1
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Zahova S, Tuleshkov P, Troev K, Mitova V. Value-Added Products Derived from Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Glycolysis. Molecules 2024; 29:4261. [PMID: 39275109 PMCID: PMC11397719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Among polymer wastes, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is the most important commercial thermoplastic polyester. Less than 30% of total PET production is recycled into new products. Therefore, large amounts of waste PET need to be recycled. We describe a feasible approach for the direct application of the glycolysis products of PET (GP-PET), without further purification, for the synthesis of value-added products. It was established that GP-PET is valorized via phosphorylation with phenylphosphonic dichloride (PPD), as well as with trimethyl phosphate (TMP). When PPD is used, a condensation reaction takes place with the evolution of hydrogen chloride. During the interaction between GP-PET and TMP, the following reactions take place simultaneously: a transesterification with the participation of the hydroxyl group of GP-PET and the methoxy group of TMP and an exchange reaction between the ester group of GP-PET and the methyl ester group of TMP. The occurrence of the exchange reaction was confirmed by 1H, 31P, 13C NMR, and GPC analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the percentage of a carbon residual (CR) implies the possibility of using the end products as flame retardant (FR) additives, especially for polyurethanes as well as thermal stabilizers of polymer materials or Li-ion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Zahova
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Pencho Tuleshkov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Kolio Troev
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Violeta Mitova
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
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2
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Hao D, Guo X, Zhu X, Wei C, Gao L, Wang X. Progress in synthesis, modification, characterization and applications of hyperbranched polyphosphate polyesters. Des Monomers Polym 2024; 27:62-86. [PMID: 39077753 PMCID: PMC11285245 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2024.2376842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperbranched polyphosphate polyesters (HPPs) as a special class of hyperbranched polymers have attracted increased interest and have been intensively studied, because of peculiar structures, excellent biocompatibility, flexibility in physicochemical properties, biodegradability, water soluble, thermal stability, and mechanical properties. HPPs can be divided into phosphates as monomers and phosphates as end groups. In this article, the classification, general synthesis, modifications, and applications of HPP are reviewed. In addition, recent developments in the application of HPP are described, such as modified or functionalized by end capping and hypergrafting to improve the performances in polymer blends, coatings, flame retardant, leather. Furthermore, the modifications and application of HPPs in biomedical materials, such as drug delivery and bone regeneration were discussed. In summary, the hyperbranched polymer enlarges its application range and improves its application performance compared with conventional polymer. In the future, more new HPPs composite materials will be developed through hyperbranched technique. This review of HPPs will provide useful theoretical basis and technical support for the development of new hyperbranched polymer material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Modern Materials, Shangluo University, Shangluo, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- BioHong Corporation of Xi′an, Product development department, Xi′an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing Zhu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Material Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi′an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Wei
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Material Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi′an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lanchang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Modern Materials, Shangluo University, Shangluo, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuechuan Wang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Material Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi′an, Shaanxi, China
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3
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ÖZTAŞKIN D, YİVLİK LY, ACAROĞLU DEGITZ İ, EREN T. Phosphorus and nitrogen-containing soybean oil polyols: Effect on the mechanical properties and flame retardancy of polyurethane foam. Turk J Chem 2024; 48:237-250. [PMID: 39050506 PMCID: PMC11265880 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0527.3656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in producing new materials that use renewable resources and halogen-free flame retardants with nonleaching properties. This research focuses on designing and synthesizing phosphorus-nitrogen-based biopolyols for use in polyurethane (PU) foam production. Polyol (ESBO-DYM) with dual functionalities, renewability, and nonflammability is synthesized through the epoxy ring-opening reaction of epoxidized soybean oil with phosphorus and nitrogen-containing tetraol products (DYM). The mechanical and flame retardant properties of PU foams with the addition of an ESBO-DYM were investigated. Increasing the amount of phosphorus in the PU foams increased the thermal stability properties. Using 100% ESBO-DYM as a polyol in the foam formulation increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value to 22.9% and resulted in the highest char yield according to the thermal gravimetric analysis (17% at 600 °C). Additionally, the introduction of ESBO-DYM polyol into the formulation resulted in a decrease in the compression strength of the foams. The foam density decreased as the amount of ESBO-DYM polyol in the formulation increased. The foam with the highest amount of ESBO-DYM had a foam density of 29.1 kg/m3. The morphology of the foams was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result of this study, flame retardant polyurethane foams were formulated using a renewable source, polyol, along with commercial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz ÖZTAŞKIN
