1
|
Agrawal D, Waghe U, Ansari K, Amran M, Gamil Y, Alluqmani AE, Thakare N. Optimization of eco-friendly concrete with recycled coarse aggregates and rubber particles as sustainable industrial byproducts for construction practices. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25923. [PMID: 38390146 PMCID: PMC10881326 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this technology era, sustainable construction practices have become quite imperative. The exploration of alternative materials to reduce the environmental footprint is of paramount importance. This research paper delves into an exhaustive investigation concerning the utilization of recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) and rubber particles (RP) in concrete. It contributes to the growing body of knowledge aimed at fostering sustainable development in the construction industry by reducing waste, promoting recycling, and mitigating the environmental footprint of building materials. The objective of the study is to evaluate the potential benefits and limitations associated with incorporating these materials, thereby providing a sustainable alternative to conventional concrete. In this research, construction and demolition waste were recycled and used as RCA as a fractional switch of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) from 0% to 100%, with an increment of 20% replacement of NCA in concrete. The RP received from discarded tires generated as automobile industry waste were used as a volumetric fractional substitution of sand in concrete from 0% to 20%, with a 5% increment. No pre-treatment for RCA and RP was carried out before their utilization in concrete. A total of 26 mixes, including control concrete without NCA and RP, with a design strength of 40 MPa, were prepared and tested. Concrete mixes were examined for workability, density, mechanical, and durability properties. It was found that the concrete with 60% RCA and 10% RP showed satisfactory results in evaluation with the strength parameters of control concrete, as the compressive strength obtained for this concrete mix is 40.18 MPa, similar to the control mix. The optimization for RCA and RP was conducted using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The major concern observed was a rise in water absorption with an increase in the percentage replacement of NCA and natural sand by RCA and RP. Findings from the investigation illustrate a promising prospect for the use of RCA and RP in concrete applications, displaying competent mechanical properties and enhanced durability under certain conditions, offering a viable option for environmentally friendly construction practices. However, the research also sheds light on some constraints and challenges, such as the variability in the quality of RCA and the necessity for meticulous quality control to ensure the reliability and consistency of the end product. It is discerned that further refinement in processing techniques and quality assurance measures is pivotal for mainstream adoption of RCA and RP in concrete construction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Agrawal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Hingna Road, Wanadongri, Nagpur, 441110, India
| | - Uday Waghe
- Department of Civil Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Hingna Road, Wanadongri, Nagpur, 441110, India
| | - Khalid Ansari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Hingna Road, Wanadongri, Nagpur, 441110, India
| | - Mugahed Amran
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, Amran University, 9677, Amran, Yemen
| | - Yaser Gamil
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
- Department of Civil Eng., School of Eng., Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ayed E Alluqmani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nitin Thakare
- Department of Civil Engineering, G. H. Raisoni Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur, 441110, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng J, Shao Z, Wang Y, Wei W, Yuan Y. The current status and future of solid waste recycled building bricks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:105119-105148. [PMID: 37740163 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Solid waste (SW) has become a problem hindering the economic and social development. Achieving the full green cycle from raw material to production of recycled building bricks (RBB) using SW is the focus of future research. In this paper, the research results of RBB manufacturing using SW in recent years are reviewed. According to the consolidation principle of RBB, the effects of different types of SW on the physicochemical properties and microstructure of RBB are summarized based on the recycled unsintered brick (RUSB) and recycled sintered brick (RSB). By comparing and evaluating the two consolidation methods, it is proposed that RSB has good practicality due to its higher SW utilization rate, higher strength, and faster consolidation speed. Furthermore, the difference between MWS and conventional sintering (CS) is analyzed, and the research on the application of MWS in SW-RBB manufacturing in recent years is reviewed in detail. It is pointed out that microwave sintering (MWS) technology can solve many drawbacks in traditional sintering technology and has great prospects in manufacturing SW-RBB due to the low energy consumption, low pollution, and high efficiency. Finally, the shortcomings and possible challenges in the current research on manufacturing SW-RBB using MWS technology are discussed, which provides guidance for the future development of SW-RBB manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junxi Cheng
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical & Underground Space Engineering, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Zhushan Shao
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical & Underground Space Engineering, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Science, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical & Underground Space Engineering, Xi'an, 710055, China
