol hydrogel together with the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to evaluate a possible combined PTT and chemotherapeutic effect. Carbopol/p-rGOn/5-FU hydrogels were considered noncytotoxic toward normal skin cells (HFF-1). However, when A-431 skin cancer cells were exposed to NIR irradiation for 30 min in the presence of Carbopol/p-rGOn/5-FU hydrogels, almost complete eradication was achieved after 72 h, with a 90% reduction in cell number and 80% cell death of the remaining cells after a single treatment. NIR irradiation was performed with a light-emitting diode (LED) system, developed in our laboratory, which allows adjustment of applied light doses to achieve a safe and selective treatment, instead of the standard laser systems that are associated with damages in the healthy tissues in the tumor surroundings. Those are the first graphene-based materials containing pharmaceutical formulations developed for BCC phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I Amaral
- LEPABE─Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE─Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa A L S Silva
- LEPABE─Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE─Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Costa-Almeida
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Licínia Timochenco
- LEPABE─Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE─Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Ramiro Fernandes
- CQVR─Centro de Química Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Physical Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CESPU, IINFACTS-Institute for Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Inês C Gonçalves
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernão D Magalhães
- LEPABE─Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE─Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Artur M Pinto
- LEPABE─Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE─Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
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Silva FALS, Timochenco L, Costa-Almeida R, Fernandes JR, Santos SG, Magalhães FD, Pinto AM. UV-C driven reduction of nanographene oxide opens path for new applications in phototherapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 233:113594. [PMID: 37979484 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
The main challenges associated to the application of graphene-based materials (GBM) in phototherapy are obtaining particles with lateral nanoscale dimensions and water stability that present high near-infrared (NIR) absorption. Nanosized graphene oxide (GOn) is stable in aqueous dispersion, due to the oxygen functionalities on its surface, but possesses low photothermal efficiency in NIR region. GOn total reduction originates reduced nanographene oxide (rGOn) that presents high NIR absorption, but poor water stability. In this work, we produced a partially reduced nanographene oxide (p-rGOn) by GOn photoreduction using ultraviolet radiation (UV-C), yielding nanometric particles that preserve the original water stability, but acquire high light-to-heat conversion efficiency. GOn and p-rGOn presented mean particle sizes of 170 ± 81 nm and 188 ± 99 nm, respectively. 8 h of UV-C irradiation allowed to obtain a p-rGOn stable for up 6 months in water, with a zeta potential of -32.3 ± 1.3 mV. p-rGOn water dispersions have shown to absorb NIR radiation, reaching 52.7 °C (250 µg mL-1) after 30 min NIR irradiation. Chemical characterization of p-rGOn showed a decrease in the number of characteristic oxygen functional groups, confirming GOn partial reduction. Furthermore, p-rGOn (250 µg mL-1) didn't cause any cytotoxicity (ISO10993-5:2009(E)) towards human skin fibroblasts (HFF-1) and human skin keratinocytes (HaCat), after 24 and 48 h incubation. An innovative custom-built NIR LED-system has been developed and validated for p-rGOn photothermal effect evaluation. Finally, exposure to p-rGOn+NIR-LEDs has caused no cytotoxicity towards HFF-1 or HaCat cells, revealing its potential to be used as a safe therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa A L S Silva
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Licínia Timochenco
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Costa-Almeida
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Ramiro Fernandes
- CQVR - Centro de Química Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal; Physical Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Susana G Santos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernão D Magalhães
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Artur M Pinto
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-180 Porto, Portugal.
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