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Mohamed PA, Ibrahim YM, Hanno KIH, Abdul-Monem MM. Evaluation of microhardness, degree of conversion, and abrasion resistance of nanoglass and multiwalled carbon nanotubes reinforced three-dimensionally printed denture base resins. J Prosthodont 2024. [PMID: 39138863 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effect of nanoglass (NG) particles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes' (MWCNTs) addition on Vickers hardness (VH), degree of conversion (DC), and abrasion resistance of 3D-printed denture base resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3D-printed denture base resin was reinforced using silanized NG and MWCNTs to obtain four groups: Control, 0.25 wt% NG reinforced resin, 0.25 wt% MWCNTs reinforced resin, and a combination group of 0.25 wt% of both fillers. All specimens (N = 176) were tested before and after thermal aging (600 cycles) for VH (n = 22), DC, and abrasion resistance (n = 22). Abrasion resistance specimens were subjected to 60,000 brushing strokes, and then assessed for surface roughness (Ra) and weight loss. Specimens were then scanned with a benchtop scanner before and after abrasion to produce a color map of topographical changes from superimposed images. Data were analyzed using ANOVA tests followed by Tukey post hoc test. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare percent change among groups, followed by Dunn post hoc test (α = 0.05). RESULTS The interaction between nanofiller content and thermal cycling displayed a significant effect on VH and DC. The 0.25% NG expressed the highest VH before aging but revealed the highest percent decrease after aging. Nanofiller content, thermal aging, and brushing displayed a significant interaction impact on the Ra values. CONCLUSIONS The addition of nanofillers resulted in an overall improvement in resin microhardness and abrasion resistance. The 0.25% MWCNTs group revealed the lowest Ra with the least percent change in VH and DC, while the combination one displayed the least change in weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pansai Ashraf Mohamed
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yomna Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Mahmoud Abdul-Monem
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
- Division of Dental Biomaterials, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt
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Anitha KV, Krishnan R. Evaluation of flexural strength and microhardness in Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry)-added self-cure polymethyl methacrylate dental resin: An in vitro study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2024; 24:266-272. [PMID: 38946510 PMCID: PMC11321482 DOI: 10.4103/jips.jips_25_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM Occurrence of denture stomatitis and prosthesis breakage are common problems faced by elderly people wearing removable dentures. To overcome this, several attempts are made to improve the denture material by addition of antimicrobials without compromising original properties. The aim of the study was to evaluate flexural strength and microhardness of self-cured polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base resin after addition of Vaccinium macrocarpon (commonly called as cranberry), extract as antimicrobial, at varying proportions. STUDY SETTING AND DESIGN Experimental in vitro study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Frozen cranberry fruits were subjected to extraction process in the presence of aqueous solvents. Lyophilized extract was added in proportions of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 dry wt/wt % into polymer of self-cure PMMA denture base resin. Based on cranberry inclusion, the study comprised one control (0%) and four test groups (0.5%-2%) with total of 100 samples. A three-point bending test for flexural strength was done for fifty study samples (n = 10). Surface of fractured samples was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Microhardness was determined using Vickers hardness test. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED One-way statistical ANOVA test was done to find the difference between groups, followed by Tukey's post hoc test for multiple pairwise comparison. RESULTS Flexural strength ranged from 66.80 to 69.28 MPa, and a statistically insignificant difference was observed between groups (P > 0.05). SEM evaluation showed uniformly dispersed strands of cranberry extract in PMMA matrix. With higher concentration, less voids were seen. Vickers microhardness value significantly decreased from 15.96 in the control group to 14.57 with 2% cranberry addition (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Incorporation of cranberry extract into self-cure PMMA denture base resin, up to 2 dry wt %, did not decline the flexural strength. However, there was a significant decrease in Vickers microhardness values when compared against the control group (0% cranberry inclusion).
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Affiliation(s)
- K. V. Anitha
- Department of Prosthodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajkumar Krishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Hamdy TM. Effect of E-glass fibers addition on compressive strength, flexural strength, hardness, and solubility of glass ionomer based cement. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:739. [PMID: 38937723 PMCID: PMC11210041 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dentistry, glass-ionomer cements (GICs) are extensively used for a range of applications. The unique properties of GIC include fluoride ion release and recharge, chemical bonding to the tooth's hard tissues, biocompatibility, a thermal expansion coefficient like that of enamel and dentin, and acceptable aesthetics. Their high solubility and poor mechanical qualities are among their limitations. E-glass fibers are generally utilized to reinforce the polymer matrix and are identified by their higher silica content. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of adding (10 wt% and 20 wt%) silane-treated E-glass fibers to traditional GIC on its mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, and surface hardness) and solubility. METHODS The characterization of the E-glass fiber fillers was achieved by XRF, SEM, and PSD. The specimens were prepared by adding the E-glass fiber fillers to the traditional GIC at 10% and 20% by weight, forming two innovative groups, and compared with the unmodified GIC (control group). The physical properties (film thickness and initial setting time) were examined to confirm operability after mixing. The evaluation of the reinforced GIC was performed by assessing the compressive strength, flexural strength, hardness, and solubility (n = 10 specimens per test). A one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were performed for statistical analysis (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS The traditional GIC showed the least compressive strength, flexural strength, hardness, and highest solubility. While the GIC reinforced with 20 wt% E-glass fibers showed the highest compressive strength, flexural strength, hardness, and least solubility. Meanwhile, GIC reinforced with 10 wt% showed intermediate results (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION Using 20 wt% E-glass fiber as a filler with the traditional GIC provides a strengthening effect and reduced solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer M Hamdy
- Restorative and Dental Materials Department, Oral and Dental Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Dokki, 12622, Egypt.
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Talebpour C, Fani F, Laliberté-Riverin S, Vaidya R, Salimnia H, Alamdari H, Ouellette M. Long-Term Prevention of Arthroplasty Infections via Incorporation of Activated AgNbO 3 Nanoparticles in PMMA Bone Cement. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:4039-4050. [PMID: 38830835 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the possibility of loading PMMA bone cement with antimicrobial nanostructured AgNbO3 particles to counter biofilm formation at the cement-tissue interface. We found that a formulation containing (1-4)% AgNbO3 showed high antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa while not showing any toxicity against THP1 human cell lines. In addition, loading the particles did not impact the mechanical properties of the cement. The results thus obtained illustrate the potential of the approach to replace the current technique of mixing cement with conventional antibiotics, which is associated with shortcomings such as efficacy loss from antibiotic depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Talebpour
- Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Universitė Laval, 1065, av. de la Médecine, Québec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Fereshteh Fani
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie du CHU de Québec and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec G1V4G2, Canada
| | - Simon Laliberté-Riverin
- Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Universitė Laval, 1065, av. de la Médecine, Québec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rahul Vaidya
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E, Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Hossein Salimnia
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien, Detroit 48201, Michigan, United States
| | - Houshang Alamdari
- Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Universitė Laval, 1065, av. de la Médecine, Québec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marc Ouellette
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie du CHU de Québec and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculté de Medicine, Université Laval, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec G1V4G2, Canada
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Saini RS, Bavabeedu SS, Quadri SA, Gurumurthy V, Kanji MA, Okshah A, Binduhayyim RIH, Alarcón-Sánchez MA, Mosaddad SA, Heboyan A. Mapping the research landscape of nanoparticles and their use in denture base resins: a bibliometric analysis. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:95. [PMID: 38814562 PMCID: PMC11139848 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-04037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticles are increasingly used in dentistry for various applications, including enhancing the mechanical properties of denture base resins. This study aimed to comprehensively review and analyze the research landscape of nanoparticles and their effect on the flexural strength of denture base resins to identify key research areas and trends and to highlight the importance of collaboration between authors and institutions. METHODS A Bibliometric Analysis was conducted using the Keywords "Nanoparticle*" AND "Denture*" OR "CAD/CAM." The literature search from the WOS database was restricted to the publication years 2011 to 2022. RESULTS Key findings encompass an increase in research publications but a decline in citations. Saudi Arabia, China, and Iraq led this research, with specific institutions excelling. Notable journals with high impact factors were identified. Authorship patterns show variations in citation impact. Additionally, keyword analysis revealed that current research trends offer insights into influential authors and their networks. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of nanoparticles and denture base resins reveals a dynamic and evolving landscape that emphasizes the importance of collaboration, staying current with research trends, and conducting high-quality research in this ever-evolving domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder S Saini
- Department of Dental Technology, COAMS, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shashit Shetty Bavabeedu
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Masroor Ahmed Kanji
- Department of Dental Technology, COAMS, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed Okshah
- Department of Dental Technology, COAMS, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mario Alberto Alarcón-Sánchez
- Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Seyed Ali Mosaddad
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Qasr-e-Dasht Street, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Artak Heboyan
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Str. Koryun 2, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia.
