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Santos MPF, de Souza Junior EC, Villadóniga C, Vallés D, Castro-Sowinski S, Bonomo RCF, Veloso CM. Proteases: Importance, Immobilization Protocols, Potential of Activated Carbon as Support, and the Importance of Modifying Supports for Immobilization. BIOTECH 2024; 13:13. [PMID: 38804295 PMCID: PMC11130871 DOI: 10.3390/biotech13020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Although enzymes have been used for thousands of years, their application in industrial processes has gained importance since the 20th century due to technological and scientific advances in several areas, including biochemistry [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Pereira Flores Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia e Biotecnologia de Microrganismos (PPGBBM), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil;
| | - Evaldo Cardozo de Souza Junior
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BR 415, km 04, s/n, Itapetinga 45700-000, Bahia, Brazil; (E.C.d.S.J.); (C.M.V.)
| | - Carolina Villadóniga
- Laboratório de Biocatalisadores e suas Aplicações, Instituto de Química Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade da República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; (C.V.); (D.V.); (S.C.-S.)
| | - Diego Vallés
- Laboratório de Biocatalisadores e suas Aplicações, Instituto de Química Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade da República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; (C.V.); (D.V.); (S.C.-S.)
| | - Susana Castro-Sowinski
- Laboratório de Biocatalisadores e suas Aplicações, Instituto de Química Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade da República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; (C.V.); (D.V.); (S.C.-S.)
| | - Renata Cristina Ferreira Bonomo
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BR 415, km 04, s/n, Itapetinga 45700-000, Bahia, Brazil; (E.C.d.S.J.); (C.M.V.)
| | - Cristiane Martins Veloso
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), BR 415, km 04, s/n, Itapetinga 45700-000, Bahia, Brazil; (E.C.d.S.J.); (C.M.V.)
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2
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Gupta P, Sahoo PC, Sandipam S, Gupta RP, Kumar M. Fermentation of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol to 1,3-propanediol with bio-wastes as support matrices: Polynomial prediction model. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 170:110292. [PMID: 37536048 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel production from used cooking oil is sustainable alternative, for bio-energy production. The process generates residual crude glycerol (RCG) as the major energy-rich waste which can be used to produce various bio-based chemicals like 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) through biotechnological interventions. This RCG contains several impurities like methanol, soap, organic materials, salts non-transesterified fatty acids and metals in varied concentrations. These impurities significantly affect yield and productivity of the bio-process due to their marked microbial toxicity. In this work, previously isolated Clostridium butyricum L4 was immobilized on various abundantly available cheap bio-wastes (like rice straw, activated carbon and corn cob) to explore advantages offered and improve tolerance to various feed impurities. Amongst these, shredded rice straw was found most suitable candidate for immobilization and results in maximum improvement in 1,3-PDO production (18.4%) with highest porosity (89.28%), lowest bulk density (194.48Kg/m3), and highest cellular biofilm density (CFU/g-8.4 ×1010) amongst the three matrices. For practical purposes, recyclability was evaluated and it was concluded that even after reusing for five successive cycles the production retained to ∼82.4%. Subsequently, polynomial model was developed using 30 runs central composite factorial design experiments having coefficient of regression (R²) as 0.9520, in order to predict yields under different immobilization conditions for 1,3-PDO production. Plackett-Burman was employed (Accuracy= 99.17%) to screen significant toxic impurities. Based on statistical analysis six impurities were found to be significantly influential on PDO production in adverse manner. With negative coefficient of estimate (COE) varying in decreasing order: Linoleic acid >Oleic acid >Stearic acid >NaCl>K2SO4 >KCl. The study illustrates practical application for repurposing waste glycerol generated from biodiesel plants, thus developing improved agnostic process along with yield production models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Gupta
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited, R&D Centre, Sector 13, Faridabad 121007, Haryana, India
| | - P C Sahoo
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited, R&D Centre, Sector 13, Faridabad 121007, Haryana, India
| | - Srikanth Sandipam
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited, R&D Centre, Sector 13, Faridabad 121007, Haryana, India
| | - Ravi Prakash Gupta
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited, R&D Centre, Sector 13, Faridabad 121007, Haryana, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited, R&D Centre, Sector 13, Faridabad 121007, Haryana, India.
