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Güixens-Gallardo P, Brea I, Manrique J, Shohraty F, Garcia-Amorós J, Velasco D. Programming Positive Mechanofluorescence in Liquid Crystalline Elastomers. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:6484-6492. [PMID: 38751730 PMCID: PMC11093412 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Liquid single crystal elastomers (LSCEs) containing organic fluorophores within their polymeric network are attractive materials to detect forces with simple spectroscopic measurements. Hitherto, all mechanoluminescent LSCEs decrease their emission intensity upon mechanical stimulation; that is, they display negative mechanofluorescence. Such behavior is governed by the mechanically induced approximation of the quenching mesogenic units and the fluorophores. In this work, we propose the integration of fluorescent molecular rotors (FMRs), whose luminescence is not quenched by the mesogens, in LSCEs as a valuable strategy to conceive elastomeric materials programmed with exactly the opposite behavior, i.e., their fluorescence increases upon deformation (positive mechanofluorescence). Specifically, carbazole-indolenine dyes are interesting candidates for this purpose since their luminescence depends mainly on the degree of intramolecular rotation allowed by the local environment. On this basis, the uniaxial deformation of an LSCE, along its anisotropic direction, incorporating such FMRs will place the fluorophores in a more restricted medium, leading to the desired enhanced emission at the macroscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Güixens-Gallardo
- Grup
de Materials Orgànics, Departament de Química Inorgànica
i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut
de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Brea
- Grup
de Materials Orgànics, Departament de Química Inorgànica
i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Manrique
- Grup
de Materials Orgànics, Departament de Química Inorgànica
i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Farhad Shohraty
- Grup
de Materials Orgànics, Departament de Química Inorgànica
i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Garcia-Amorós
- Grup
de Materials Orgànics, Departament de Química Inorgànica
i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut
de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Velasco
- Grup
de Materials Orgànics, Departament de Química Inorgànica
i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut
de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Vilche A, Bujaldón R, Alcobé X, Velasco D, Puigjaner C. Powder X-ray diffraction as a powerful tool to exploit in organic electronics: shedding light on the first N,N',N''-trialkyldiindolocarbazole. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2022; 78:253-260. [PMID: 35411863 PMCID: PMC9004018 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520622001858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The first crystal structure of a fully N-alkylated diindolocarbazole derivative, namely, 5,8,14-tributyldiindolo[3,2-b;2',3'-h]carbazole (1, C36H39N3), has been determined from laboratory powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data. A complex trigonal structure with a high-volume unit cell of 12987 Å3 was found, with a very long a(=b) [52.8790 (14) Å] and a very short c [5.36308 (13) Å] unit-cell parameter (hexagonal setting). The detailed analysis of the intermolecular interactions observed in the crystal structure of 1 highlights its potential towards the implementation of this core as a semiconductor in organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) devices. Since the molecule has a flat configuration reflecting its π-conjugated system, neighbouring molecules are found to stack atop each other in a slipped parallel fashion via π-π stacking interactions between planes of ca 3.30 Å, with a centroid-centroid distance between the aromatic rings corresponding to the shortest axis of the unit cell (i.e. c). The alkylation of the three N atoms proves to be a decisive feature since it favours the presence of C-H...π interactions in all directions, which strengthens the crystal packing. As a whole, PXRD proves to be a valuable option for the resolution of otherwise inaccessible organic crystal structures of interest in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vilche
- X-ray Diffraction Unit, Scientific and Technological Centers, University of Barcelona, Lluís Solé i Sabarís 1-3, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Bujaldón
- Grup de Materials Orgànics, Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (INUB), Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Alcobé
- X-ray Diffraction Unit, Scientific and Technological Centers, University of Barcelona, Lluís Solé i Sabarís 1-3, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Velasco
- Grup de Materials Orgànics, Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (INUB), Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Puigjaner
- X-ray Diffraction Unit, Scientific and Technological Centers, University of Barcelona, Lluís Solé i Sabarís 1-3, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Feriancová L, Kmentová I, Micjan M, Pavúk M, Weis M, Putala M. Synthesis and Effect of the Structure of Bithienyl-Terminated Surfactants for Dielectric Layer Modification in Organic Transistor. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216345. [PMID: 34771870 PMCID: PMC8585473 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of bithienyl-terminated surfactants with various alkyl chain lengths (from C8 to C13) and phosphono or chlorodimethylsilyl anchoring groups were synthesized by palladium-catalyzed hydrophosphonation, or platinum-catalyzed hydrosilylation as a key step. Surfactants were tested in pentacene or α-sexithiophene-based organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) for the modification of the dielectric surface. The studied surfactants increased the effective mobility of the α-sexithiophene-based device by up to one order of magnitude. The length of alkyl chain showed to be significant for the pentacene-based device, as the effective mobility only increased in the case of dielectric modification with bithienylundecylphosphonic acid. AFM allowed a better understanding of the morphology of semiconductors on bare SiO2 and surfaces treated with bithienylundecylphosphonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Feriancová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.F.); (I.K.)
| | - Iveta Kmentová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.F.); (I.K.)
| | - Michal Micjan
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovičova 3, 812 19 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Milan Pavúk
- Institute of Nuclear and Physical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovičova 3, 812 19 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Martin Weis
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovičova 3, 812 19 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (M.P.); Tel.: +421-910942310 (M.W.); +421-2-90149323 (M.P.)
| | - Martin Putala
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.F.); (I.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (M.P.); Tel.: +421-910942310 (M.W.); +421-2-90149323 (M.P.)
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