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Togo S, Sakaue T, Tsutsui A, Matsuda Y, Nakajima K, Takeda T, Fukuda K, Vallittu P, Lassila L. Effect of Vinyl Acetate, Glass Fibers Contents, and Buffer Space on EVA's Mechanical Property and Shock Absorption Ability. Eur J Dent 2024. [PMID: 38744336 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1779427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the mechanical properties and impact absorption capacity of prototype materials comprising ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) of different hardness reinforced using different amounts of glass fibers (GFs), considering a buffer space. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six prototype materials were made by adding E-GFs (5 and 10 wt%) to EVA with vinyl acetate (VA) contents of 9.4 wt% ("hard" or HA) and 27.5 wt% ("soft" or SO). Durometer hardness and tensile strength tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the materials. Moreover, an impact test was conducted using a customized pendulum impact tester to assess the impact absorption capacity (with or without a buffer space) of the specimens. RESULTS The mechanical properties of the prototypes, namely, durometer hardness, Young's modulus, and tensile strength, were significantly higher in the HA group than in the SO group, regardless of the presence or added amount of GFs. The addition of GFs, particularly in a large amount (10 wt%), significantly increased these values. In terms of the impact absorption capacity, the original hardness of the EVA material, that is, its VA content, had a more substantial effect than the presence or absence of GFs and the added amount of GFs. Interestingly, the HA specimens with the buffer space exhibited significantly higher impact absorption capacities than the SO specimens. Meanwhile, the SO specimens without the buffer space exhibited significantly higher impact absorption capacities than the HA specimens. Moreover, regardless of the sample material and impact distance, the buffer space significantly improved impact absorption. In particular, with the buffer space, the impact absorption capacity increased with the added amount of GFs. CONCLUSION The basic mechanical properties, including durometer hardness, Young's modulus, and tensile strength, of the EVA prototype were significantly increased by reducing the amount of VA regardless of the presence or added amount of GFs. Adding GFs, particularly in large amounts, significantly increased the values of aforementioned mechanical properties. Impact absorption was significantly affected by the hardness of the original EVA material and enhanced by the addition of the buffer space. The HA specimen had a high shock absorption capacity with the buffer space, and the SO specimen had a high shock absorption capacity without the buffer space. With the buffer space, impact absorption improved with the amount of added GFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Togo
- Division of Sports, Department of Oral Health and Clinical Science, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sakaue
- Division of Sports, Department of Oral Health and Clinical Science, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arata Tsutsui
- Division of Sports, Department of Oral Health and Clinical Science, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Matsuda
- Division of Sports, Department of Oral Health and Clinical Science, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Division of Sports, Department of Oral Health and Clinical Science, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Takeda
- Division of Sports, Department of Oral Health and Clinical Science, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Fukuda
- Division of Special Needs Dentistry and Orofacial Pain, Department of Oral Health and Clinical Science, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pekka Vallittu
- Department of Biomaterials Science and TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lippo Lassila
- Department of Biomaterials Science and TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Bahrami R, Nikparto N, Gharibpour F, Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A. The effects of antimicrobial photocatalytic nanoparticles on the flexural strength of orthodontic acrylic resins: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 46:104021. [PMID: 38401821 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Orthodontic acrylic resins containing antimicrobial photocatalytic nanoparticles aims to reduce oral lesions including denture stomatitis and white spot lesions but they should not imperil its mechanical properties. This systematic review was done to evaluate the effect of various photocatalytic nanoparticles on the flexural strength (FS) of acrylic resins. MATERIALS AND METHODS We systematically searched the PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases from January 2018 to October 2023. The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and the quality of the studies was evaluated using the QUIN tool, which is specifically designed to assess the risk of bias in vitro studies. RESULTS Following screening of 1016 initial records, 23 studies were deemed eligible for inclusion. The addition of photocatalytic nanoparticles, such as emodin (Emo), curcumin (Cur), Cur nisin (CurNis), zeolite/zinc oxide (Zeo/ZnO), and Ulva lactuca (U. lactuca), to acrylic resins resulted in a reduction in FS, with the extent of reduction dependent on the nanoparticle concentration. Specifically, the addition of Emo (≥0.5 %), Cur (≥0.5 %), CurNis (≥5 %), Zeo/ZnO (≥2), and U. lactuca (≥1 %) to acrylic resins significantly decreased FS. Conversely, the inclusion of ZnO and titanium dioxide (TiO2) in acrylic resins improved FS, but higher concentrations (≥5 % for TiO2) had a limited positive effect. CONCLUSION Our study supports the use of low concentrations of photocatalytic nanoparticles, such as ZnO (≤2 %), TiO2 (≤3 %), Emo (≤0.5 %), Cur (≤0.5 %), CurNis (≤5 %), and U. lactuca (≤1 %), in orthodontic acrylic resins without compromising FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashin Bahrami
- Dental Sciences Research Center, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Nariman Nikparto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Fateme Gharibpour
- Dental Sciences Research Center, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Elhmali HT, Stajcic I, Stajcic A, Pesic I, Jovanovic M, Petrovic M, Radojevic V. Influence of Novel SrTiO 3/MnO 2 Hybrid Nanoparticles on Poly(methyl methacrylate) Thermal and Mechanical Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:278. [PMID: 38276687 PMCID: PMC10820619 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
While dental poly methyl methacrylate(PMMA) possesses distinctive qualities such as ease of fabrication, cost-effectiveness, and favorable physical and mechanical properties, these attributes alone are inadequate to impart the necessary impact strength and hardness. Consequently, pure PMMA is less suitable for dental applications. This research focused on the incorporation of Strontium titanate (SrTiO3-STO) and hybrid filler STO/Manganese oxide (MnO2) to improve impact resistance and hardness. The potential of STO in reinforcing PMMA is poorly investigated, while hybrid filler STO/MnO2 has not been presented yet. Differential scanning calorimetry is conducted in order to investigate the agglomeration influence on the PMMA glass transition temperature (Tg), as well as the leaching of residual monomer and volatile additives that could pose a threat to human health. It has been determined that agglomeration with 1 wt% loading had no influence on Tg, while the first scan revealed differences in evaporation of small molecules, in favor of composite PMMA-STO/MnO2, which showed the trapping potential of volatiles. Investigations of mechanical properties have revealed the significant influence of hybrid STO/MnO2 filler on microhardness and total absorbed impact energy, which were increased by 89.9% and 145.4%, respectively. Results presented in this study revealed the reinforcing potential of hybrid nanoparticles that could find application in other polymers as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Taher Elhmali
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (H.T.E.); (M.J.); (M.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Ivana Stajcic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Stajcic
- Center for Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.S.); (I.P.)
| | - Ivan Pesic
- Center for Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.S.); (I.P.)
| | - Marija Jovanovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (H.T.E.); (M.J.); (M.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Milos Petrovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (H.T.E.); (M.J.); (M.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Vesna Radojevic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (H.T.E.); (M.J.); (M.P.); (V.R.)