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Biala G, Kedzierska E, Kruk-Slomka M, Orzelska-Gorka J, Hmaidan S, Skrok A, Kaminski J, Havrankova E, Nadaska D, Malik I. Research in the Field of Drug Design and Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1283. [PMID: 37765091 PMCID: PMC10536713 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The processes used by academic and industrial scientists to discover new drugs have recently experienced a true renaissance, with many new and exciting techniques being developed over the past 5-10 years alone. Drug design and discovery, and the search for new safe and well-tolerated compounds, as well as the ineffectiveness of existing therapies, and society's insufficient knowledge concerning the prophylactics and pharmacotherapy of the most common diseases today, comprise a serious challenge. This can influence not only the quality of human life, but also the health of whole societies, which became evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. In general, the process of drug development consists of three main stages: drug discovery, preclinical development using cell-based and animal models/tests, clinical trials on humans and, finally, forward moving toward the step of obtaining regulatory approval, in order to market the potential drug. In this review, we will attempt to outline the first three most important consecutive phases in drug design and development, based on the experience of three cooperating and complementary academic centers of the Visegrád group; i.e., Medical University of Lublin, Poland, Masaryk University of Brno, Czech Republic, and Comenius University Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Biala
- Chair and Department of Pharmacology with Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.K.); (M.K.-S.); (J.O.-G.)
| | - Ewa Kedzierska
- Chair and Department of Pharmacology with Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.K.); (M.K.-S.); (J.O.-G.)
| | - Marta Kruk-Slomka
- Chair and Department of Pharmacology with Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.K.); (M.K.-S.); (J.O.-G.)
| | - Jolanta Orzelska-Gorka
- Chair and Department of Pharmacology with Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.K.); (M.K.-S.); (J.O.-G.)
| | - Sara Hmaidan
- Chair and Department of Pharmacology with Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.K.); (M.K.-S.); (J.O.-G.)
| | - Aleksandra Skrok
- Chair and Department of Pharmacology with Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.K.); (M.K.-S.); (J.O.-G.)
| | - Jakub Kaminski
- Chair and Department of Pharmacology with Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.K.); (M.K.-S.); (J.O.-G.)
| | - Eva Havrankova
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University of Brno, 601 77 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Dominika Nadaska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia (I.M.)
| | - Ivan Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia (I.M.)
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Neto FS, Fernandes de Melo Neta MM, Sales MB, Silva de Oliveira FA, de Castro Bizerra V, Sanders Lopes AA, de Sousa Rios MA, Santos JCSD. Research Progress and Trends on Utilization of Lignocellulosic Residues as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization via Advanced Bibliometric Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092057. [PMID: 37177203 PMCID: PMC10181460 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomasses are used in several applications, such as energy production, materials, and biofuels. These applications result in increased consumption and waste generation of these materials. However, alternative uses are being developed to solve the problem of waste generated in the industry. Thus, research is carried out to ensure the use of these biomasses as enzymatic support. These surveys can be accompanied using the advanced bibliometric analysis tool that can help determine the biomasses used and other perspectives on the subject. With this, the present work aims to carry out an advanced bibliometric analysis approaching the main studies related to the use of lignocellulosic biomass as an enzymatic support. This study will be carried out by highlighting the main countries/regions that carry out productions, research areas that involve the theme, and future trends in these areas. It was observed that there is a cooperation between China, USA, and India, where China holds 28.07% of publications in this area, being the country with the greatest impact in the area. Finally, it is possible to define that the use of these new supports is a trend in the field of biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Simão Neto
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza 60440-554, Brazil
| | | | - Misael Bessa Sales
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção 62790-970, Brazil
| | - Francisco Arisson Silva de Oliveira
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção 62790-970, Brazil
| | - Viviane de Castro Bizerra
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção 62790-970, Brazil
| | - Ada Amélia Sanders Lopes
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção 62790-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Alexsandra de Sousa Rios
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 714, Fortaleza 60440-554, Brazil
| | - José Cleiton Sousa Dos Santos
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza 60440-554, Brazil
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção 62790-970, Brazil
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Modified magnetite nanoparticles synthesized using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and their application to immobilize trypsin. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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6