- School of Science, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical & Underground Space Engineering, Xi'an, 710055, China
- School of Science, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Danish A, Totiç E, Bayram M, Sütçü M, Gencel O, Erdoğmuş E, Ozbakkaloglu T. Assessment of Mineralogical Characteristics of Clays and the Effect of Waste Materials on Their Index Properties for the Production of Bricks. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15248908. [PMID: 36556713 PMCID: PMC9783224 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Significant research investigations on the characteristics of unexplored clay deposits are being conducted in light of the growing need for clay in the ceramic industry and the variable chemistry of clays. Parallel to this, the generation of waste materials like fly ash, ferrochrome slag, and silica fume is also increasing, responsible for environmental degradation. This paper aims to study the mineralogical properties of pure clays (one specimen from Siberia and five specimens from different locations in Turkey), and the effect of mentioned waste materials on the index properties of clays obtained. This study is divided into two phases, wherein in the first phase, the pure clay specimens are analyzed against mineralogical properties (i.e., chemical composition, thermal analysis, and particle size distribution). While in the second phase, index properties of pure clay specimens and clay specimens modified with 0-50% fly ash, ferrochrome slag, and silica fume are analyzed. The results reveal that the clay specimens from Turkey (USCS classification: CL) are fit for the ceramic industry and bricks production, and incorporation of waste materials can further improve their index properties. It is also observed that incorporation of 10-30% fly ash and ferrochrome slag have higher efficiency in reducing the plasticity index of clays studied as compared to the addition of silica fume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aamar Danish
- Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Ermedin Totiç
- Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Design, Bartin University, Bartin 74100, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Bayram
- Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Mücahit Sütçü
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Izmir Kâtip Celebi University, Izmir 35620, Turkey
| | - Osman Gencel
- Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Design, Bartin University, Bartin 74100, Turkey
| | - Ertuğrul Erdoğmuş
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Design, Bartin University, Bartin 74100, Turkey
| | - Togay Ozbakkaloglu
- Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fediuk R, Ali M. Recyclable Materials for Ecofriendly Technology. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7133. [PMID: 36295198 PMCID: PMC9607045 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This Special Issue (SI), "Recyclable Materials for Ecofriendly Technology", has been proposed and organized as a means to present recent developments in the field of environmentally friendly designed construction and building materials. For this purpose, dozens of articles were included or considered for inclusion in this SI, covering various aspects of the topic. A comparison of these articles with other modern articles on this topic is carried out, which proves the prospects and relevance of this SI. Furthermore, per the editorial board's journal suggestion, the second volume of this successful SI is being organized, in which authors from various countries and organizations are invited to publish their new and unpublished research work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Fediuk
- Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mujahid Ali
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chakrawarthi V, Dharmar B, Avudaiappan S, Amran M, Flores ES, Alam MA, Fediuk R, Vatin NI, Rashid RSM. Destructive and Non-Destructive Testing of the Performance of Copper Slag Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:4536. [PMID: 35806661 PMCID: PMC9267722 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Concrete technology is adopted worldwide in construction due to its effectiveness, performance, and price benefits. Subsequently, it needs to be an eco-friendly, sustainable, and energy-efficient material. This is achieved by replacing or adding energy-efficient concrete materials from industries, such as ground granulated blast furnace slag, steel slag, fly ash, bottom ash, rice husk ash, etc. Likewise, copper slag is a waste material produced as molten slag from the copper industry, which can be used in concrete production. Copper slag can perform roles similar to pozzolans in the hydration process. This paper extends the comparative study of copper slag concrete with polypropylene fiber (PPF) subjected to destructive and non-destructive testing. Under destructive testing, compressive strength of concrete cubes, compressive strength of mortar cubes, splitting tensile tests on cylindrical specimens, and flexural tests on plain cement concrete were conducted and analysed. Ultrasonic pulse velocity and rebound hammer tests were performed on the samples as per IS13311-Part 1-1992 for non-destructive testing. The 100% replacement of copper slag exhibited a very high workability of 105 mm, while the addition of 0.8% PPF decreased the flowability of the concrete. Hence, the workability of concrete decreases as the fiber content increases. The density of the concrete was found to be increased in the range of 5% to 10%. Furthermore, it was found that, for all volume fractions of fiber, there was no reduction in compressive strength of up to 80% of copper slag concrete compared to control concrete. The 40% copper slag concrete was the best mix proportion for increasing compressive strength. However, for cement mortar applications, 80% copper slag is recommended. The findings of non-destructive testing show that, except for 100% copper slag, all mixes were of good quality compared to other mixes. Linear relationships were developed to predict compressive strength from UPV and rebound hammer test values. This relationship shows better prediction among dependent and independent values. It is concluded that copper slag has a pozzolanic composition, and is compatible with PPF, resulting in good mechanical characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayaprabha Chakrawarthi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi 630003, India;