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Ribeiro AB, Tinelli BM, Clemente LM, Poker BDC, Oliveira VDC, Watanabe E, Silva-Lovato CH. Effect of Hygiene Protocols on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Two 3D-Printed Denture Resins Characterized by Extrinsic Pigmentation as Well as the Mixed Biofilm Formed on the Surface. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1630. [PMID: 37998832 PMCID: PMC10669351 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the effect of hygiene protocols and time on the physical-mechanical properties and colony-forming units (CFU) of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans on 3D-printed denture resins (SmartPrint and Yller) with extrinsic pigmentation compared to conventional resin (CR). The protocols were evaluated: brushing (B), brushing and immersion in water (W), 0.25% sodium hypochlorite (SH), and 0.15% triclosan (T), simulating 0, 1, 3, and 5 years. The data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measurements, ANOVA (Three-way) and Tukey's post-test, generalized linear model with Bonferroni adjustment, and ANOVA (Two-way) and Tukey's post-test (α = 0.05). The protocols influenced color (p = 0.036) and Knoop hardness (p < 0.001). Surface roughness was influenced by protocols/resin (p < 0.001) and time/resin (p = 0.001), and flexural strength by time/protocols (p = 0.014). C. albicans showed interactions with all factors (p = 0.033). Staphylococcus aureus was affected by protocols (p < 0.001). Streptococcus mutans exhibited no count for SH and T (p < 0.001). Yller resin showed more color changes. The 3D-printed resins displayed lower microhardness, increased roughness, and decreased flexural strength compared to CR with all protocols in a simulated period of 5 years. The indication of printed resins should be restricted to less than 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Barbosa Ribeiro
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Café Avenue S/N, Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil; (A.B.R.); (B.M.T.); (L.M.C.); (B.d.C.P.); (V.d.C.O.)
| | - Beatriz Marcatto Tinelli
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Café Avenue S/N, Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil; (A.B.R.); (B.M.T.); (L.M.C.); (B.d.C.P.); (V.d.C.O.)
| | - Lorena Mosconi Clemente
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Café Avenue S/N, Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil; (A.B.R.); (B.M.T.); (L.M.C.); (B.d.C.P.); (V.d.C.O.)
| | - Beatriz de Camargo Poker
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Café Avenue S/N, Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil; (A.B.R.); (B.M.T.); (L.M.C.); (B.d.C.P.); (V.d.C.O.)
| | - Viviane de Cássia Oliveira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Café Avenue S/N, Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil; (A.B.R.); (B.M.T.); (L.M.C.); (B.d.C.P.); (V.d.C.O.)
| | - Evandro Watanabe
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Café Avenue S/N, Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil;
| | - Cláudia Helena Silva-Lovato
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Café Avenue S/N, Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil; (A.B.R.); (B.M.T.); (L.M.C.); (B.d.C.P.); (V.d.C.O.)
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Mohamed PA, Fahmy AE, El Shabrawy SM. Three-dimensionally printed denture base resins modified by nanoglass particles and carbon nanotubes. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 130:797.e1-797.e9. [PMID: 37684140 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Three-dimensionally (3D) printed denture base resins exhibit inferior mechanical properties compared with conventional and milled ones, a problem affecting their long-term clinical use. Improved 3D printed resins are required. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine whether a 3D printed denture base resin with nanoglass particles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) would exhibit enhanced mechanical properties. MATERIAL AND METHODS The nanoglass particles and MWCNTs were silane coated and added to the resin to obtain the following groups: Control, resin modified with nanoglass particles with 2 percentages, 0.25 wt%, and 0.5 wt%; resin modified with MWCNTs with 2 percentages, 0.25 wt%, and 0.5 wt%; and a combination group with 0.25 wt% of each filler type. The printed specimens (N=330) were tested before and after thermocycling (600 cycles) for flexural strength (FS) and elastic modulus (n=22) by using a universal testing machine and for impact strength (IS) (n=22) by using a Charpy impact tester. The fractured impact specimens were then evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface roughness (Ra) (n=11) was assessed by using a profilometer. For data analysis, the 2-way ANOVA test was used for the analysis of FS, elastic modulus, and IS, and the 3-way ANOVA test was used for Ra with a subsequent Tukey post hoc test. Percentage change was compared among groups by using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn post hoc test with Bonferroni correction (α=.05). RESULTS The filler content and thermocycling revealed a significant main interaction effect (P<.001) on FS, elastic modulus, and IS, with the 0.5% nanoglass group displaying the highest percentage decrease after thermocycling. The SEM images of fractured impact specimens revealed a brittle failure in the control and nanoglass groups. In contrast, the groups containing MWCNTs and the combination group displayed intermediate to ductile failure. Moreover, a significant inclusive interaction effect (P<.001) was found between the filler content, thermocycling, and polishing on surface roughness, with the 0.5% nanoglass group revealing the highest percentage increase in Ra of the polished surface after aging. CONCLUSIONS The addition of nanoglass and MWCNTs led to a significant improvement in the FS, elastic modulus, and IS of the 3D printed resin. The combination group displayed the least percentage change among all groups regarding the FS and IS, displaying intermediate to ductile failure. The control revealed the least percentage change in elastic modulus after thermocycling but with lower peak values compared with all other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pansai A Mohamed
- Instructor, Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Amal E Fahmy
- Professor, Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sonia M El Shabrawy
- Professor, Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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11
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Kaul S, Ahmed S, Nandini VV, Lathief J, Boruah S. Evaluation of Physical Properties of Denture Base Resins Containing Silver Nanoparticles of Aloe barbadensis Miller, Morinda citrifolia, and Boesenbergia rotunda and Its Anti-microbial Effect: An In Vitro Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e48260. [PMID: 38054116 PMCID: PMC10695085 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The denture bases fabricated from polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) have some disadvantages, such as surface prone to microbial growth and biofilm accumulation, which contributes to the onset and dissemination of infections among denture wearers. Therefore, the purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the flexural strength, hardness, and antimicrobial effect of denture base resin incorporated with 0.05% and 0.1% silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of Aloe barbadensis miller (aloe vera), Morinda citrifolia (noni), and Boesenbergia rotunda (finger root). Materials and methods A total of 84 PMMA samples were used and were divided into three groups. Flexural strength tests were performed on Group 1 PMMA blocks. Group 2 involved hardness testing of PMMA blocks, whereas Group 3 involved antimicrobial activity. Each group was subsequently split into seven subgroups with differing concentrations of AgNPs: Sub Group 1: control (no AgNPs), Sub Group 2: 0.05% aloe vera AgNPs, Sub Group 3: 0.1% aloe vera AgNPs, Sub Group 4: 0.05% noni AgNPs, Sub Group 5: 0.1% of noni AgNPs, Sub Group 6: 0.05% finger root AgNPs, and Sub Group 7: 0.1% finger root AgNPs. The flexural strength was evaluated using a universal testing machine (Instron 8801). Surface hardness was measured using a Vickers tester (Tukon 1102). For the antimicrobial activity analysis, the samples were incubated in a suitable culture broth containing Candida albicans for 24 hours. Microbial colony count (colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL) was estimated to evaluate the microbial adhesion to the surface of the denture base materials. Statistical analysis The flexural strength, hardness, and CFU between the groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by multiple comparisons with Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) test (α=0.05). The level of statistical significance was determined at p<0.05. Results It was observed that the mean flexural strength was maximum in PMMA incorporated with 0.05% of aloe vera AgNPs and least in PMMA incorporated with 0.1% noni AgNPs. It was seen that a steady loss in flexural strength is observed from 0.05% to 0.1%. The mean hardness was maximum in PMMA incorporated with 0.1% of noni AgNPs and least in PMMA incorporated with 0.05% aloe vera AgNPs. It was also found that the hardness was directly proportional to the number of nanoparticles. With an increase in the weight percentage of nanoparticles, a steady increase in hardness was seen in all the test groups. In our study, the results showed that finger root 0.1% showed the least CFU with a significant reduction of C. albicans adherence; therefore, it indicates higher anti-fungal activity. Aloe vera 0.05% showed the lowest inhibition of C. albicans, suggesting the least anti-fungal activity. Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, It can thus be concluded that the addition of AgNPs incorporated with plant extracts of Aloe barbadensis miller (aloe vera), Morinda citrifolia (noni), and Boesenbergia rotunda (finger root) can alter the flexural strength, hardness, and microbial adhesion of PMMA. In our study, it can be concluded that flexural strength increases with the addition of AgNPs of 0.5% concentration after which a steady loss is seen. However, the hardness and antimicrobial activity increased with an increase in the concentration of AgNPs in all three plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saguna Kaul
- Prosthodontics, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) Kattankulathur Dental College, Chennai, IND
| | - Shafath Ahmed
- Prosthodontics, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) Kattankulathur Dental College, Chennai, IND
| | - Vidyashree V Nandini
- Prosthodontics, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) Kattankulathur Dental College, Chennai, IND
| | - Jailance Lathief