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Nájera-Martínez EF, Melchor-Martínez EM, Sosa-Hernández JE, Levin LN, Parra-Saldívar R, Iqbal HMN. Lignocellulosic residues as supports for enzyme immobilization, and biocatalysts with potential applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:748-759. [PMID: 35364201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Growing demand for agricultural production means a higher quantity of residues produced. The reuse and recycling of agro-industrial wastes reduce worldwide greenhouse emissions. New opportunities are derived from this kind of residuals in the biotechnological field generating valuable products in growing sectors such as transportation, bioenergy, food, and feedstock. The use of natural macromolecules towards biocatalysts offers numerous advantages over free enzymes and friendliness with the environment. Enzyme immobilization improves enzyme properties (stability and reusability), and three types of supports are discussed: inorganic, organic, and hybrid. Several examples of agro-industrial wastes such as coconut wastes, rice husks, corn residues and brewers spent grains (BSG), their properties and potential as supports for enzyme immobilization are described in this work. Before the immobilization, biological and non-biological pretreatments could be performed to enhance the waste potential as a carrier. Additionally, immobilization methods such as covalent binding, adsorption, cross-linking and entrapment are compared to provide high efficiency. Enzymes and biocatalysts for industrial applications offer advantages over traditional chemical processes with respect to sustainability and process efficiency in food, energy, and bioremediation fields. The wastes reviewed in this work demonstrated a high affinity for lipases and laccases and might be used in biodiesel production and textile wastewater treatment, among other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Noemí Levin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Dpto. de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Micología Experimental: INMIBO-CONICET, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
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7
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Aggarwal S, Ikram S. Zinc oxide nanoparticles-impregnated chitosan surfaces for covalent immobilization of trypsin: Stability & kinetic studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:205-221. [PMID: 35259431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin (Try, EC. 3.4.21.4) was effectively immobilized on the surface of glutaraldehyde(GA)-activated ZnO/Chitosan nanocomposite through covalent attachment via Schiff-base linkages. Size, structure, surface morphology, & percentage elemental composition of the prepared ZnO nanoparticles and chitosan-coated ZnO nanocomposite were studied by UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis (EDAX) techniques. Optimal immobilization conditions (incubation time (16 h), enzyme concentration (1.8 mg/ml), and pH (7.8)) were investigated to obtain the maximum expressed activity of the immobilized trypsin. Immobilized & solubilized trypsin exhibited the optimum catalytic activity at pH 8.5, 60 °C, and pH 7.8, 45 °C respectively. Kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax) of immobilized (27.12 μM, 8.82 μM/min) & free trypsin (25.76 μM, 4.16 μM/min) were determined, indicating that efficiency of trypsin improves after immobilization. Immobilized trypsin preserved 67% of initial activity at 50 °C during 2 h of incubation & sustained nearly 50% of catalytic activity until the 9th repeated cycle of utilization. Moreover, immobilized trypsin retained 50% of enzymatic activity after 90 days of storage at 4 °C. Hence, the current findings suggest that ZnO/Chitosan-GA-Trypsin would be a promising biocatalyst for large-scale biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalu Aggarwal
- Bio/Polymers Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Saiqa Ikram
- Bio/Polymers Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Mazziero VT, Batista VG, Oliveira DGD, Scontri M, de Paula AV, Cerri MO. Characterization of packed-bed in the downcomer of a concentric internal-loop airlift bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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9
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Martínez-Galán JP, Ontibón-Echeverri CM, Campos Costa M, Batista-Duharte A, Guerso Batista V, Mesa V, Monti R, Veloso de Paula A, Martins Baviera A. Enzymatic synthesis of capric acid-rich structured lipids and their effects on mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Food Res Int 2021; 148:110602. [PMID: 34507747 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to produce structured lipids (SLs) by enzymatic acidolysis using Rhizopus oryzae lipase covalently immobilized in a low-cost material. Grape seed oil was used to synthesize SLs containing the medium-chain fatty acid (C10:0) capric acid. SL synthesis led to 38.8% medium-chain fatty acid incorporation with 5 reuses of the enzymatic derivative. The reaction conditions for the synthesis of MLM-TAGs (triacylglycerols with one long- and two medium-chain acyl residues) were at a molar ratio of fatty acid:oil of 3:1, performed at 40 °C and lipase immobilized load of 5% (w/w). The in vivo effects of SLs were studied in Swiss mice fed premade diets: control (C) diet, high-fat diet (HFD) with 100% lipid content as lard, HFD with 50% lipid content as grape seed oil (HG) or HFD with 50% lipid content as capric acid-containing SLs produced from grape seed oil (HG-MCT). Mice from HG and HG-MCT groups had decreases in body weight gain and reductions in the weights of white adipose tissues. In addition, HG and HG-MCT mice had low plasma levels of glucose and total cholesterol, and improvements in the glucose tolerance. HG and HG-MCT diets have remarkable antioxidant properties, since low plasma levels of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, biomarkers of lipid peroxidation) were found in mice fed these diets. Interestingly, TBARS levels in HG-MCT mice were further decreased than values of HG mice. Mice fed HG and HG-MCT diets also showed preservation in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase 1. Both HG and HG-MCT diets promoted reduction of IL-6 and IL-10 production by splenocytes. The capric acid-containing SLs produced from grape seed oil emerges as a functional oil capable to mitigate obesity complications resulting from oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Paul Martínez-Galán
