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Ismail HS, Ali AI, Elawsya ME. Influence of curing mode and aging on the bonding performance of universal adhesives in coronal and root dentin. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:1188. [PMID: 39369181 PMCID: PMC11456248 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of different resin composite restorations bonded to mid-coronal dentin and proximal root dentin using light-cured, chemical-cured, and dual-cured adhesives immediately and after aging. Nanoleakage and degree of cure were also assessed. METHODS Eighty-four molars were divided into mid-coronal dentin and proximal root dentin. Each group was further subdivided into three subgroups based on the restorative systems used, which involved the utilization of light-cured, chemical-cured, and dual-cured adhesives. Half of the specimens underwent µTBS testing after 24 h, while the other half after aging. Representative specimens were analyzed for nanoleakage. The degree of cure of the tested adhesive systems was also assessed. RESULTS Aging showed a significant negative effect on µTBS results and led to increased nanoleakage (p < 0.001). Furthermore, in all subgroups, the µTBS values of proximal root dentin were lower compared to mid-coronal dentin, except in the aged subgroup for the system utilizing the dual-cured adhesive. The restorative systems with chemical and dual-cured adhesives demonstrated comparable bonding properties. However, the system with the light-cured adhesive exhibited the worst bonding properties after aging when bonded to proximal root dentin and cured at a large distance (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS All tested restorative systems were negatively affected by aging, and the regional dentin had variable effects on the bonding properties. Clinicians should exercise caution when using the tested light-cured adhesive in areas where the curing distance exceeds 3 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Saleh Ismail
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Algomhoria Street, PO Box 35516, Mansoura, Aldakhlia, Egypt.
| | - Ashraf Ibrahim Ali
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Algomhoria Street, PO Box 35516, Mansoura, Aldakhlia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elshirbeny Elawsya
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Algomhoria Street, PO Box 35516, Mansoura, Aldakhlia, Egypt
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Lee SY, Shimada Y, Sadr A, Tabata T, Sato T, Byun JE, Han SH. Degree of conversion and interfacial adaptation of touch-cure resin cement polymerized by self-curing or dual-curing with reduced light. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:463. [PMID: 39090476 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The first aim of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in degree of conversion (DC) of touch-cure cements polymerized by self-curing with adhesive or dual-curing under reduced light. The second aim was to compare interfacial adaptation of zirconia restoration cemented using touch-cure cements self-cured or dual-cured by reduced light. METHODS The DC of touch-cure resin cements with adhesive was measured continuously using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Experimental groups differed depending on touch-cure cement. Each group had three subgroups of polymerization method. For subgroup 1, the DC was measured by self-curing. For subgroups 2 and 3, the DCs were measured by dual-curing with reduced light penetrating 3 mm and 1 mm zirconia blocks, respectively. For interfacial adaptation evaluation, Class I cavity was prepared on an extracted third molar, and zirconia restoration was fabricated. The restoration was cemented using the same cement. Groups and subgroups for interfacial adaptation were the same as those of the DC measurement. After thermo-cycling, interfacial adaptation at the tooth-restoration interface was evaluated using swept-source optical coherence tomography imaging. RESULTS The DC of touch-cure cement differed depending on the measurement time, resin cement, and polymerization method (p < 0.05). Interfacial adaptation was different depending on the resin cement and polymerization method (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION For touch-cure cement, light-curing with higher irradiance presented a higher DC and superior interfacial adaptation than light-curing with lower irradiance or self-curing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although some adhesives accelerate the self-curing of touch-cure cement, light-curing for touch-cure cement is necessary for zirconia cementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Young Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, Seoul St. Mary's Dental Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-daero 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yasushi Shimada
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Alireza Sadr
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, B162, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tomoko Tabata
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sato
- Department of Oral Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Ji-Eun Byun
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, #50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Han
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, St. Vincent Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93 Jungbu-daero, Paldal-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16247, South Korea.
