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Szwajka K, Zielińska-Szwajka J, Szewczyk M, Mezher MT, Trzepieciński T. Analysis of the Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of Resistance Spot-Welding of Ti6Al4V to DP600 Steel Using Copper/Gold Cold-Sprayed Interlayers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3251. [PMID: 38998333 PMCID: PMC11243019 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
In this article, an attempt was made to join DP600 steel and Ti6Al4V titanium alloy sheets by resistance spot-welding (RSW) using an interlayer in the form of Cu and Au layers fabricated through the cold-spraying process. The welded joints obtained by RSW without an interlayer were also considered. The influence of Cu and Au as an interlayer on the resulting microstructure as well as mechanical properties (shear force and microhardness) of the joints were determined. A typical type of failure of Ti6Al4V/DP600 joints produced without the use of an interlayer is brittle fracture. The microstructure of the resulting joint consisted mainly of the intermetallic phases FeTi and Fe2Ti. The microstructure of the Ti6Al4V/Au/DP600 joint contained the intermetallic phases Ti3Au, TiAu, and TiAu4. The intermetallic phases TiCu and FeCu were found in the microstructure of the Ti6Al4V/Cu/DP600 joint. The maximum tensile/shear stress was 109.46 MPa, which is more than three times higher than for a welded joint fabricated without the use of Cu or Au interlayers. It has been observed that some alloying elements, such as Fe, can lower the martensitic transformation temperature, and some, such as Au, can increase the martensitic transformation temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Szwajka
- Department of Integrated Design and Tribology Systems, Faculty of Mechanics and Technology, Rzeszow University of Technology, ul. Kwiatkowskiego 4, 37-450 Stalowa Wola, Poland; (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Joanna Zielińska-Szwajka
- Department of Component Manufacturing and Production Organization, Faculty of Mechanics and Technology, Rzeszow University of Technology, ul. Kwiatkowskiego 4, 37-450 Stalowa Wola, Poland;
| | - Marek Szewczyk
- Department of Integrated Design and Tribology Systems, Faculty of Mechanics and Technology, Rzeszow University of Technology, ul. Kwiatkowskiego 4, 37-450 Stalowa Wola, Poland; (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Marwan T. Mezher
- Departamento de Deseño na Enxeñaría, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- Institute of Applied Arts, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10074, Iraq
| | - Tomasz Trzepieciński
- Department of Manufacturing Processes and Production Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powstancow Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
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Jiang H, Fu S, Zhang Z, Wang S, Zhao Z. Effect of Metal Elements on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine Cemented Carbide Prepared by SPS. Molecules 2024; 29:1678. [PMID: 38611958 PMCID: PMC11013247 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
To satisfy the needs of precision machining, ultrafine tungsten carbide (WC)-based cemented carbide with fine grain size and excellent mechanical properties was prepared. Ultrafine cemented carbide was prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) using WC, Co as raw materials and metal elements V, and Cr as additives, and the effects of metal elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cemented carbide were investigated. The results show that the specimen (91.6WC-1.2V-1.2Cr-6Co) prepared at 1350 °C, 6 min, 25 MPa has the best mechanical properties (HV 2322.9, KIC 8.7 MPa·m1/2) and homogeneous microstructure. The metal elements could react with WC to form a (W, V, Cr) Cx segregation layer, which effectively inhibits the growth of WC grains (300 nm). The combination of SPS and metal element additives provides a new approach for the preparation of ultrafine cemented carbides with excellent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhiwei Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (H.J.); (S.F.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.)