- School of Nutrition and Dietetic, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | | | - Mariana Campos Costa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Guerso Batista
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victoria Mesa
- School of Nutrition and Dietetic, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rubens Monti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariela Veloso de Paula
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Martins Baviera
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Federsel HJ, Moody TS, Taylor SJ. Recent Trends in Enzyme Immobilization-Concepts for Expanding the Biocatalysis Toolbox. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092822. [PMID: 34068706 PMCID: PMC8126217 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes have been exploited by humans for thousands of years in brewing and baking, but it is only recently that biocatalysis has become a mainstream technology for synthesis. Today, enzymes are used extensively in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, food, fine chemicals, flavors, fragrances and other products. Enzyme immobilization technology has also developed in parallel as a means of increasing enzyme performance and reducing process costs. The aim of this review is to present and discuss some of the more recent promising technical developments in enzyme immobilization, including the supports used, methods of fabrication, and their application in synthesis. The review highlights new support technologies such as the use of well-established polysaccharides in novel ways, the use of magnetic particles, DNA, renewable materials and hybrid organic–inorganic supports. The review also addresses how immobilization is being integrated into developing biocatalytic technology, for example in flow biocatalysis, the use of 3D printing and multi-enzymatic cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jürgen Federsel
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Department of Chemical Process and Pharmaceutical Development, P.O. Box 5607, S-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (H.-J.F.); (T.S.M.); Tel.: +46-70-311-55-53 (H.-J.F.); +44-28-3833-2200 (T.S.M.)
| | - Thomas S. Moody
- Almac Sciences Ltd., 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, UK;
- Arran Chemical Company Limited, Unit 1 Monksland Industrial Estate, N37 DN24 Athlone, Ireland
- Correspondence: (H.-J.F.); (T.S.M.); Tel.: +46-70-311-55-53 (H.-J.F.); +44-28-3833-2200 (T.S.M.)
| | - Steve J.C. Taylor
- Almac Sciences Ltd., 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, UK;
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Assessment of the Bioactive Potential of Cheese Whey Protein Hydrolysates Using Immobilized Alcalase. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-020-02552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Bilal M, Wang Z, Cui J, Ferreira LFR, Bharagava RN, Iqbal HMN. Environmental impact of lignocellulosic wastes and their effective exploitation as smart carriers - A drive towards greener and eco-friendlier biocatalytic systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137903. [PMID: 32199388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, lignocellulosic wastes have gathered much attention due to increasing economic, social, environmental apprehensions, global climate change and depleted fossil fuel reserves. The unsuitable management of lignocellulosic materials and related organic wastes poses serious environmental burden and causes pollution. On the other hand, lignocellulosic wastes hold significant economic potential and can be employed as promising catalytic supports because of impressing traits such as surface area, porous structure, and occurrence of many chemical moieties (i.e., carboxyl, amino, thiol, hydroxyl, and phosphate groups). In the current literature, scarce information is available on this important and highly valuable aspect of lignocellulosic wastes as smart carriers for immobilization. Thus, to fulfill this literature gap, herein, an effort has been made to signify the value generation aspects of lignocellulosic wastes. Literature assessment spotlighted that all these waste materials display high potential for immobilizing enzyme because of their low cost, bio-renewable, and sustainable nature. Enzyme immobilization has gained recognition as a highly useful technology to improve enzyme properties such as catalytic stability, performance, and repeatability. The application of carrier-supported biocatalysts has been a theme of considerable research, for the past three decades, in the bio-catalysis field. Nonetheless, the type of support matrix plays a key role in the immobilization process due to its influential impact on the physicochemical characteristics of the as-synthesized biocatalytic system. In the past, an array of various organic, inorganic, and composite materials has been used as carriers to formulate efficient and stable biocatalysts. This review is envisioned to provide recent progress and development on the use of different agricultural wastes (such as coconut fiber, sugarcane bagasse, corn and rice wastes, and Brewers' spent grain) as support materials for enzyme immobilization. In summary, the effective utilization of lignocellulosic wastes to develop multi-functional biocatalysts is not only economical but also reduce environmental problems of unsuitable management of organic wastes and drive up the application of biocatalytic technology in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Jiandong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, 49032-490, Aracaju, SE, Brazil; Institute of Technology and Research, Av. Murilo Dantas 300 - Prédio do ITP, Farolândia, 49032-490, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Ram Naresh Bharagava
- Laboratory for Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research, Department of Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico.