- Prosthodontics, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) Kattankulathur Dental College, Chennai, IND
| | - Shiney Boruah
- Prosthodontics, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) Kattankulathur Dental College, Chennai, IND
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12
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Altarazi A, Jadaan L, McBain AJ, Haider J, Kushnerev E, Yates JM, Alhotan A, Silikas N, Devlin H. 3D-printed nanocomposite denture base resin: The effect of incorporating TiO 2 nanoparticles on the growth of Candida albicans. J Prosthodont 2023. [PMID: 37837403 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a biocompatible denture base resin/TiO2 nanocomposite material with antifungal characteristics that is suitable for 3D-printing denture bases. MATERIALS AND METHODS TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with a 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 weight percent (wt.%) were incorporated into a commercially available 3D-printed resin material. The resulting nanocomposite material was analyzed using Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and AlamarBlue (AB) assays for biocompatibility testing with human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). The composite material was also tested for its antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) mapping were conducted to assess the surface coating and the dispersion of the NPs. RESULTS LDH and AB assays confirmed the biocompatibility of the material showing cell proliferation at a rate of nearly 100% at day 10, with a cytotoxicity of less than 13% of the cells at day 10. The concentrations of 0.10, 0.25, and 0.50 wt.% caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the number of candida cells attached to the surface of the specimens (p < 0.05), while 0.75 wt.% did not show any significant difference compared to the control (no TiO2 NPs) (p > 0.05). FTIR and EDX analysis confirmed the presence of TiO2 NPs within the nanocomposite material with a homogenous dispersion for 0.10 and 0.25 wt.% groups and an aggregation of the NPs within the material at higher concentrations. CONCLUSION The addition of TiO2 NPs into 3D-printed denture base resin proved to have an antifungal effect against Candida albicans. The resultant nanocomposite material was a biocompatible material with HGFs and was successfully used for 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Altarazi
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Layali Jadaan
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew J McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julfikar Haider
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Evgeny Kushnerev
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julian M Yates
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Abdulaziz Alhotan
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nick Silikas
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hugh Devlin
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Jordan, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Raffaini JC, Soares EJ, Oliveira RFDL, Vivanco RG, Amorim AA, Pereira ALC, Pires-de-Souza FCP. Effect of artificial aging on mechanical and physical properties of CAD-CAM PMMA resins for occlusal splints. J Adv Prosthodont 2023; 15:227-237. [PMID: 37936836 PMCID: PMC10625884 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2023.15.5.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess and compare the color stability, flexural strength (FS), and surface roughness of occlusal splints fabricated from heat-cured acrylic resin, milled polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based resin, and 3D-printed (PMMA) based-resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of each type of resin were obtained, and baseline measurements of color and surface roughness were recorded. The specimens were divided into three groups (n = 10) and subjected to distinct aging protocols: thermomechanical cycling (TMC), simulated brushing (SB), and control (without aging). Final assessments of color and surface roughness and three-point bending test (ODM100; Odeme) were conducted, and data were statistically analyzed (2-way ANOVA, Tukey, P <.05). RESULTS Across all resin types, the most significant increase in surface roughness (Ra) was observed after TMC (P < .05), with the 3D-printed resin exhibiting the lowest Ra (P < .05). After brushing, milled resin displayed the highest Ra (P < .05) and greater color alteration (ΔE00) compared to 3D-printed resin. The most substantial ΔE00 was recorded after brushing for all resins, except for heat-cured resin subjected to TMC. Regardless of aging, milled resin exhibited the highest FS (P < .05), except when compared to 3D-printed resin subjected to TMC. Heat-cured resin exposed to TMC demonstrated the lowest FS, different (P < .05) from the control. Under control conditions, milled resin exhibited the highest FS, different (P < .05) from the brushed group. 3D-printed resin subjected to TMC displayed the highest FS (P < .05). CONCLUSION Among the tested resins, 3D-printed resin demonstrated superior longevity, characterized by minimal surface roughness and color alterations. Aging had a negligible impact on its mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Correa Raffaini
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Jose Soares
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Franco de Lima Oliveira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rocio Geng Vivanco
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ayodele Alves Amorim
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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14
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Jamel RS, AL-Murad MA, Farhan Alkhalidi E. The efficacy of reinforcement of glass fibers and ZrO 2 nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of autopolymerizing provisional restorations (PMMA). Saudi Dent J 2023; 35:707-713. [PMID: 37817789 PMCID: PMC10562113 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective to investigate and compare the reinforcing effects of glass fibers (GFs) and ZrO2 nanoparticles at different ratios on the Flexural Strength (FS), Microhardness (MH), and Surface Roughness (SR) of autopolymerizing provisional PMMA. Methods A total of one hundred and twenty specimens of autopolymerizing PMMA were prepared for FS, MH, and SR tests and grouped as follows: no additives (control group), for the tested groups, different ratios of GFs and ZrO2 at 5% of autopolymerizing PMMA were incorporated. The ratios of GFs/ZrO2 nanoparticles were 0%-5%, 1%-4%, 2%-3%, 2.5%-2.5%, 3%-2%, 4%-1% and 5%-0% (n = 5). The FS was evaluated using the three-point bending test, MH was evaluated using the Vickers microhardness tester and SR was evaluated using a contact-type profilometer. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Tukey's test, and Person correlation at 0.05 level of significance. Results The unreinforced group had the lowest FS, MH, and SR mean values followed by (0%GFs + 5% ZrO2), (1% GFs + 4% ZrO2), (2% GFs + 3% ZrO2), (2.5% GFs + 2.5% ZrO2), (3% GFs + 2% ZrO2), (4% GFs + 1% ZrO2) and (5% GFs + 0% ZrO2) which had the highest values. Conclusion Hybrid reinforcement with GFs, ZrO2 nanoparticles, or a combination of them effectively improved flexural strength and microhardness of autopolymerizing provisional PMMA that would create provisional restorations with extended clinical service. GFs demonstrated superior reinforcing effects compared to ZrO2 nanoparticles. However, reinforcement with 2.5-5% GFs increased the surface roughness for provisional restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad S. Jamel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Maha A. AL-Murad
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Emad Farhan Alkhalidi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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15
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Alhotan A, Abdelraouf RM, El-Korashy SA, Labban N, Alotaibi H, Matinlinna JP, Hamdy TM. Effect of Adding Silver-Doped Carbon Nanotube Fillers to Heat-Cured Acrylic Denture Base on Impact Strength, Microhardness, and Antimicrobial Activity: A Preliminary Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2976. [PMID: 37447621 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), is an acrylic polymer substance that is mostly used for denture base applications. The purpose of this laboratory study was to investigate the effect of adding 0.05 wt.% Ag-doped carbon nanotubes (CNT) to PMMA-based (PMMA and MMA) denture base material on the impact strength, microhardness, and antimicrobial activity. A total of 60 heat-cured acrylic resin specimens were prepared. The specimens were randomly divided into two main groups (n = 30/group), according to the powder used: (a) control group, using heat-cured PMMA; (b) treatment group, using a powder prepared by blending 0.05 wt.% silver-doped CNT nanoparticles with heat-cured PMMA. The impact strength, microhardness and anticandidal activity for each group were assessed via the Charpy, Vickers and agar diffusion tests, respectively (n = 10/test for each subgroup). Data were analyzed using independent-sample t-tests (p ≤ 0.05). The results of the impact strength test revealed that the treated heat-cured PMMA-MMA with Ag-doped CNT (2.2 kJ/mm2) was significantly higher than that of the control heat-cured PMMA (1.6 kJ/mm2). Similarly, the Vickers microhardness of the treatment group (52.7 VHN) was significantly higher than that of the control group (19.4 VHN). Regarding the agar diffusion test, after 24 h of incubation, the treated heat-cured PMMA with the Ag-doped CNT exhibited significantly higher anticandidal activity than that of the control group. Therefore, Ag-doped carbon nanotubes could be considered as promising fillers for the dental heat-cured acrylic resin to improve the resistance of the resultant denture against sudden fractures, scratching, and candida invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alhotan
- Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha M Abdelraouf
- Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11553, Egypt
| | - Sabry A El-Korashy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41511, Egypt
| | - Nawaf Labban
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Alotaibi
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jukka P Matinlinna
- Biomaterials Science, Division of Dentistry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Tamer M Hamdy
- Restorative and Dental Materials Department, Oral and Dental Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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16