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Dimitriadi M, Petropoulou A, Zinelis S, Eliades G. Degree of conversion of dual-cured composite luting agents: The effect of transition metal-based touch-cure activators. J Dent 2024; 147:105147. [PMID: 38909647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was (a) to assess the effect of universal adhesives and tooth primers with novel touch-cure activators on the conversion of dual-cured resin composite luting agents (RLAs) polymerized under the self-curing mode, and (b) to investigate the source of the catalytic effect exerted by the activators. MATERIALS AND METHODS The materials selected were the adhesive RLAs Panavia V5/Tooth Primer (PV5/TP5), Variolink Esthetic DC/Adhese Universal DC (VLE/ADC), and the self-adhesive RLAs GCem ONE/AE Primer (GCO/AEP), RelyX Universal/Scotchbond Universal Plus (RXU/SUP) and Panavia SA Universal/Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (PSU/CUQ), the later serving as a control with an aryl-sulfinate activator. Coronal dentin specimens were prepared (n = 5/material), treated with the corresponding primers/adhesives (non-irradiated) and covered with a 100 μm-thick RLA layer (SC+A group). Three specimen series were additionally prepared (n = 3 × 5/material): A self-cured without the primers/adhesives (SC group), a dual-cured (20 s irradiation) with the corresponding primers/adhesives (DC+A group) and a dual-cured without primers/adhesives (DC group). All specimens were stored for 15 min (37 °C/dark/60 %RH). After demolding the degree of C = C conversion (DC%, top RLA surfaces) was measured by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The primer/adhesive liquids were further analyzed by ICP-MS and the microbrush tips of ADC by SEM-EDS. RESULTS The touch-cure activators increased the DC% in all self-cured RLAs but failed to reach the values of the corresponding dual-cured RLAs. The effect of the activators in dual-cured specimens was negligible. The ICP-MS analysis showed the presence of V (AEP, TP5, ADC) and Cu (SUP) transitional metals in the activators, with V been located at the free ends of ADC tip bristles. The V activators demonstrated the highest DC% improvement in self-cured specimens. CONCLUSION The new touch-cure activators significantly increased the conversion of the self-cured RLAs. Therefore, this step should be considered as universally applicable and not selective, as currently proposed for the self-adhesive luting agents by the manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dimitriadi
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon str, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - A Petropoulou
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon str, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - S Zinelis
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon str, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - G Eliades
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon str, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece.
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Jamel RS, Farhan Alkhalidi E, Edrees Dawood A. The effect of touch-cure polymerization on the push-out bond strength of fiber posts. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:627-632. [PMID: 38690389 PMCID: PMC11056459 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the impact of a novel touch-cure polymerization of dual-curing resin cement on the push-out bonding strength (PBS) of the conventional prefabricated glass fiber-reinforced composite (GFRC) and custom-made glass fiber (GF) posts at different root sections. Methods Forty single-root mandibular first premolars were treated endodontically and prepared for receiving the posts, the prepared roots were randomly divided into 4 groups. Group I: A prefabricated (GFRC) post was cemented by G-CEM ONE resin cement with adhesive-enhancing primer (AEP). Group II: A prefabricated (GFRC) post was cemented by G-CEM ONE without AEP. Group III: A customized (GF) post was cemented by G-CEM ONE with AEP. Group IV: A customized (GF) post was cemented by G-CEM ONE without AEP. (n = 10 for each group). The PBS was tested with a universal testing machine, and the values were analyzed with (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test at a P ≤ 0.05 significance level. Results Group III revealed the greatest PBS values, followed by Group IV, Group I, and finally, Group II showed the lowest PBS values. The coronal root slices showed the highest PBS in comparison with the middle and apical third. Conclusion The touch-cure polymerization improved the PBS of the prefabricated and customized fiber posts. Therefore, ‟touch and cure" cement may be considered a clinical alternative to conventional types of resin cement. The customized (GF) posts exhibited a higher PBS than the prefabricated (GFRC). The combination of customized posts and G-CEM ONE with AEP is recommended as a new strategic approach to improve interfacial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad S. Jamel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Emad Farhan Alkhalidi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Alaa Edrees Dawood