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13
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Girelli AM, Astolfi ML, Scuto FR. Agro-industrial wastes as potential carriers for enzyme immobilization: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125368. [PMID: 31790990 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a general overview of the suitability of different agro-industrial wastes for enzyme immobilization. For the purposes of this literary study, the support materials are divided into two main groups, called lignocellulosic (coconut fiber, corn cob, spent grain, spent coffee, husk, husk ash, and straw rice, soybean and wheat bran) and not lignocellulosic by-products (eggshell and eggshell membranes). The study pointed out that all of these wastes are materials of great potentiality for enzyme immobilization even if coconut fiber is preferred. This result is of significant interest due to the low cost and great availability of such wastes, which actually are underused and cause significant environmental problems for improper storage. In addition, the development of economic biocatalysts more sustainable, besides reduce environmental impacts, improve the application of enzymatic technology in industry. Therefore, the enzyme immobilization reaction and the application of biocatalysts are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Girelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Astolfi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Scuto
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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14
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Fine Modulation of the Catalytic Properties of Rhizomucor miehei Lipase Driven by Different Immobilization Strategies for the Selective Hydrolysis of Fish Oil. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030545. [PMID: 32012738 PMCID: PMC7037125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional properties of each enzyme strictly depend on immobilization protocol used for linking enzyme and carrier. Different strategies were applied to prepare the immobilized derivatives of Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) and chemically aminated RML (NH2-RML). Both RML and NH2-RML forms were covalently immobilized on glyoxyl sepharose (Gx-RML and Gx-NH2-RML), glyoxyl sepharose dithiothreitol (Gx-DTT-RML and Gx-DTT-NH2-RML), activated sepharose with cyanogen bromide (CNBr-RML and CNBr-NH2-RML) and heterofunctional epoxy support partially modified with iminodiacetic acid (epoxy-IDA-RML and epoxy-IDA-NH2-RML). Immobilization varied from 11% up to 88% yields producing specific activities ranging from 0.5 up to 1.9 UI/mg. Great improvement in thermal stability for Gx-DTT-NH2-RML and epoxy-IDA-NH2-RML derivatives was obtained by retaining 49% and 37% of their initial activities at 70 °C, respectively. The regioselectivity of each derivative was also examined in hydrolysis of fish oil at three different conditions. All the derivatives were selective between cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in favor of EPA. The highest selectivity (32.9 folds) was observed for epoxy-IDA-NH2-RML derivative in the hydrolysis reaction performed at pH 5 and 4 °C. Recyclability study showed good capability of the immobilized biocatalysts to be used repeatedly, retaining 50-91% of their initial activities after five cycles of the reaction.