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
| | - Lütfullah Yusuf YİVLİK
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
- Flokser Chemical Company, İstanbul,
Turkiye
| | - İlayda ACAROĞLU DEGITZ
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
| | - Tarık EREN
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
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4
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Wawrzkiewicz M, Frynas S, Podkościelna B. Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorus-Containing Sorbent for Basic Dye Removal. Molecules 2023; 28:6731. [PMID: 37764506 PMCID: PMC10534740 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A new phosphorus-containing sorbent was prepared by copolymerizing ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and trimethylvinyl silane (TMVS) with diphenylvinylphoshine oxide (DPVO). It was characterized and applied in the removal of cationic dyes such as C.I. Basic Yellow 2 (BY2), C.I. Basic Blue 3 (BB3) and C.I. Basic Red 46 (BR46) using the batch method. Spectroscopic analysis indicated that the phosphinoyl group was introduced into the sorbent structure. Equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The Freundlich model is the most suitable to describe the adsorption of BB3 (the Freundlich constant kF = 32.3 mg1-1/nL1/n/g) and BY2 on the sorbent (13.8 mg1-1/nL1/n/g), while the Langmuir model is the most adequate to describe the adsorption of BR46 (the monolayer capacity Q0 = 2.7 mg/g). The kinetics of the dye adsorption follows the assumptions of the pseudo-second-order (the rate constants k2 = 0.087 ÷ 0.738 g/mg min) model rather than pseudo-first-order or intraparticle diffusion. The presence of Na2SO4 and cationic surfactant in the aqueous solutions inhibited dye retention by the DPVO-EGDMA-TMVS. Adsorbent regeneration efficiency does not exceed 60% using 1 M NaCl and 1 M HCl solutions in the presence of 50% v/v methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Wawrzkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Frynas
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Crystallochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 33 Gliniana Str., 20-614 Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Podkościelna
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 33 Gliniana Str., 20-614 Lublin, Poland
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5
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Zhao S, Xu B, Shan H, Zhang Q, Wang X. How Do Phosphorus Compounds with Different Valence States Affect the Flame Retardancy of PET? Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081917. [PMID: 37112063 PMCID: PMC10146855 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work investigated the effect of different valence states of phosphorus-containing compounds on thermal decomposition and flame retardancy of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Three polyphosphates-PBPP with +3-valence P, PBDP with +5-valence P and PBPDP with both +3/+5-valence P-were synthesized. The combustion behaviors of flame-retardant PET were studied and the structure-property relationships between the phosphorus-based structures with different valence states and flame-retardant properties were further explored. It was found that phosphorus valence states significantly affected the flame-retardant modes of action of polyphosphate in PET. For the phosphorus structures with +3-valence, more phosphorus-containing fragments were released in the gas phase, inhibiting polymer chain decomposition reactions; by contrast, those with +5-valence phosphorus retained more P in the condensed phase, promoting the formation of more P-rich char layers. It is worth noting that the polyphosphate containing both +3/+5-valence phosphorous tended to combine the advantage of phosphorus structures with two valence states and balance the flame-retardant effect in the gas phase and condensed phase. These results contribute to guiding the design of specified phosphorus-based structures of flame-retardant compounds in polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siheng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hao Shan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qinglei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, Beijing 100048, China
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6
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Ryu D, Lee M, Sohn H, You NH. Synthesis and characterization of aromatic poly(phosphonate)s, poly(thiophosphonate)s, and poly(selenophosphonate)s for high refractive index. Macromol Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-023-00140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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7
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Frynas S, Wawrzkiewicz M. Synthesis, Characterization and Application of a New Functionalized Polymeric Sorbent Based on Alkenylphoshine Oxide. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061591. [PMID: 36987371 PMCID: PMC10052587 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel phosphorus-containing sorbent (CyP(Ph)4-DVB) was prepared by copolymerizing divinylbenzene (DVB) with bis α,β-unsaturated phosphorylated cyclohexene (CyP(Ph)4). ATR-FT-IR indicated that the phosphinoyl group was introduced into the sorbent structure. The thermal properties of the sorbent were investigated using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), which revealed that (CyP(Ph)4-DVB) is more stable than poly(DVB). The CyP(Ph)4-DVB was applied for cationic dye removal, such as C.I. Basic Yellow 2 (BY2) and C.I. Basic Blue 3 (BB3). Batch adsorption tests suggested that the Freundlich isotherm model seemed to be the better one for the description of equilibrium sorption data at equilibrium, rather than the Langmuir or Temkin models. The Freundlich constants concerning the adsorption capacity of CyP(Ph)4-DVB, kF, were calculated as 14.2 mg1-1/nL1/n/g for BY2 and 53.7 mg1-1/nL1/n/g for BB3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Frynas