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Xu K, Wang Z, Cao P, Peng X, Chen C, Liu Q, Xie S, Wu X, Jian Y. Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Wear Behaviors of Ultrafine-Grain WC-Based Cermets with Different Binder Phases Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:659. [PMID: 38591513 PMCID: PMC10856555 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In this work, to explore potential substitutions for the Co binder phase, ultrafine-grain WC-based cermets with various binder phases of Co, Ni and AlCoCrNiFeCu HEA were prepared using the SPS method. Based on SPS, WC-based cermets were fabricated at higher speed, showing fine carbide particles less than 410 μm. The microstructure, mechanical properties and wear properties were systematically evaluated. By comparison, the grain size of WC was the lowest for WC-10Co, while WC-10 HEA cermet held the coarsest WC particles. The hardness and fracture toughness of WC-10 HEA were the best among all three samples, with values of 93.2 HRA and 11.3 MP·m1/2. However, the bending strength of WC-10HEA was about 56.1% lower than that of WC-10Co, with a value of 1349.6 MPa. The reduction in bending strength is attributed to the lower density, formation of a newly Cr-Al rich phase and coarser WC grains. In dry sliding wear conditions, WC-10 HEA showed the lowest wear rate (0.98 × 10-6 mm3/(N·m)) and coefficient of friction (0.19), indicating the best wear resistance performance. This reveals that WC-based cermet with a HEA binder phase has superior wear performance due to the higher hardness and good self-lubricating effect of the wear products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute, Luoyang 471023, China; (K.X.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute, Luoyang 471023, China; (K.X.)
| | - Peipei Cao
- China Nuclear Power Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiangyang Peng
- China Nuclear Power Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Chao Chen
- China Nuclear Power Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- China Nuclear Power Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Shufeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute, Luoyang 471023, China; (K.X.)
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute, Luoyang 471023, China; (K.X.)
| | - Yongxin Jian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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Wachowicz J, Kruzel R, Bałaga Z, Ostrowska A, Dembiczak T. Application of U-FAST Technology in Sintering of Submicron WC-Co Carbides. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2450. [PMID: 36984330 PMCID: PMC10052735 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the microstructure, hardness, fracture toughness coefficient KIC and phase composition of submicron WC-4Co carbides. The carbides were sintered using the innovative U-FAST (Upgraded Field Assisted Sintering Technology) method, from mixtures of WC-Co powders with an average WC grain size of 0.4 µm and 0.8 µm. The obtained sinters were characterized by a relative density above 99% of the theoretical density. The hardness of the obtained composites was above 2000 HV30, while the KIC coefficient was about 8 MPa m1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wachowicz
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Department of Mechanical Processing of Wood, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street, 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Kruzel
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Akademicka Street 3, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Bałaga
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej Street, 19, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ostrowska
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego Street 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Dembiczak
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Armii Krajowej Street 13/15, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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Zhevtun IG, Gordienko PS, Mashtalyar DV, Kulchin YN, Yarusova SB, Nepomnyushchaya VA, Kornakova ZE, Gribanova SS, Gritsuk DV, Nikitin AI. Tribological Properties of Ti-TiC Composite Coatings on Titanium Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8941. [PMID: 36556748 PMCID: PMC9787616 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The application of titanium and its alloys under friction conditions is severely restricted, owing to their poor wear resistance. The paper presents the results of studies of the composition, microstructure, and tribological properties of Ti-TiC-based composite coatings formed on titanium alloys by the electroarc treatment in an aqueous electrolyte using a graphite anode. It has been found that TiC grains have a different stoichiometry and do not contain oxygen. The grain size varies from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers, and the micro-hardness of the treated surface reached the value of 29.5 GPa. The wear resistance of the treated surface increased approximately 40-fold, and the friction coefficient with steel decreased to 0.08-0.3 depending on the friction conditions. The formation of a composite material based on Ti-TiC will contribute to the effective protection of titanium alloys from frictional loads in engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan G. Zhevtun
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Pavel S. Gordienko
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Dmitriy V. Mashtalyar
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yuriy N. Kulchin
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sofia B. Yarusova
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Valeria A. Nepomnyushchaya
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Institute of Science-Intensive Technologies and Advanced Materials, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Zlata E. Kornakova
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Institute of Science-Intensive Technologies and Advanced Materials, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sofia S. Gribanova
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Institute of Science-Intensive Technologies and Advanced Materials, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Danil V. Gritsuk
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Institute of Science-Intensive Technologies and Advanced Materials, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexander I. Nikitin
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
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