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Kaurani P, Hindocha AD, Jayasinghe RM, Pai UY, Batra K, Price C. Effect of addition of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the antimicrobial properties, surface roughness and surface hardness of polymethyl methacrylate: A Systematic Review. F1000Res 2023; 12:577. [PMID: 37424742 PMCID: PMC10323281 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.130028.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) denture-base resins have poor surface properties that facilitates microbial adhesion causing denture stomatitis. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effect of different sizes and percentages of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NP) on the antimicrobial property, surface roughness and surface hardness of PMMA denture base resin. Methods: A systematic search of English peer-reviewed articles, clinical trial registries, grey literature databases and other online sources was performed using the PRISMA-S Guidelines for In-Vivo and In-Vitro studies. Qualitative data synthesis was performed to analyse sample dimensions, acrylic used, treatments of nanoparticles, methods used for testing and effect of size and percentage of nanoparticle. Risk of bias assessment was done using modified Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results: Out of 1376 articles, 15 were included. TiO 2NP of size less than 30 nm was most frequently used. Both antimicrobial property and surface hardness improved irrespective of the size of the added TiO 2NP. Three studies reported increase in the surface roughness with less than 50 nm TiO 2NP. 3% TiO 2NP was most frequently used. On increasing the percentage, three studies reported an increase in antimicrobial property, while two studies found no change. With TiO 2NP greater than or equal to 3%, six studies reported an increase in surface hardness, while two reported increase in surface roughness. Large methodological variations were observed across studies. All studies except one were of moderate quality. Conclusions: On addition of TiO 2NP to heat polymerized PMMA, the antimicrobial property and surface hardness improved irrespective of the size of the TiO 2NP, however, addition of nanoparticles less than 50 nm increased the surface roughness. Increasing the percentage of TiO 2NP increased the surface hardness but did not always increase the antimicrobial property. Addition of 3% TiO 2NP provided optimum results with regards to antimicrobial effect and surface hardness, but increase in the surface roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Kaurani
- Department of Prosthodontics, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302022, India
| | - Amit D Hindocha
- Department of Prosthodontics, Sinhgad Dental College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, 411041, India
| | - Rasika Manori Jayasinghe
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences , University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Central province, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Umesh Y Pai
- Department of Prosthodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575004, India
| | - Kavita Batra
- Department of Medical Education, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89102, USA
| | - Carrie Price
- Health Professions Librarian, Albert S. Cook Library, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, 21252, USA
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17
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Alshamrani A, Alhotan A, Kelly E, Ellakwa A. Mechanical and Biocompatibility Properties of 3D-Printed Dental Resin Reinforced with Glass Silica and Zirconia Nanoparticles: In Vitro Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112523. [PMID: 37299322 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the mechanical and biocompatibility properties of dental resin reinforced with different nanoparticle additives. Temporary crown specimens were 3D-printed and grouped based on nanoparticle type and amount, including zirconia and glass silica. Flexural strength testing evaluated the material's ability to withstand mechanical stress using a three-point bending test. Biocompatibility was tested using MTT and dead/live cell assays to assess effects on cell viability and tissue integration. Fractured specimens were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for fracture surface examination and elemental composition determination. Results show that adding 5% glass fillers and 10-20% zirconia nanoparticles significantly improves the flexural strength and biocompatibility of the resin material. Specifically, the addition of 10%, 20% zirconia, and 5% glass silica by weight significantly increases the flexural strength of the 3D-printed resins. Biocompatibility testing reveals cell viabilities greater than 80% in all tested groups. Reinforced 3D-printed resin holds clinical potential for restorative dentistry, as zirconia and glass fillers have been shown to enhance mechanical and biocompatibility properties of dental resin, making it a promising option for dental restorations. The findings of this study may contribute to the development of more effective and durable dental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alshamrani
- Oral Rehabilitation & Dental Biomaterial and Bioengineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alhotan
- Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elizabeth Kelly
- The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead 2145, Australia
| | - Ayman Ellakwa
- Oral Rehabilitation & Dental Biomaterial and Bioengineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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18
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Sarao SK, Levin L. Prevention of maxillofacial injuries through analysis of mechanisms, patterns, and long-term sequalae. Dent Traumatol 2023; 39:97-100. [PMID: 36899141 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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19
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Sakaue T, Togo S, Tsutsui A, Matsuda Y, Nakajima K, Takeda T, Fukuda K, Vallittu P, Lassila L. Improving light-cured intermediate resin for hard and space mouthguard using a glass fiber. Dent Traumatol 2023; 39:119-131. [PMID: 36436188 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS A light-cured intermediate material is useful for fabricating a hard insert and a buffer space mouthguard (H&SMG). However, it requires improvement in its mechanical properties and shock-absorbing capacity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of two prototype light-cured intermediate materials reinforced with glass fibers, and the impact absorption capacity and durability of H&SMGs made with the prototype intermediate materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two prototype materials containing long and microlength glass fibers in a light-cured intermediate material, Innerframe LC®, for H&SMG, were fabricated and tested. A three-point bending test was performed for evaluation of the mechanical properties. In addition, a shock absorption test was conducted using a customized pendulum impact testing machine to evaluate the H&SMGs' impact absorption capacity and durability. RESULTS Long and microlength glass fibers significantly improved flexural modulus and strength. H&SMGs made with these two glass fiber-containing materials had high impact absorption capacity against both low and high impact forces, while the mouthguards made with long glass fiber materials had the best results. CONCLUSION Long and microlength glass fibers with the prototype materials improved the mechanical properties of Innerframe LC® and the impact absorption capacity and durability of H&SMGs. H&SMGs made with the long glass fiber prototype materials had the best performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sakaue
- Division of Sports Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Clinical Science, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Togo
- Division of Sports Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Clinical Science, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arata Tsutsui
- Division of Sports Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Clinical Science, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Matsuda
- Division of Sports Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Clinical Science, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Division of Sports Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Clinical Science, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Takeda
- Division of Sports Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Clinical Science, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Fukuda
- Division of Special Needs Dentistry and Orofacial Pain, Department of Oral Health and Clinical Science, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pekka Vallittu
- Department of Biomaterials Science and TCBC Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lippo Lassila
- Department of Biomaterials Science and TCBC Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Ahmed AQ, Al-Hmedat SJAZ, Hanweet DM, Haider J. Assessing the Antifungal Activity of a Soft Denture Liner Loaded with Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs). Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11040090. [PMID: 37185468 PMCID: PMC10137426 DOI: 10.3390/dj11040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Soft denture lining materials are susceptible to be colonized by different microorganisms, especially by Candida albicans (C. albicans), causing denture-induced stomatitis. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) into a soft denture liner towards reducing microbial activity. Method: A total of 40 PEMA-TiO2 nanocomposites samples were fabricated by adding 0.0 wt.% (control), 1.0 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, and 2 wt.% TiO2 NPs to a heat cured soft denture lining material (polyethyl methacrylate, PEMA). The prepared samples were divided into four groups (n = 10) according to the content of TiO2 NPs. The uniformity of TiO2 NPS distribution within the denture liner matrix was assessed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The viable count of C. albicans was evaluated to test the antifungal resistance of the developed composite. Results: The SEM images showed fairly homogeneous dispersion, with patches of TiO2 NPs agglomeration within the PEMA matrix and an increasing concentration of NPs with higher NP content. The particle map and EDX analysis confirmed the evidence of the TiO2 NPs. The mean viable count results for the control (0.0 wt.%) and 1.0 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, and 2 wt.% TiO2 groups were 139.80, 12.00, 6.20, and 1.00, respectively, with a significant difference from the control group (p < 0.05). The antifungal activity also increased with the increase in the concentration of TiO2 NPs. Conclusions: The addition of TiO2 NPs into a heat-cured soft denture liner provided antifungal activity as evidenced by the reduced colonization of C. albicans. The antimicrobial activity of the liner material increased with the increased concentration of TiO2 NPS.