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Crystallochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 33 Gliniana Str., 20-614 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Wawrzkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
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8
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Ghorai A, Banerjee S. Phosphorus-Containing Aromatic Polymers: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Membrane-Based Applications. Prog Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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9
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Hamciuc C, Vlad-Bubulac T, Serbezeanu D, Macsim AM, Lisa G, Anghel I, Şofran IE. Thermal Properties and Flammability Characteristics of a Series of DGEBA-Based Thermosets Loaded with a Novel Bisphenol Containing DOPO and Phenylphosphonate Units. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7829. [PMID: 36363420 PMCID: PMC9657289 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite a recent sustained preoccupation for developing biobased epoxies with enhanced applicability, such products have not been widely accepted for industry because of their inferior characteristics compared to classic petroleum-based epoxy thermosets. Therefore, significant effort is being made to improve the flame retardance of the most commonly used epoxies, such as diglycidyl ether-based bisphenol A (DGEBA), bisphenol F (DGEBF), novalac epoxy, and others, while continuously avoiding the use of hazardous halogen-containing flame retardants. Herein, a phosphorus-containing bisphenol, bis(4-(((4-hydroxyphenyl)amino)(6-oxido-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin-6-yl)methyl)phenyl) phenylphosphonate (BPH), was synthesized by reacting bis(4-formylphenyl)phenylphosphonate with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde followed by the addition of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) to the resulting azomethine groups. Environmentally friendly epoxy-based polymer thermosets were prepared by using epoxy resin as polymer matrix and a mixture of BPH and 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) as hardeners. A hyperbranched phthalocyanine polymer (HPc) and BaTiO3 nanoparticles were incorporated into epoxy resin to improve the characteristics of the final products. The structure and morphology of epoxy thermosets were evaluated by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the flammability characteristics were evaluated by microscale combustion calorimetry. Thermal properties were determined by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The surface morphology of the char residues obtained by pyrolysis was studied by SEM analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corneliu Hamciuc
- Department of Polycondensation and Thermally Stable Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Tăchiță Vlad-Bubulac
- Department of Polycondensation and Thermally Stable Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Diana Serbezeanu
- Department of Polycondensation and Thermally Stable Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Macsim
- Department of Polycondensation and Thermally Stable Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gabriela Lisa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Bd. Mangeron 73, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ion Anghel
- Fire Officers Faculty, Police Academy “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Morarilor Str. 3, Sector 2, 022451 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana-Emilia Şofran
- Fire Officers Faculty, Police Academy “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Morarilor Str. 3, Sector 2, 022451 Bucharest, Romania
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10
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Varganici CD, Rosu L, Rosu D, Hamciuc C, Rosca I, Vasiliu AL. Effect of Hardener Type on the Photochemical and Antifungal Performance of Epoxy and Oligophosphonate S-IPNs. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183784. [PMID: 36145929 PMCID: PMC9506056 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their highly reactive character and multiple crosslinking capacity, epoxy resins are one of the worldwide market-dominating classes of thermosetting polymers and are present in a wide range of technical applications, including structural adhesives, coatings and polymer matrices for composite materials. Despite their excellent features, epoxy resins are known to be highly flammable and possess low thermal stability and a brittle character and crack easily under impact forces. An efficient approach towards eliminating such drawbacks resides in obtaining epoxy-based semi-interpenetrating polymer networks, which possess excellent control over the morphology. The article describes the comparative effect of three hardeners (aromatic, cycloaliphatic and aliphatic) in the presence of an oligophosphonate (–R–O–PO(C6H5)–O–) (2 wt.% phosphorus) on the photochemical, fire and antifungal performance of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether semi-interpenetrating polymer networks. The networks are designed as future potential outdoor protective coatings for different substrates. The fire resistance capacity of the networks was undertaken with microscale combustion calorimetry before and after photochemical aging. Structural changes during photoirradiation were monitored via color modification studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, morphological assessment through scanning electron microscopy and mass loss measurements in order to propose the action mode of the hardeners and the oligophosphonate on the material properties. Microbiological testing was also undertaken with the aid of three specific wood decaying fungi as a first substrate.