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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Maravić T, Mazzitelli C, Mancuso E, Del Bianco F, Josić U, Cadenaro M, Breschi L, Mazzoni A. Resin composite cements: Current status and a novel classification proposal. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2023; 35:1085-1097. [PMID: 36924395 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Currently, a classification of resin cements that includes relatively recently formulated ("universal") cements is lacking. Furthermore, the terminology used to define different resin cements in the scientific reports is inconsistent. Accordingly, this work aims to: (i) propose a novel classification of resin composite cements; (ii) disambiguate the term "universal cements" and (iii) present an overview of the properties of these cements. METHODS An analysis of peer-reviewed literature (PubMed search), as well as market research on definitive resin composite cements were performed. RESULTS A tendency toward simplified and versatile luting materials was observed both in the scientific literature and on the dental market with the advent of self-adhesive/one-step resin cements. However, additional priming procedures were necessary to improve their bonding performance in certain clinical situations. Hence, several cements that can be applied both in adhesive and self-adhesive mode were introduced. These cements are associated with a universal adhesive resin, that can be used as a tooth and/or restorative material primer, without the need for other priming systems, regardless of the substrate. These systems should be considered truly universal. Therefore, we hereby suggested a new classification of resin-based cements: (1) adhesive/multi-step; (2) self-adhesive/one-step; (3) universal cements (one- or multi-step). Despite promising in vitro results, clinical trials and long-track laboratory studies are necessary to confirm the reliability of the universal cements. CONCLUSIONS This review presented the current advances in the field of resin-based cements, which are reflected in the proposed classification. The term "universal cement" was disambiguated, which will help standardize the terminology used in published research. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The classification of resin-based cements and a better understanding of the proper terminology will help standardize the terminology in published research, as well as improve the understanding of the clinical practitioners of the different indications and possible modalities of use of the available cements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Maravić
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzitelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mancuso
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Del Bianco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | - Uroš Josić
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Cadenaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Breschi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Mazzoni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM, University of Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
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Cadenaro M, Josic U, Maravić T, Mazzitelli C, Marchesi G, Mancuso E, Breschi L, Mazzoni A. Progress in Dental Adhesive Materials. J Dent Res 2023; 102:254-262. [PMID: 36694473 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221145673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been significant advances in adhesive dentistry in recent decades, with efforts being made to improve the mechanical and bonding properties of resin-based dental adhesive materials. Various attempts have been made to achieve versatility, introducing functional monomers and silanes into the materials' composition to enable the chemical reaction with tooth structure and restorative materials and a multimode use. The novel adhesive materials also tend to be simpler in terms of clinical use, requiring reduced number of steps, making them less technique sensitive. However, these materials must also be reliable and have a long-lasting bond with different substrates. In order to fulfill these arduous tasks, different chemical constituents and different techniques are continuously being developed and introduced into dental adhesive materials. This critical review aims to discuss the concepts behind novel monomers, bioactive molecules, and alternative techniques recently implemented in adhesive dentistry. Incorporating monomers that are more resistant to hydrolytic degradation and functional monomers that enhance the micromechanical retention and improve chemical interactions between adhesive resin materials and various substrates improved the performance of adhesive materials. The current trend is to blend bioactive molecules into adhesive materials to enhance the mechanical properties and prevent endogenous enzymatic degradation of the dental substrate, thus ensuring the longevity of resin-dentin bonds. Moreover, alternative etching materials and techniques have been developed to address the drawbacks of phosphoric acid dentin etching. Altogether, we are witnessing a dynamic era in adhesive dentistry, with advancements aiming to bring us closer to simple and reliable bonding. However, simplification and novelty should not be achieved at the expense of material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cadenaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste, Italy
| | - U Josic
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna-Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | - T Maravić
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna-Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Mazzitelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna-Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Marchesi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - E Mancuso
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna-Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Breschi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna-Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Mazzoni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna-Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