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Effect of Particle Sizes and Contents of Surface Pre-Reacted Glass Ionomer Filler on Mechanical Properties of Auto-Polymerizing Resin. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11030072. [PMID: 36975569 PMCID: PMC10047318 DOI: 10.3390/dj11030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, the mechanical properties of an auto-polymerizing resin incorporated with a surface pre-reacted glass ionomer (S-PRG) filler were evaluated. For this, S-PRG fillers with particle sizes of 1 μm (S-PRG-1) and 3 μm (S-PRG-3) were mixed at 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt% to prepare experimental resin powders. The powders and a liquid (powder/liquid ratio = 1.0 g/0.5 mL) were kneaded and filled into a silicone mold to obtain rectangular specimens. The flexural strength and modulus (n = 12) were recorded via a three-point bending test. The flexural strengths of S-PRG-1 at 10 wt% (62.14 MPa) and S-PRG-3 at 10 and 20 wt% (68.68 and 62.70 MPa, respectively) were adequate (>60 MPa). The flexural modulus of the S-PRG-3-containing specimen was significantly higher than that of the S-PRG-1-containing specimen. Scanning electron microscopy observations of the specimen fracture surfaces after bending revealed that the S-PRG fillers were tightly embedded and scattered in the resin matrix. The Vickers hardness increased with an increasing filler content and size. The Vickers hardness of S-PRG-3 (14.86–15.48 HV) was higher than that of S-PRG-1 (13.48–14.97 HV). Thus, the particle size and content of the S-PRG filler affect the mechanical properties of the experimental auto-polymerizing resin.
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Taczała-Warga J, Sawicki J, Krasowski M, Sokołowski J. The Effect of Acrylic Surface Preparation on Bonding Denture Teeth to Cellulose Fiber-Reinforced Denture Base Acrylic. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:183. [PMID: 36278652 PMCID: PMC9590047 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients who require dental prosthetic restoration using frame dentures in the front part of the mouth very frequently report that teeth fall out of their dentures. However, the available scientific papers are insufficient to compare the various methods of improving the connection between the denture base and the artificial tooth and choosing the best solution. This paper focuses on providing all parameters, enabling the reproduction of tests, and accounting for all variables. The paper uses an original method of creating grooves, sandpaper, sandblasting, and cutting the acrylate layer with a burr in one and two directions. Developed surfaces were additionally subjected to detailed examination. This study used 180 specimens divided into three groups and subjected to various environments (dry, artificial saliva, and thermocycles). Shearing and tensile strength tests were performed. The best results were obtained with a carbide burr. The increase in connection durability was as follows in the case of the shear test: 116.47% in dry samples, 155.38% in samples soaked in artificial saliva, and 46.59% in samples after thermocycles. The increase in tensile resistance was: 198.96% in a dry environment, 88.10% before being soaked in artificial saliva, and 94.04% after thermocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Taczała-Warga
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Sawicki
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Krasowski
- University Laboratory of Material Research, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sokołowski
- Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
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Influence of Incorporating 5% Weight Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles on Flexural Strength, Micro-Hardness, Surface Roughness and Water Sorption of Dental Self-Cured Acrylic Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183767. [PMID: 36145912 PMCID: PMC9502913 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is used in fabricating acrylic denture bases. Repairing a fractured acrylic denture base can be done by self-cured PMMA, yet this is still a weak point after repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporating 5% weight titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2) to self-cured PMMA on flexural strength, surface micro-hardness, roughness, and water sorption. Methods: A total of 160 acrylic–resin specimens were used in this study. They were divided in two main groups; (a) control group, prepared by mixing self-cured PMMA powder to its liquid monomer, (b) treated group, prepared by blending 5% weight TiO2 nanoparticles to self-cured PMMA powder then this blend was mixed with the liquid monomer. Flexure strength, surface micro-hardness, roughness, and water sorption were evaluated. Data were analyzed using independent sample t-tests (p ≤ 0.05). Results: There was a significant increase in the flexural strength of PMMA of the treated group after the addition of TiO2 (137.6 MPa) compared with the control (75.4 MPa) (p ≤ 0.001). No significant difference between the two groups in terms of micro-hardness (p = 0.385) and surface roughness (p = 0.269). Water sorption showed a significant reduction in the treated group (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: Addition of 5% weight TiO2 nanoparticles to the self-cured acrylic resin improved its flexural strength and reduced its water-sorption without impairing the surface micro-hardness and roughness.
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Effect of Reinforced Self-Cured Acrylic Resin on Flexural Strength. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:2698995. [PMID: 36059914 PMCID: PMC9433178 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2698995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to determine the effect on the flexural strength of the self-cured acrylic resin by incorporating short E-glass fiber (SEGF) and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) filler in the acrylic resin. Methods Fifty-six rectangular (64 × 10 × 3.3 mm3) (ISO standard 20795–1:2013) self-cured acrylic resin specimens were fabricated and divided into seven groups per test, according to the percent by weight of SEGF and UHMW-PE filler (n = 8). Each testing group entails a control group and an addition of 1% and 2% SEGF, 1% and 2% UHMW-PE, 0.5% SEGF/UHMW-PE, and 1% SEGF/UHMW-PE. A three-point bending test was conducted to obtain the flexural strength of each specimen. The fractured surfaces of the specimens were evaluated, and a scanning electron microscope view was taken. Test results were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (p value<0.05). Results The flexural strength of self-cured acrylic resin with the addition of 1% SEGF and 1% SEGF/UHMW-PE (50.93, 46.13 MPa) was significantly higher than that of the control group (41.72 MPa) (p < 0.05). Nonetheless, the addition of 1% UHMW-PE (39.34 MPa) showed the lowest flexural strength, significantly lower than other experimental groups, except the control group. Conclusion The addition of 1% SEGF significantly improves the flexural strength of the self-cured acrylic resin denture base.
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AlQahtani GM, AlSuhail HS, Alqater NK, AlTaisan SA, Akhtar S, Khan SQ, Gad MM. Polymethylmethacrylate denture base layering as a new approach for the addition of antifungal agents. J Prosthodont 2022; 32:298-308. [PMID: 35801581 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To introduce a new technique, denture base layering, for the addition of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and to investigate the effects of the layering technique on Candida albicans (C. albicans) adhesion and on surface roughness, hardness, translucency, and flexural strength. MATERIALS & METHODS In total, 210 heat-polymerized acrylic resin specimens were prepared as discs (15 × 2 mm) for testing C. albicans adhesion (n = 70) and surface roughness, hardness, and translucency (n = 70); and as acrylic plates (65 × 10 × 2.5 mm) for testing flexural strength (n = 70). Specimens were divided into 4 groups: control (n = 30), one-layer (n = 60), double-layer (n = 60), and dotted-layer (n = 60) according to the packing and layering technique. Each group was divided according to the concentration of TiO2 NPs 1% and 2.5% (n = 10). The control group comprised one layer of unmodified resin. The one-layer group comprised one layer of a mixture of PMMA/TiO2 NPs packed conventionally. The double-layer group consisted of two different layers packed in two steps, as follows: unmodified resin first, followed by a continuous thin layer of the PMMA/TiO2 NPs mixture. Similarly, the dotted-layer group consisted of two different layers packed in two steps, as follows: unmodified resin first, followed by a thin layer of the PMMA/TiO2 NPs. However, the second mixture was added in a dotted manner. The direct culture method for C. albicans adhesion before and after ultraviolet light activation, and surface roughness, hardness, translucency, and flexural strength were measured. An analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used for data analysis (α = 0.05). RESULTS The addition of TiO2 NPs reduced C. albicans adhesion (P ˂.001). However, no significant difference was found between both concentrations within the same group before and after ultraviolet light activation (P >0.05), except in the 1% dotted-layer (P = .022). Surface roughness and hardness were not affected by the additions of different concentrations of TiO2 NPs (P = .905) and (P = .059), respectively. Translucency was significantly reduced in all the groups (P ˂.001) except in the 1% dotted-layer (P = .332). Flexural strength decreased as the TiO2 NPs concentration increased, with the greatest reduction in strength observed in the one-layer group (P ˂.001). CONCLUSIONS The double and dotted layering techniques were effective in reducing C. albicans adhesion, without affecting surface roughness, hardness, or flexural strength. However, translucency was reduced in all the groups, except the 1% dotted-layer group. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaida M AlQahtani
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haneen S AlSuhail
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah K Alqater
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah A AlTaisan
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Akhtar
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soban Q Khan
- Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Impact of Polymerization Technique and ZrO 2 Nanoparticle Addition on the Fracture Load of Interim Implant-Supported Fixed Cantilevered Prostheses in Comparison to CAD/CAM Material. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10060102. [PMID: 35735644 PMCID: PMC9222143 DOI: 10.3390/dj10060102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
ZrO2 nanoparticles (ZNPs) have excellent physical properties. This study investigated the fracture load of implant-supported, fixed cantilevered prosthesis materials, reinforced with ZNPs and various polymerization techniques, compared with conventional and CAD/CAM materials. Sixty specimens were made from two CAD/CAM; milled (MIL) (Ceramill TEMP); and 3D-printed (NextDent Denture 3D+). Conventional heat-polymerized acrylic resin was used to fabricate the other specimens, which were grouped according to their polymerization technique: conventionally (HP) and autoclave-polymerized (AP); conventionally cured and reinforced with 5 wt% ZNPs (HPZNP); and autoclave reinforced with 5 wt% ZNPs (APZNP). The specimens were thermocycled (5000 cycles/30 s dwell time). Each specimen was subjected to static vertical loading (1 mm/min) using a universal Instron testing machine until fracture. Scanning electron microscopy was used for fracture surface analyses. The ANOVA showed significant fracture load differences between all the tested groups (p = 0.001). The Tukey post hoc tests indicated a significant difference in fracture load between all tested groups (p ˂ 0.001) except HP vs. HPZNP and AP vs. MIL. APZNP had the lowest mean fracture load value (380.7 ± 52.8 N), while MIL had the highest (926.6 ± 82.8 N). The CAD/CAM materials exhibited the highest fracture load values, indicating that they could be used in long-term interim prostheses. Autoclave polymerization improved fracture load performance, whereas ZrO2 nanoparticles decreased the fracture load performance of cantilevered prostheses.