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11
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Bhowmick M, Basak S, Samanta KK. Ramie degum liquor: Wastage bio-macromolecule for making thermally stable functionalize polyester fabric. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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The effects of aluminum and silicon phosphates on thermal stability and flammability of polystyrene. J CHEM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-021-02006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Bembenek BM, Petersen MMS, Lilly JA, Haugen AL, Jiter NJ, Johnson AJ, Ripp EE, Winchell SA, Harvat AN, McNulty C, Thein SA, Grieger AM, Lyle BJ, Mraz GL, Stitgen AM, Foss S, Schmid ML, Scanlon JD, Willoughby PH. The Aryne-Abramov Reaction as a 1,2-Benzdiyne Platform for the Generation and Solvent-Dependent Trapping of 3-Phosphonyl Benzynes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10724-10746. [PMID: 34236859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic methodology utilizing two aryne intermediates (i.e., a formal benzdiyne) enables the rapid generation of structurally complex molecules with diverse functionality. This report describes the sequential generation of two ortho-benzyne intermediates for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted aryl phosphonates. Aryl phosphonates have proven useful in medicinal chemistry and materials science, and the reported methodology provides a two-step route to functionally dense variants by way of 3-phosphonyl benzyne intermediates. The process begins with regioselective trapping of a 3-trifloxybenzyne intermediate by an O-silyl phosphite in an Abramov-like reaction to bond the strained Csp carbons with phosphorus and silicon. Standard aryne-generating conditions follow to convert the resulting 2-silylphenyl triflate into a 3-phosphonyl benzyne, which readily reacts with numerous aryne trapping reactants to form a variety of 2,3-difunctionalized aryl phosphonate products. DFT computational studies shed light on important mechanistic details and revealed that 3-phosphonyl benzynes are highly polarizable. Specifically, the distortion in the internal bond angles at each of the Csp atoms was strongly influenced by both the electronegativity of the phosphonate ester groups as well as the dielectric of the computational solvation model. These effects were verified experimentally as the regioselectivity of benzyl azide trapping increased with more electronegative esters and/or increasingly polar solvents. Conversely, replacing the conventional solvent, acetonitrile, with nonpolar alternatives provided attenuated or even inverted selectivities. Overall, these studies showcase new reactivity of benzyne intermediates and extend the aryne relay methodology to include organophosphonates. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that the regioselectivity of aryne trapping reactions could be tuned by simply changing the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M Bembenek
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Maya M S Petersen
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Julia A Lilly
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Amber L Haugen
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Naomi J Jiter
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Andrew J Johnson
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Ethan E Ripp
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Shelby A Winchell
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Alisha N Harvat
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Caitlin McNulty
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Sierra A Thein
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Abbigail M Grieger
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Brandon J Lyle
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Gabriella L Mraz
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Abigail M Stitgen
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Samuel Foss
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Merranda L Schmid
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Joseph D Scanlon
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Patrick H Willoughby
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
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14
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Duan H, Xu X, Leng K, Zhang S, Han Y, Gao J, Yu Q, Wang Z. A (4‐fluorophenyl)(phenyl)phosphine oxide‐modified epoxy resin with improved flame‐retardancy, hydrophobicity, and dielectric properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Duan
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Kangwei Leng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yuxi Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Jun Gao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Qing Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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15
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Rui W, Wenqing W, Fanghe W, Anying Z, Xiuqin Z, Deyi W. Construction of nano-multilayer coatings on copolyester fabrics using UV-grafting mediated layer-by-layer self-assembly for improved anti-droplet and flame retardent performance. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Cui H, Chang Y, Jiang X, Li M. Triphenyl phosphate exposure induces kidney structural damage and gut microbiota disorders in mice under different diets. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106054. [PMID: 32818822 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of humans to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and the consequent health risk have increased owing to the latter's widespread application. Although triphenyl phosphate (TPP), an OPFR, is a potential chemical determinant of liver function damage, its effects on kidney function in mice under high fructose/fat (HFF) diet are still unclear. In this study, C57BL/6J mice were fed HFF to generate an obesity model and mice were exposed to low dose (0.01 mg/kg/day; TPP-L) and high dose (1 mg/kg/day; TPP-H) of TPP for 12 weeks. Results showed that TPP-L and TPP-H combined with HFF, as well as TPP-H alone, caused kidney structural damage and gut microbiota disorders in mice. Inflammatory response induced by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB p65)/nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and caspase-3 promoted kidney structure damage, as well as accumulation of triglyceride and total cholesterol and the protein residues in urine. Although TPP-L did not cause obvious structural damage in the kidneys, 0.01 mg/kg TPP induced significant inflammation and gut microbiota disorders. These findings provide new insights regarding health risk assessment after chronic exposure to TPP and HFF alone, as well as a combination of TPP with HFF in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yeqian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
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17
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Ji H, Gan Y, Kumi AK, Chen K, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wang H. Kinetic study on the synergistic effect between molecular weight and phosphorus content of flame retardant copolyesters in solid‐state polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua University Shanghai China
| | - Yu Gan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua University Shanghai China
| | - Alex Kwasi Kumi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua University Shanghai China