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15
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Optimal immobilization of trypsin from the spleen of albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) and its characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 143:462-471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Sustainable bioconversion of food waste into high-value products by immobilized enzymes to meet bio-economy challenges and opportunities - A review. Food Res Int 2019; 123:226-240. [PMID: 31284972 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, food waste has intensified much attention from the local public, national and international organizations as well as a wider household territory due to increasing environmental, social and economic concerns, climate change and scarcity of fossil fuel resources. On one aspect, food-processing waste represents a substantial ecological burden. On the other hand, these waste streams are rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, thus hold significant potential for biotransformation into an array of high-value compounds. Indeed, the high sugar, protein, and fat content render food waste streams as attractive feedstocks for enzymatic valorization given the plentiful volumes generated annually. Enzymes as industrial biocatalysts offer unique advantages over traditional chemical processes with regard to eco-sustainability, and process efficiency. Herein, an effort has been made to delineate immobilized enzyme-driven valorization of food waste streams into marketable products such as biofuels, bioactive compounds, biodegradable plastics, prebiotics, sweeteners, rare sugars, surfactants, etc. Current challenges and prospects are also highlighted with respect to the development of industrially adaptable biocatalytic systems to achieve the ultimate objectives of sustainable manufacturing combined with minimum waste generation. Applications-based strategies to enzyme immobilization are imperative to design cost-efficient and sustainable industrially applicable biocatalysts. With a deeper apprehension of support material influences, and analyzing the extreme environment, enzymes might have significant potential in improving the overall sustainability of food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico.
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17
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Budžaki S, Sundaram S, Tišma M, Hessel V. Cost analysis of oil cake-to-biodiesel production in packed-bed micro-flow reactors with immobilized lipases. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:98-102. [PMID: 30745064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Biodiesel production depends to a great extent on the use of cheap raw materials, since biodiesel itself is a mass product, not a high-value product. New processing methods, such as micro-flow continuous processing combined with enzymatic catalysis, open doors to the latter. As reported here, the window of opportunity in enzyme-catalyzed biodiesel production is the conversion of waste cooking oil. The main technological challenge for this is to obtain efficient immobilization of the lipase catalyst on beads. The beads can be filled into tubular reactors where designed packed-bed provide porous channels, forming micro-flow. It turns out, that in this way, the immobilization costs become the decisive economic factor. This paper reports a solution to that issue. The use of oil cake enables economic viability, which is not given by any of the commercial polymeric substrates used so far for enzyme immobilization. The costs of immobilization are mirrored in the earnings and cash flow of the new biotechnological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Budžaki
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Smitha Sundaram
- Group Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marina Tišma
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Volker Hessel
- Group Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands; School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia.
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18
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Transforming food waste: how immobilized enzymes can valorize waste streams into revenue streams. NPJ Sci Food 2018; 2:19. [PMID: 31304269 PMCID: PMC6550151 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-018-0028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Food processing generates byproduct and waste streams rich in lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, which contribute to its negative environmental impact. However, these compounds hold significant economic potential if transformed into revenue streams such as biofuels and ingredients. Indeed, the high protein, sugar, and fat content of many food waste streams makes them ideal feedstocks for enzymatic valorization. Compared to synthetic catalysts, enzymes have higher specificity, lower energy requirement, and improved environmental sustainability in performing chemical transformations, yet their poor stability and recovery limits their performance in their native state. This review article surveys the current state-of-the-art in enzyme stabilization & immobilization technologies, summarizes opportunities in enzyme-catalyzed valorization of waste streams with emphasis on streams rich in mono- and disaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins, and highlights challenges and opportunities in designing commercially translatable immobilized enzyme systems towards the ultimate goals of sustainable food production and reduced food waste.
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19
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Mao Y, Kulozik U. Selective hydrolysis of whey proteins using a flow-through monolithic reactor with large pore size and immobilised trypsin. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Stabilization of Enzymes by Multipoint Covalent Attachment on Aldehyde-Supports: 2-Picoline Borane as an Alternative Reducing Agent. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8080333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization by multipoint covalent attachment on supports activated with aliphatic aldehyde groups (e.g., glyoxyl agarose) has proven to be an excellent immobilization technique for enzyme stabilization. Borohydride reduction of immobilized enzymes is necessary to convert enzyme–support linkages into stable secondary amino groups and to convert the remaining aldehyde groups on the support into hydroxy groups. However, the use of borohydride can adversely affect the structure–activity of some immobilized enzymes. For this reason, 2-picoline borane is proposed here as an alternative milder reducing agent, especially, for those enzymes sensitive to borohydride reduction. The immobilization-stabilization parameters of five enzymes from different sources and nature (from monomeric to multimeric enzymes) were compared with those obtained by conventional methodology. The most interesting results were obtained for bacterial (R)-mandelate dehydrogenase (ManDH). Immobilized ManDH reduced with borohydride almost completely lost its catalytic activity (1.5% of expressed activity). In contrast, using 2-picoline borane and blocking the remaining aldehyde groups on the support with glycine allowed for a conjugate with a significant activity of 19.5%. This improved biocatalyst was 357-fold more stable than the soluble enzyme at 50 °C and pH 7. The results show that this alternative methodology can lead to more stable and active biocatalysts.