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Mazzitelli C, Maravic T, Josic U, Mancuso E, Generali L, Checchi V, Breschi L, Mazzoni A. Effect of adhesive strategy on resin cement bonding to dentin. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2022; 35:501-507. [PMID: 36281586 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cement bonding strategy and the polymerization mode can influence the prognosis of indirect restorations. The microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and dentin endogenous enzymatic activity of a dual-cure resin cement (PV5) used in combination with two dentin surface conditioners (accelerator-enhancer primer, TP or universal adhesive, UA) were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS PV5 was used to lute composite overlays after dentin treatment with TP or UA. The resin cement was self-cured, SC (1 h at 37 °C) or dual-cured, DC (20 s light-cure followed by 15 min self-cure at 37°C). The μTBS test, fractographic analysis, and the in situ zymography evaluations were performed after 24 h (T0 ) or 1 yr (T12 ) of artificial storage. Data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). RESULTS TP/DC obtained the highest adhesive strengths (45 ± 9 and 36.6 ± 8), while UA/SC (17 ± 8 and 11 ± 4) the lowest, both at T0 and T12 , respectively. DC resulted in superior bonding values than the SC, independent of the dentin surface treatment (p < 0.05). The type of adhesive, curing mode and aging influenced the gelatinolytic activity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The dual-cure resin cement used in combination with its accelerator-enhancer primer showed superior bonding performances with respect to universal adhesive. Dual-curing the resin cement was determinant to enhance bonding capability over time, independent of the adhesive strategy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clinicians must be aware to faithfully follow manufacturer's recommendation regarding the adhesive strategy suggested with the resin cement used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mazzitelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Tatjana Maravic
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Uros Josic
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Edoardo Mancuso
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Luigi Generali
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences‐Unit of Dentistry and Oral‐Maxillo‐Facial Surgery University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - Vittorio Checchi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences‐Unit of Dentistry and Oral‐Maxillo‐Facial Surgery University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - Lorenzo Breschi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Annalisa Mazzoni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, DIBINEM University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Mirchandani B, Padunglappisit C, Toneluck A, Naruphontjirakul P, Panpisut P. Effects of Sr/F-Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles and Calcium Phosphate on Monomer Conversion, Biaxial Flexural Strength, Surface Microhardness, Mass/Volume Changes, and Color Stability of Dual-Cured Dental Composites for Core Build-Up Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1897. [PMID: 35683752 PMCID: PMC9181985 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This study prepared composites for core build-up containing Sr/F bioactive glass nanoparticles (Sr/F-BGNPs) and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) to prevent dental caries. The effect of the additives on the physical/mechanical properties of the materials was examined. Dual-cured resin composites were prepared using dimethacrylate monomers with added Sr/F-BGNPs (5 or 10 wt%) and MCPM (3 or 6 wt%). The additives reduced the light-activated monomer conversion by ~10%, but their effect on the conversion upon self-curing was negligible. The conversions of light-curing or self-curing polymerization of the experimental materials were greater than that of the commercial material. The additives reduced biaxial flexural strength (191 to 155 MPa), modulus (4.4 to 3.3), and surface microhardness (53 to 45 VHN). These values were comparable to that of the commercial material or within the acceptable range of the standard. The changes in the experimental composites' mass and volume (~1%) were similar to that of the commercial comparison. The color change of the commercial material (1.0) was lower than that of the experimental composites (1.5-5.8). The addition of Sr/F-BGNPs and MCPM negatively affected the physical/mechanical properties of the composites, but the results were satisfactory except for color stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Mirchandani
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (B.M.); (C.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Chawal Padunglappisit
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (B.M.); (C.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Arnit Toneluck
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (B.M.); (C.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Parichart Naruphontjirakul
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand;
| | - Piyaphong Panpisut
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (B.M.); (C.P.); (A.T.)
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Dental and Bone Substitute Biomaterials, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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