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Chladek G, Nowak M, Pakieła W, Mertas A. Effect of Candida albicans Suspension on the Mechanical Properties of Denture Base Acrylic Resin. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15113841. [PMID: 35683140 PMCID: PMC9182068 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Yeast-like fungi such as Candida albicans (C. albicans) are the primary pathogenic microorganism in the oral cavity of denture wearers. The research available so far, conducted according to a protocol based on the exposure of specimens to a C. albicans suspension and their cutting with water cooling, shows that hard polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) prosthetic materials are not only surface colonized, but also penetrated by microorganisms in a short time. This justifies the hypothesis that exposure to a suspension of the C. albicans strain causes the changes in mechanical properties due to surface colonization and/or penetration of the samples. In the current study, the chosen mechanical properties (flexural strength, flexural modulus, tensile strength, impact strength, ball indentation hardness, and surface Vickers hardness at 300 g load) of the PMMA denture base material Vertex RS (Vertex-Dental, The Netherlands) exposed for 30, 60, and 90 days to a suspension of C. albicans were investigated. The potential penetration of yeast was examined on the fractured surfaces (interior of specimens) to eliminate the risk of the contamination of samples during cutting. There was no influence on the flexural strength, flexural modulus, tensile strength, impact strength, or ball indentation hardness, but a significant decrease in surface hardness was registered. Microscopic observations did not confirm the penetration of C. albicans. On the surface, blastospores and pseudohyphae were observed in crystallized structures and in traces after grinding, which indicates that in clinical conditions, it is not penetration but the deterioration of surface quality, which may lead to the formation of microareas that are difficult to disinfect, causing rapid recolonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Chladek
- Chair of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 18a Konarskiego Str., 41-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Michał Nowak
- Nova Clinic, 22 Jankego Str., 40-612 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Pakieła
- Chair of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 18a Konarskiego Str., 41-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Anna Mertas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 Jordana Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
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Alhotan A, Elraggal A, Yates J, Haider J, Jurado CA, Silikas N. Effect of Different Solutions on the Colour Stability of Nanoparticles or Fibre Reinforced PMMA. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081521. [PMID: 35458269 PMCID: PMC9028232 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the colour stability of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base reinforced with ZrO2 nanoparticles, E-glass fibres, and TiO2 nanoparticles at various concentrations over 180-day storage in Steradent™ (STD) denture cleaner or coffee (CF). A total of 130 disc-shaped specimens were fabricated at various filler concentrations and divided into four main groups to measure the colour changes. Groups Z, T, and E consisted of PMMA reinforced with ZrO2 nanoparticles, TiO2 nanoparticles, or E-glass fibre, respectively, while Group C consisted of PMMA specimens without filler served as the control group (n = 10). The three reinforced groups were further subdivided according to the filler content (n = 10) added to the PMMA (1.5%, 3.0%, 5.0%, and 7.0% wt.%). Half of the specimens were stored in STD, while the other half was stored in CF for 180 days. A Minolta Chroma Meter was used to measure the colour changes (ΔE) at 7, 30, 90 and then 180 days. The results were assessed using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) along with Bonferroni post hoc tests at a p ≤ 0.05 significance level. Significant different colour changes (ΔΕ) were observed between all tested groups and across different time points. TiO2-reinforced PMMA in coffee showed the lowest colour stability, while the E-glass fibre-reinforced PMMA in STD/CF showed the highest colour stability. Furthermore, coffee appeared to have the greatest impact on the CF change in comparison to the STD/CF. The results indicated that the filler type and concentration, type of solution, and length of storage all affected the colour stability of the tested specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alhotan
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (N.S.)
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11454, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Alaaeldin Elraggal
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt;
| | - Julian Yates
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (N.S.)
| | - Julfikar Haider
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (N.S.)
- Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Carlos Alberto Jurado
- Woody L. Hunt School of Dental Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Centre El Paso, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA;
| | - Nikolaos Silikas
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (N.S.)
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Dental Poly(methyl methacrylate)-Based Resin Containing a Nanoporous Silica Filler. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13010032. [PMID: 35323232 PMCID: PMC8948615 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based resins have been conventionally used in dental prostheses owing to their good biocompatibility. However, PMMA-based resins have relatively poor mechanical properties. In the present study, a novel nanoporous silica filler was developed and introduced into PMMA-based resins to improve their mechanical properties. The filler was prepared by sintering a green body composed of silica and an organic binder, followed by grinding to a fine powder and subsequent silanization. The filler was added to photocurable PMMA-based resin, which was prepared from MMA, PMMA, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and a photo-initiator. The filler was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis, nitrogen sorption porosimetry, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The PMMA-based resins were characterized by SEM and FT-IR, and the mechanical properties (Vickers hardness, flexural modulus, and flexural strength) and physicochemical properties (water sorption and solubility) were evaluated. The results suggested that the filler consisted of microparticles with nanopores. The filler at 23 wt % was well dispersed in the PMMA-based resin matrix. The mechanical and physicochemical properties of the PMMA-based resin improved significantly with the addition of the developed filler. Therefore, such filler-loaded PMMA-based resins are potential candidates for improving the strength and durability of polymer-based crown and denture base.