| | - Kang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua University Shanghai China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua University Shanghai China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua University Shanghai China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua University Shanghai China
| | - Huaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua University Shanghai China
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18
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Keshavarzian A, Haghighi MN, Afshar Taromi F, Abedini H. Phosphorus-based flame retardant poly (butylene terephthalate): Synthesis, flame retardancy and thermal behavior. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Zhang G, Lin X, Zhang Q, Jiang K, Chen W, Han D. Anti-flammability, mechanical and thermal properties of bio-based rigid polyurethane foams with the addition of flame retardants. RSC Adv 2020; 10:32156-32161. [PMID: 35518161 PMCID: PMC9056552 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06561g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adding efficient and environmentally friendly flame retardants to polyurethane foams is the preferable way to improve their flame resistance ability. In this work, bio-based rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were prepared with the addition of dicyclohexyl aluminium hypophosphate (DAH) or aluminium diethyl phosphinate (ADP) as the flame retardant. The mechanical properties, thermal degradation and flammability behavior of the obtained RPUFs were evaluated by means of compressive strength tests, thermogravimetry analysis, vertical burning test and scanning electron microscopes. The characterization results indicate that, with the same content of flame retardant, the compressive strength at the deformation of 10% for each RPUF prepared with the addition of DAH is higher than that of the foams with ADP addition, which fully meets the specifications for building insulation materials. Moreover, the average flame height of each RPUF with the addition of flame retardants is less than 250 mm, whereas the average burning time of RPUF with 15 wt% addition of DAH is only 4.4 s, far less than that (12.5 s) of the foam with the same addition amount of ADP. The RPUFs with DAH addition have the potential advantages for thermal insulation applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Xiaoqi Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Kaisen Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Weisheng Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Dezhi Han
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
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20
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Long JW, Chen L, Liu BW, Shi XH, Lin XB, Li YM, Wang YZ. Tuning the Pendent Groups of Semiaromatic Polyamides toward High Performance. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Long
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Li Chen
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bo-Wen Liu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Shi
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xue-Bao Lin
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ying-Ming Li
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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21
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Cetinkaya IC, Eren T. The synthesis of cyclic hydroxy-phosphonate bearing polybutene using ROMP. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Kahraman G, Wang DY, von Irmer J, Gallei M, Hey-Hawkins E, Eren T. Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorus- and Carborane-Containing Polyoxanorbornene Block Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E613. [PMID: 30960597 PMCID: PMC6523416 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Grubbs-catalyzed ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of carborane- and phosphonate-containing monomers has been used for the generation of hybrid block copolymers. Molecular weights with Mn of 50,000 g/mol were readily obtained with polydispersity index values, Đ, between 1.03⁻1.08. Reaction of the phospha ester and carborane substituted oxanorbornene block copolymer with trimethylsilyl bromide led to a new polymer with phosphonic acid functionalities. In application studies, the phospha-carborane functionalized block polymer was tested as heat resistance material. Thermal stability was investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) analysis. Thermal treatment and ceramic yield under air were directly correlated to the carborane content of the block copolymer. However, phosphorus content in the polymer was more crucial for the char residues when heated under nitrogen atmosphere. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) increased as the number of phosphonate functionalities increased. However, corresponding phosphonic acid derivatives featured a lower heat release rate and total heat release. Moreover, the phosphonic acid functionalities of the block copolymer offer efficient chelating capabilities for iron nanoparticles, which is of interest for applications in biomedicine in the future. The complexation with iron oxide nanoparticles was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP⁻MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Kahraman
- Chemistry Department, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - De-Yi Wang
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, Getafe, 28906 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jonas von Irmer
- Macromolecular Chemistry Department, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Markus Gallei
- Macromolecular Chemistry Department, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Organic Macromolecular Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | | | - Tarik Eren
- Chemistry Department, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey.
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23
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Arz MI, Annibale VT, Kelly NL, Hanna JV, Manners I. Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Phosphonates: Access to Inorganic Polymers with a P V-O Main Chain. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2894-2899. [PMID: 30726071 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new class of inorganic polymeric materials featuring a main chain consisting of PV-O bonds and aryl side groups, which was obtained with >70 repeat units by ring-opening polymerization of cyclic phosphonates. This monomer-polymer system was found to be dynamic in solution enabling selective depolymerization under dilute conditions, which can be tuned by varying the substituents. The polymers show high thermal stability to weight loss and can be easily fabricated into self-standing thin films. Structural characterizations of the cyclic 6- and 12-membered ring precursors are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius I Arz
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
| | - Vincent T Annibale
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
| | - Nicole L Kelly
- Department of Physics , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom.,MAS CDT, Senate House, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - John V Hanna
- Department of Physics , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8W 3V6 , Canada
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24