| | - Brindha Dharmar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai 625015, India;
| | - Siva Avudaiappan
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Mugahed Amran
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16273, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, Amran University, Amran 9677, Yemen
| | - Erick Saavedra Flores
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Obras Civiles, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Ecuador 3659, Santiago 9170201, Chile;
| | - Mohammad Ayaz Alam
- Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Atacama, Avenida Copayapu 485, Copiapó 1531772, Región de Atacama, Chile;
| | - Roman Fediuk
- Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia;
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | | | - Raizal S. M. Rashid
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prakash R, Divyah N, Srividhya S, Avudaiappan S, Amran M, Naidu Raman S, Guindos P, Vatin NI, Fediuk R. Effect of Steel Fiber on the Strength and Flexural Characteristics of Coconut Shell Concrete Partially Blended with Fly Ash. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124272. [PMID: 35744338 PMCID: PMC9229043 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The construction industry relies heavily on concrete as a building material. The coarse aggregate makes up a substantial portion of the volume of concrete. However, the continued exploitation of granite rock for coarse aggregate results in an increase in the future generations’ demand for natural resources. In this investigation, coconut shell was used in the place of conventional aggregate to produce coconut shell lightweight concrete. Class F fly ash was used as a partial substitute for cement to reduce the high cement content of lightweight concrete. The impact of steel fiber addition on the compressive strength and flexural features of sustainable concrete was investigated. A 10% weight replacement of class F fly ash was used in the place of cement. Steel fiber was added at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0% of the concrete volume. The results revealed that the addition of steel fibers enhanced the compressive strength by up to 39%. The addition of steel fiber to reinforced coconut shell concrete beams increased the ultimate moment capacity by 5–14%. Flexural toughness was increased by up to 45%. The span/deflection ratio of all fiber-reinforced coconut shell concrete beams met the IS456 and BS 8110 requirements. Branson’s and the finite element models developed in this study agreed well with the experimental results. As a result, coconut shell concrete with steel fiber could be considered as a viable and environmentally-friendly construction material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramaiah Prakash
- Department of Civil Engineering, Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi 630001, India
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Nagarajan Divyah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore 641013, India;
| | - Sundaresan Srividhya
- Department of Civil Engineering, Varuvan Vadivelan Institute of Technology, Dharmapuri 636703, India;
| | - Siva Avudaiappan
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Centro Nacional de Excelenciapara la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 8330024, Chile;
| | - Mugahed Amran
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16273, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, Amran University, Amran 9677, Yemen
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Sudharshan Naidu Raman
- Civil Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Pablo Guindos
- Centro Nacional de Excelenciapara la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 8330024, Chile;
| | - Nikolai Ivanovich Vatin
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.I.V.); (R.F.)
| | - Roman Fediuk
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.I.V.); (R.F.)
- Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Comparative Analysis of the Thermal Conductivity of Handmade and Mechanical Bricks Used in the Cultural Heritage. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15114001. [PMID: 35683301 PMCID: PMC9181880 DOI: 10.3390/ma15114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
During interventions to improve the energy efficiency of cultural heritage, it is common to use methodologies that are used for current buildings with different thermal behaviour. For this reason, research has been carried out on the thermal behaviour of old brick walls by carrying out thermal flow tests in the laboratory on brickwork specimens, in order to compare the behaviour of handmade bricks and mechanical bricks from more than a century ago, and to analyse the relationship between the values of thermal conductivity, humidity, density and porosity, as well as to compare these results with those obtained by applying the procedure of the EN-1745 standard. It was concluded that bricks behave thermally differently, depending on the manufacturing process: handmade or mechanical, in both types of brick it was found that the higher the moisture content and density were, the higher the brick’s thermal conductivity value. It has also been concluded that old bricks have thermal conductivity values different from those indicated in EN-1745 as a function of density, and that the ratio detected in these specimens in the dry state and in the wet state does not conform to the processes indicated in the standard. With regard to porosity, it is important to note that the greater the closed porosity, the lower the conductivity. It has been concluded that in order to intervene in cultural heritage buildings, it is necessary to carry out a specific study of the behaviour of the systems with which they were constructed.
Collapse
|