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30
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Chęcińska K, Chęciński M, Sikora M, Nowak Z, Karwan S, Chlubek D. The Effect of Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO2) Nanoparticles Addition on the Mechanical Parameters of Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051047. [PMID: 35267870 PMCID: PMC8914807 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of studies on the subject of effects of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles addition on the mechanical parameters of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is still very limited. Therefore, in this research, the authors wanted to assess PMMA modified with the nano-ZrO2 additive in terms of changes in flexural, impact and tensile strength values in relation to PMMA without such component. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to evaluate the effect of incorporating nano-ZrO2 into PMMA on individual types of material strength. The obtained numerical data were tabulated and analyzed in the search for percentage changes in those parameters. It was then calculated for each set and the procured model was examined using residual sum of squares (RSS) to assess the discrepancy between the data and the estimation model whilst mean absolute deviation (MAD) was employed to determine robustness. The results of the systematic review were composed of data obtained from individual studies presented in eight independent articles. Overall, the addition of nano-ZrO2 increases the flexural strength of the composite with the PMMA matrix depending on the size of the ZrO2 grains administered. Unfortunately, these conclusions are based on a very limited amount of research and require further verification, especially regarding tensile strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Chęcińska
- Department of Glass Technology and Amorphous Coatings, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Maciej Chęciński
- Department of Oral Surgery, Preventive Medicine Center, Komorowskiego 12, 30-106 Kraków, Poland;
- Department of Temporomandibular Disorders, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Traugutta 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Maciej Sikora
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Wojska Polskiego 51, 25-375 Kielce, Poland;
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Nowak
- Department of Temporomandibular Disorders, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Traugutta 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Karwan
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Regional Specialized Children’s Hospital, Żołnierska 18a, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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31
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Alhotan A, Yates J, Zidan S, Haider J, Jurado CA, Silikas N. Behaviour of PMMA Resin Composites Incorporated with Nanoparticles or Fibre following Prolonged Water Storage. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123453. [PMID: 34947803 PMCID: PMC8707186 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
When PMMA denture base acrylics are exposed to oral environments for prolonged periods, the denture base absorbs water, which has a negative influence on the denture material and the degree to which the denture base will be clinically effective. This study assessed the water sorption, desorption, and hygroscopic expansion processes within PMMA denture-base resins reinforced with nanoparticles or fibre in comparison to the non-reinforced PMMA. The surfaces of the fillers were modified using a silane coupling agent (y-MPS) before mixing with PMMA. Group C consisted of specimens of pure PMMA whereas groups Z, T, and E consisted of PMMA specimens reinforced with ZrO2, TiO2 nanoparticles, or E-glass fibre, respectively. The reinforced groups were subdivided into four subgroups according to the percentage filler added to the PMMA resin by weight (1.5%, 3.0%, 5.0%, or 7.0%). Five specimens in disc shape (25 ± 1 mm × 2.0 ± 0.2 mm) were tested for each group. To assess water sorption and hygroscopic expansion, specimens from each group were individually immersed in water at 37 ± 1 °C for 180 days. The samples were then desorbed for 28 days at 37 ± 1 °C, to measure solubility. Water sorption and solubility were calculated using an electronic balance in accordance with ISO Standard 20795-1, and hygroscopic expansion was measured using a laser micrometre. Statistical analysis was undertaken at a p ≤ 0.05 significance level using a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc tests. The results demonstrated that the values of sorption (Wsp), mass sorption (Ms%), and % expansion within the tested groups reached equilibrium within 180 days. A noticeable difference was observed in groups Z and E for (Wsp)/(Ms%) compared to the Group C, but this was not significant. However, the difference between Group C and Group T for these measurements was significant. Non-significant differences also existed between each respective reinforced group and the control group in terms of hygroscopic expansion % values. During the 28-day desorption period, there were no differences in the values of solubility (Wsl)/mass desorption (Md%) between Group C and each of the reinforced tested groups. The findings indicate that the inclusion of ZrO2 nanoparticles or E-glass fibres does not increase the water solubility/sorption of the PMMA. However, modifying the PMMA with TiO2 did significantly increase the water sorption level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alhotan
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (N.S.)
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11454, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Julian Yates
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (N.S.)
| | - Saleh Zidan
- Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Sebha University, Sebha 18758, Libya;
| | - Julfikar Haider
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (N.S.)
- Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Carlos Alberto Jurado
- Woody L. Hunt School of Dental Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Centre El Paso, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA;
| | - Nikolaos Silikas
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (N.S.)
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Alhotan A, Yates J, Zidan S, Haider J, Silikas N. Assessing Fracture Toughness and Impact Strength of PMMA Reinforced with Nano-Particles and Fibre as Advanced Denture Base Materials. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154127. [PMID: 34361320 PMCID: PMC8348661 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Statement of Problem: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture resins commonly fracture as a result of the denture being dropped or when in use due to heavy occlusal forces. Purpose: To investigate the effects of E-glass fibre, ZrO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles at different concentrations on the fracture toughness and impact strength of PMMA denture base. Materials and Methods: To evaluate fracture toughness (dimensions: 40 × 8 × 4 mm3; n = 10/group) and impact strength (dimensions: 80 × 10 × 4 mm3; n = 12/group), 286 rectangular tested specimens were prepared and divided into four groups. Group C consisted of the PMMA specimens without any filler (control group), while the specimens in the remaining three groups varied according to the concentration of three filler materials by weight of PMMA resin: 1.5%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. Three-point bending and Charpy impact tests were conducted to measure the fracture toughness and impact strength respectively. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was utilised to examine the fractured surfaces of the specimens after the fracture toughness test. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey post-hoc tests were employed to analyse the results at a p ≤ 0.05 significance level. Results: Fracture toughness of groups with 1.5 and 3 wt.% ZrO2, 1.5 wt.% TiO2, and all E-glass fibre concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the control group. The samples reinforced with 3 wt.% ZrO2 exhibited the highest fracture toughness. Those reinforced with a 3 wt.%, 5 wt.%, and 7 wt.% of E-glass fibres had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher impact strength than the specimens in the control group. The heat-cured PMMA modified with either ZrO2 or TiO2 nanoparticles did not exhibit a statistically significant difference in impact strength (p > 0.05) in comparison to the control group. Conclusions: 1.5 wt.%, 3 wt.% of ZrO2; 1.5 wt.% ratios of TiO2; and 1.5 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 5 wt.%, and 7 wt.% of E-glass fibre can effectively enhance the fracture toughness of PMMA. The inclusion of E-glass fibres does significantly improve impact strength, while ZrO2 or TiO2 nanoparticles did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alhotan
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (N.S.)
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11454, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Julian Yates
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (N.S.)
| | - Saleh Zidan
- Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Sebha University, Sebha 18758, Libya;
| | - Julfikar Haider
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (N.S.)
- Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Nikolaos Silikas
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (N.S.)
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Zidan S, Silikas N, Al-Nasrawi S, Haider J, Alshabib A, Alshame A, Yates J. Chemical Characterisation of Silanised Zirconia Nanoparticles and Their Effects on the Properties of PMMA-Zirconia Nanocomposites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123212. [PMID: 34200948 PMCID: PMC8230683 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties of high-impact (HI) heat-cured acrylic resin (PMMA) reinforced with silane-treated zirconia nanoparticles. Methods: Forty-five PMMA specimens reinforced with zirconia were fabricated and divided into three groups: Pure HI PMMA (control group), PMMA reinforced with 3 wt.% of non-silanised zirconia nanoparticles and PMMA reinforced with 3 wt.% of silanised zirconia nanoparticles. Silanised and non-silanised zirconia nanoparticles were analysed with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. For measuring the flexural modulus and strength, a Zwick universal tester was used, and for surface hardness, a Vickers hardness tester were used. Furthermore, raw materials and fractured surfaces were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). A one-way ANOVA test followed by a post-hoc Bonferroni test was employed to analyse the data. Results: The results showed that the mean values for flexural strength (83.5 ± 6.2 MPa) and surface hardness (20.1 ± 2.3 kg/mm2) of the group containing 3 wt.% treated zirconia increased significantly (p < 0.05) in comparison to the specimens in the group containing non-treated zirconia (59.9 ± 7.1 MPa; 15.0 ± 0.2 kg/mm2) and the control group (72.4 ± 8.6 MPa; 17.1 ± 0.9 kg/mm2). However, the group with silanised zirconia showed an increase in flexural modulus (2313 ± 161 MPa) but was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from the non-silanised group (2207 ± 252 MPa) and the control group (1971 ± 235 MPa). Conclusion: Silane-treated zirconia nano-filler improves the surface hardness and flexural strength of HI PMMA-zirconia nanocomposites, giving a potentially longer service life of the denture base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Zidan
- Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Sebha University, Sebha 18758, Libya
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (N.S.); (J.H.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nikolaos Silikas
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (N.S.); (J.H.); (J.Y.)
| | - Suhad Al-Nasrawi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq;
| | - Julfikar Haider
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (N.S.); (J.H.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Abdulrahman Alshabib
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alshame Alshame
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Sebha University, Sebha 18758, Libya;
| | - Julian Yates
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (N.S.); (J.H.); (J.Y.)
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