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Revathi RK, Hariharan A, Prabunathan P, Srinivasan K, Alagar M. Multifunctional behavior of POSS-reinforced imidazole core polyimide nanocomposites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Wolf T, Wurm FR. Organocatalytic Ring-opening Polymerization Towards Poly(cyclopropane)s, Poly(lactame)s, Poly(aziridine)s, Poly(siloxane)s, Poly(carbosiloxane)s, Poly(phosphate)s, Poly(phosphonate)s, Poly(thiolactone)s, Poly(thionolactone)s and Poly(thiirane)s. ORGANIC CATALYSIS FOR POLYMERISATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788015738-00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The following chapter is a collection of monomers that undergo organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerizations and have not been covered in a separate chapter of this book. This includes polymers widely used in industrial applications, but also solely academically relevant and more “exotic” polymer classes. As most of these polymers contain heteroatoms in their backbone, the chapter is divided according to the respective heteroatoms. Each sub-section first gives a short introduction to the respective polymer or monomer properties and industrial applications (if available), followed by a brief summary of the traditional synthetic pathways. Afterwards, important milestones for the organocatalytic ROP are presented in chronological order. Special emphasis is put on the advantages and disadvantages of organocatalysis over traditional (ROP) methods on the basis of appropriate literature examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wolf
- Max Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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26
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lşıksel E, Kahraman G, Ceren Süer N, Wang D, Eren T. Synthesis and characterization of phosphonate and aromatic‐based polynorbornene polymers derived from the ring opening metathesis polymerization method and investigation of their thermal properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. lşıksel
- Department of ChemistryYildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus 34220 Esenler Istanbul Turkey
| | - G. Kahraman
- Department of ChemistryYildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus 34220 Esenler Istanbul Turkey
| | - N. Ceren Süer
- Department of ChemistryYildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus 34220 Esenler Istanbul Turkey
| | - D.‐Y. Wang
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2 28906 Getafe Madrid Spain
| | - T. Eren
- Department of ChemistryYildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus 34220 Esenler Istanbul Turkey
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27
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Wu ZZ, Ni YP, Fu T, Liu BW, Wu WS, Chen L, Wang XL, Wang YZ. Effect of biphenyl biimide structure on the thermal stability, flame retardancy and pyrolysis behavior of PET. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Velencoso MM, Battig A, Markwart JC, Schartel B, Wurm FR. Molecular Firefighting-How Modern Phosphorus Chemistry Can Help Solve the Challenge of Flame Retardancy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10450-10467. [PMID: 29318752 PMCID: PMC6099334 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquity of polymeric materials in daily life comes with an increased fire risk, and sustained research into efficient flame retardants is key to ensuring the safety of the populace and material goods from accidental fires. Phosphorus, a versatile and effective element for use in flame retardants, has the potential to supersede the halogenated variants that are still widely used today: current formulations employ a variety of modes of action and methods of implementation, as additives or as reactants, to solve the task of developing flame-retarding polymeric materials. Phosphorus-based flame retardants can act in both the gas and condensed phase during a fire. This Review investigates how current phosphorus chemistry helps in reducing the flammability of polymers, and addresses the future of sustainable, efficient, and safe phosphorus-based flame-retardants from renewable sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Velencoso
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Alexander Battig
- Technical Properties of Polymeric MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)Unter den Eichen 8712205BerlinGermany
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudinger Weg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Technical Properties of Polymeric MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)Unter den Eichen 8712205BerlinGermany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
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29
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Velencoso MM, Battig A, Markwart JC, Schartel B, Wurm FR. Molekulare Brandbekämpfung – wie moderne Phosphorchemie zur Lösung der Flammschutzaufgabe beitragen kann. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Velencoso
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Alexander Battig
- Technische Eigenschaften von PolymerwerkstoffenBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Exzellenz-Graduiertenschule “Materials Science in Mainz” Staudinger Weg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Technische Eigenschaften von PolymerwerkstoffenBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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30
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Vini R, Thenmozhi S, Murugavel SC. Synthesis, characterization and thermal degradation kinetics of azomethine-based halogen-free flame-retardant polyphosphonates. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008317752073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, azomethine polyphosphonates were synthesized by solution polycondensation of phenylphosphonic dichloride with various azomethine diols such as [4-(4-hydroxy phenyl) iminomethyl] phenol, [(4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl) iminomethyl)] phenol and [4-(4-hydroxy-3-ethoxy phenyl) iminomethyl] phenol using triethylamine catalyst at ambient temperature. The structure of the synthesized polymers was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and 1H-, 13C- and 31P- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. Thermal properties of the polymers were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry under nitrogen atmosphere. The TGA data showed that the synthesized polyphosphonates produce high char yield at 600°C due to the presence of phosphorous atom in the polymer chain and hence have good flame-retardant properties. One of the synthesized polyphosphonate was blended with commercial diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) resin in various weight percentage and cured with commercial curing agent triethylene tetramine (TETA). The polyphosphonates-blended epoxy thermosets have tensile strength in the range of 5–41 MPa and the percentage of elongation at breaks was 4–18. It was found that the incorporation of polyphosphonates into epoxy thermoset decreased the tensile strength from 41 MPa to 5 MPa, whereas the elongation at break value increased with increase in the weight percentage of polyphosphonate. The influence of polyphosphonates on the flame retardancy of blended thermosets was examined by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning (UL-94) tests and found that the polymer samples achieved an increased UL-94 rating and the LOI values were in the range of 24–26. Broido and Horowitz–Metzger methods have been used to study the thermal degradation kinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vini