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21
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Dullius A, Goettert MI, de Souza CFV. Whey protein hydrolysates as a source of bioactive peptides for functional foods – Biotechnological facilitation of industrial scale-up. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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22
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Tavano OL, Berenguer-Murcia A, Secundo F, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Biotechnological Applications of Proteases in Food Technology. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:412-436. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Luisa Tavano
- Faculty of Nutrition; Alfenas Federal Univ.; 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St Alfenas MG 37130-000 Brazil
| | - Angel Berenguer-Murcia
- Inorganic Chemistry Dept. and Materials Science Inst.; Alicante Univ.; Ap. 99 E-03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Istit. di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; CNR; v. Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milan Italy
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23
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Mao Y, Černigoj U, Zalokar V, Štrancar A, Kulozik U. Production of β-Lactoglobulin hydrolysates by monolith based immobilized trypsin reactors. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2947-2956. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Mao
- Technical University of Munich; Chair for Food and Bioprocess Engineering; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ulrich Kulozik
- Technical University of Munich; Chair for Food and Bioprocess Engineering; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
- Institute for Food and Health (ZIEL) - Technology Unit; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
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24
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Bassan JC, de Souza Bezerra TM, Peixoto G, da Cruz CZP, Galán JPM, dos Santos Vaz AB, Garrido SS, Filice M, Monti R. Addendum: Bassan, J.C.; et al. Immobilization of Trypsin in Lignocellulosic Waste Material to Produce Peptides with Bioactive Potential from Whey Protein. Materials 2016, 9(5), 357. MATERIALS 2016. [PMCID: PMC5512527 DOI: 10.3390/ma9080705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cristina Bassan
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP—Univ. Estadual Paulista, 14800-903, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Araraquara-SP, Brazil; (J.C.B.); (J.P.M.G.)
| | - Thaís Milena de Souza Bezerra
- Instituto de Química, UNESP—Univ. Estadual Paulista, 14800-060, Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Araraquara-SP, Brazil; (T.M.d.S.B.); (C.Z.P.d.C.); (A.B.d.S.V.); (S.S.G.)
| | - Guilherme Peixoto
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP—Univ. Estadual Paulista, 14800-903, Departamento de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (R.M.); Tel.: +55-16-3301-4645 (G.P.); +55-16-3301-6934 (R.M.)
| | - Clariana Zanutto Paulino da Cruz
- Instituto de Química, UNESP—Univ. Estadual Paulista, 14800-060, Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Araraquara-SP, Brazil; (T.M.d.S.B.); (C.Z.P.d.C.); (A.B.d.S.V.); (S.S.G.)
| | - Julián Paul Martínez Galán
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP—Univ. Estadual Paulista, 14800-903, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Araraquara-SP, Brazil; (J.C.B.); (J.P.M.G.)
| | - Aline Buda dos Santos Vaz
- Instituto de Química, UNESP—Univ. Estadual Paulista, 14800-060, Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Araraquara-SP, Brazil; (T.M.d.S.B.); (C.Z.P.d.C.); (A.B.d.S.V.); (S.S.G.)
| | - Saulo Santesso Garrido
- Instituto de Química, UNESP—Univ. Estadual Paulista, 14800-060, Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Araraquara-SP, Brazil; (T.M.d.S.B.); (C.Z.P.d.C.); (A.B.d.S.V.); (S.S.G.)
| | - Marco Filice
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid 28029, Spain;
| | - Rubens Monti
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP—Univ. Estadual Paulista, 14800-903, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Araraquara-SP, Brazil; (J.C.B.); (J.P.M.G.)
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (R.M.); Tel.: +55-16-3301-4645 (G.P.); +55-16-3301-6934 (R.M.)
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