- Chemistry Division, Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Science, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Thenmozhi
- Chemistry Division, Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Science, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - SC Murugavel
- Chemistry Division, Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Science, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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32
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Turgut G, Işıksel E, Kahraman G, Eren T, Özkoç G. Synthesis of phosphorus- and phenyl-based ROMP polymers and investigation of their effects on the thermomechanical and flammability properties of a polypropylene-IFR system. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Turgut
- Chemical Engineering Department; Kocaeli University; Kocaeli 41380 Turkey
| | - Ecem Işıksel
- Chemistry Department; Yildiz Technical University; Istanbul 34210 Turkey
| | - Gizem Kahraman
- Chemistry Department; Yildiz Technical University; Istanbul 34210 Turkey
| | - Tarik Eren
- Chemistry Department; Yildiz Technical University; Istanbul 34210 Turkey
| | - Güralp Özkoç
- Chemical Engineering Department; Kocaeli University; Kocaeli 41380 Turkey
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33
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Zhao HB, Wang YZ. Design and Synthesis of PET-Based Copolyesters with Flame-Retardant and Antidripping Performance. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [PMID: 29083104 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a fiber-forming polymer with the largest output and widest usage. Its flame retardation is well-achieved via a mechanism of promoting the melt dripping while ignited. However, the melt dripping leads to secondary damage and an immediate empyrosis during fire. How to address the contradiction between the flame retardation and the melt-dripping behavior of PET via an inherent flame-retardant approach becomes a real challenge. This feature article highlights the design and synthesis of novel PET-based copolyesters with flame-retardant and antidripping performance. Three approaches are used to design these copolyesters: "ionic aggregation," "smart self-cross-linking," and "rearrangement at high temperatures." Some new conceptions are proposed accordingly. The synthesis, structure characterization, and properties of those copolyesters are discussed together with the ongoing challenges and limitations at this frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Zhao
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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34
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Effect of ammonium polyphosphate and melamine pyrophosphate on fire behavior and thermal stability of unsaturated polyester synthesized from poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste. Macromol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-018-6004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Bauer KN, Tee HT, Velencoso MM, Wurm FR. Main-chain poly(phosphoester)s: History, syntheses, degradation, bio-and flame-retardant applications. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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36
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Salaün F, Lemort G, Butstraen C, Devaux E, Capon G. Influence of silica nanoparticles combined with zinc phosphinate on flame retardant properties of PET. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Salaün
- Univ Lille Nord de France; F-59000 Lille France
- ENSAIT GEMTEX; F-59100 Roubaix France
| | - G. Lemort
- Univ Lille Nord de France; F-59000 Lille France
- ENSAIT GEMTEX; F-59100 Roubaix France
| | - C. Butstraen
- Univ Lille Nord de France; F-59000 Lille France
- ENSAIT GEMTEX; F-59100 Roubaix France
| | - E. Devaux
- Univ Lille Nord de France; F-59000 Lille France
- ENSAIT GEMTEX; F-59100 Roubaix France
| | - G. Capon
- CREPIM; F-62700 Bruay-la-Buissière France
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37
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Henke H, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Branched Macromolecular Architectures for Degradable, Multifunctional Phosphorus-Based Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
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38
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Zhao W, Wang G, Liu J, Ban D, Cheng T, Liu X, Li Y, Huang Y. Synthesis, structure–property and flame retardancy relationships of polyphosphonamide and its application on epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of polyphosphonamides (PPDA) with heteroatoms and phosphonamide structures are proposed as highly effective flame retardants in epoxy resins (EP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Gong Wang
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jiping Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Daming Ban
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Guizhou Normal University
- Guiyang
- China
| | - Tianjin Cheng
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yongxiang Li
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yongqing Huang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
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39
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Dong C, Wirasaputra A, Luo Q, Liu S, Yuan Y, Zhao J, Fu Y. Intrinsic Flame-Retardant and Thermally Stable Epoxy Endowed by a Highly Efficient, Multifunctional Curing Agent. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E1008. [PMID: 28774127 PMCID: PMC5456980 DOI: 10.3390/ma9121008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to realize flame retardancy of epoxy without suffering much detriment in thermal stability. To solve the problem, a super-efficient phosphorus-nitrogen-containing reactive-type flame retardant, 10-(hydroxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-5,10-dihydrophenophosphazinine-10-oxide (HB-DPPA) is synthesized and characterized. When it is used as a co-curing agent of 4,4'-methylenedianiline (DDM) for curing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), the cured epoxy achieves UL-94 V-0 rating with the limiting oxygen index of 29.3%. In this case, the phosphorus content in the system is exceptionally low (0.18 wt %). To the best of our knowledge, it currently has the highest efficiency among similar epoxy systems. Such excellent flame retardancy originates from the exclusive chemical structure of the phenophosphazine moiety, in which the phosphorus element is stabilized by the two adjacent aromatic rings. The action in the condensed phase is enhanced and followed by pressurization of the pyrolytic gases that induces the blowing-out effect during combustion. The cone calorimeter result reveals the formation of a unique intumescent char structure with five discernible layers. Owing to the super-efficient flame retardancy and the rigid molecular structure of HB-DPPA, the flame-retardant epoxy acquires high thermal stability and its initial decomposition temperature only decreases by 4.6 °C as compared with the unmodified one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Alvianto Wirasaputra
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Qinqin Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China.
| | - Shumei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yanchao Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yi Fu
- Silverage Engineering Plastics (Dongguan) Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523187, China.
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40
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Latha G, Natarajan M, Murugavel SC. Synthesis and characterization of cardo-based phosphorous–containing flame-retardant aromatic polyesters. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008315623351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorous-containing cardo polyesters were synthesized by interfacial polycondensation of phenylphosphonic dichloride with various bisphenols using a phase-transfer catalyst at ambient temperature. The structure of the synthesized polymers was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared and proton, carbon 13, and phosphorous 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. The thermal properties of the polymers were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry under nitrogen atmosphere. All the polyesters showed high thermal stability, the maximum decomposition temperature being in the range of 475–523°C. The TGA data showed that all the synthesized phosphorous-containing polyesters produce high char yield at 700°C due to the presence of phosphorous atom in the polymer chain and hence have good flame-retardant properties. The synthesized phosphorus-containing polyesters have tensile strength in the range of 38.2–48 MPa, and the percentage of elongation at breaks of 3.3–16.8. The flame retardancy of all synthesized polymers was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning (UL-94) tests. The results showed that the synthesized polymers have excellent flame retardancy, that is, the polymer samples achieved an increased UL-94 rating and the LOI values were in the range of 28.5–34. Broido model has been used to study the thermal degradation kinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Latha
- Department of Chemistry, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Natarajan
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - SC Murugavel
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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41
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Crisan L, Iliescu S, Funar-Timofei S. Structure-flammability relationship study of phosphoester dimers by MLR and PLS. POLIMEROS 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Li N, Jiang G, Zhou G. Fire retardant and charring effect of cyclic phenolphthalein (phenylene phosphonate) oligomer on polybutylene terephthalate. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18829f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel solid flame retardant cyclic phenolphthalein (phenylene phosphonate) (CPPA) oligomer was synthesized in high yields through the reaction of phenylphosphonic dichloride with phenolphthalein under pseudo-high dilution conditions via polycondensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Guowei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Guangyuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
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43
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Fu T, Guo DM, Wu JN, Wang XL, Wang XL, Chen L, Wang YZ. Inherent flame retardation of semi-aromatic polyesters via binding small-molecule free radicals and charring. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01938a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Semi-aromatic polyesters containing special aryl ether and/or ketone structures show good flame retardancy via binding small-molecule free radicals and forming char during combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Fu
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - De-Ming Guo
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Jia-Ning Wu
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Xiao-Lin Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Li Chen
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Sichuan University
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44
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Soller BS, Salzinger S, Rieger B. Rare Earth Metal-Mediated Precision Polymerization of Vinylphosphonates and Conjugated Nitrogen-Containing Vinyl Monomers. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1993-2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt S. Soller
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl
für Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Stephan Salzinger
- Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, GME/D-B001, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl
für Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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45
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Guo DM, Fu T, Ruan C, Wang XL, Chen L, Wang YZ. A new approach to improving flame retardancy, smoke suppression and anti-dripping of PET: Via arylene-ether units rearrangement reactions at high temperature. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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PET-based copolyesters with bisphenol A or bisphenol F structural units: Their distinct differences in pyrolysis behaviours and flame-retardant performances. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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47
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Synthesis of a novel PEPA-substituted polyphosphoramide with high char residues and its performance as an intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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48
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Wei Z, Zhou C, Yu Y, Li Y. Poly(hexamethylene succinate) copolyesters containing phosphorus pendent group: Retarded crystallization and solid-state microstructure. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Lanzinger D, Salzinger S, Soller BS, Rieger B. Poly(vinylphosphonate)s as Macromolecular Flame Retardants for Polycarbonate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie504084q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lanzinger
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl
für
Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße
4, 85748 Garching
bei München, Germany
| | - Stephan Salzinger
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl
für
Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße
4, 85748 Garching
bei München, Germany
| | - Benedikt S. Soller
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl
für
Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße
4, 85748 Garching
bei München, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl
für
Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße
4, 85748 Garching
bei München, Germany
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50
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Zhao W, Liu J, Zhang Y, Ban D. Simple green synthesis of solid polymeric bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) and its flame retardancy in epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06762f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and green method for the preparation of solid polymeric bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (PBDP), aimed at improving the flame retardancy of epoxy resins (EP) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Jiping Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Daming Ban
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
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