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Zhang X, Zhang W, Zhang W, Yang R. Enhanced mechanical and flame retardancy properties of vinyl ester resin systems with the synthesis of two flame retardants with vinyl group. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
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Xie W, Huang S, Tang D, Liu S, Zhao J. Synthesis of a furfural-based DOPO-containing co-curing agent for fire-safe epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1956-1965. [PMID: 35494575 PMCID: PMC9048244 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06425g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A furfural-based DOPO-containing flame retardant, 6,6′-(((methylenebis(4,1-phenylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(furan-2-ylmethylene))bis(dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) (MBF-DOPO), was synthesized and utilized as a co-curing agent of 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) for fire-safe epoxy thermosets. For the cured epoxy resin containing 4.0% MBF-DOPO, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) reached 32.9% (with the V-0 rating in UL-94 test), and the peak heat release rate and total smoke production values were respectively decreased by 29.3% and 33.6%, compared to pure epoxy resin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results confirmed that the furfural-based flame retardant MBF-DOPO promoted the charring formation of the epoxy matrix, which effectively isolated the gas and heat transfer during combustion and thus enhanced the fire-safety performance of the epoxy thermosets. This work provides an effective route for synthesizing a furfural-based flame retardant, which possesses great potential for application in fire-safe epoxy thermosets. A novel furfural-based DOPO-containing flame retardant MBF-DOPO was successfully synthesized and acted as a co-curing agent for fire-safe epoxy resins.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shiwen Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Donglin Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shumei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering
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Movahedifar E, Vahabi H, Saeb MR, Thomas S. Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development. Molecules 2019; 24:E3964. [PMID: 31683861 PMCID: PMC6866146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, epoxy composites are elements of engineering materials and systems. Although they are known as versatile materials, epoxy resins suffer from high flammability. In this sense, flame retardancy analysis has been recognized as an undeniable requirement for developing future generations of epoxy-based systems. A considerable proportion of the literature on epoxy composites has been devoted to the use of phosphorus-based additives. Nevertheless, innovative flame retardants have coincidentally been under investigation to meet market requirements. This review paper attempts to give an overview of the research on flame retardant epoxy composites by classification of literature in terms of phosphorus (P), non-phosphorus (NP), and combinations of P/NP additives. A comprehensive set of data on cone calorimetry measurements applied on P-, NP-, and P/NP-incorporated epoxy systems was collected and treated. The performance of epoxy composites was qualitatively discussed as Poor, Good, and Excellent cases identified and distinguished by the use of the universal Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). Moreover, evaluations were rechecked by considering the UL-94 test data in four groups as V0, V1, V2, and nonrated (NR). The dimensionless FRI allowed for comparison between flame retardancy performances of epoxy composites. The results of this survey can pave the way for future innovations in developing flame-retardant additives for epoxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr 424, Iran.
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France.
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 57070 Metz, France.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Departments of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 16765-654, Iran.
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
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Xie W, Huang S, Liu S, Zhao J. A biobased Schiff base from protocatechualdehyde and its application in flame-retardant, low-smoke epoxy resin systems. RSC Adv 2019; 9:30815-30822. [PMID: 35529374 PMCID: PMC9072551 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a new renewable Schiff base flame retardant 4,4'-((1E,1'E)-((oxybis(4,1-phenylene))bis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(benzene-1,2-diol) (PH-ODA) was prepared by the reaction of protocatechualdehyde with 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA). PH-ODA (acting as a carbonization agent) combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were used as intumescent flame retardants for commercial bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA). For the cured epoxy resin containing 7.5% APP and 2.5% PH-ODA, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) reached 29.9% (with the V-0 rating in UL-94 test), and the peak heat release rate and total smoke production were respectively decreased by 88.1% and 68.3%, compared with pure epoxy resin. The enhancement of fire-safety performance was due to PH-ODA/APP promoting the formation of a compact intumescent char structure. It was also found that the synergism between PH-ODA and APP was helpful to enhance the fire resistance of the epoxy matrix. This work provides a facile and sustainable route for synthesizing Schiff base compounds from biomass-derived resources, possessing great potential for application in highly-effective intumescent flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China +86-13611400566 +86-13609724000 +86-13611400566 +86-13609724000
| | - Shiwen Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China +86-13611400566 +86-13609724000 +86-13611400566 +86-13609724000
| | - Shumei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China +86-13611400566 +86-13609724000 +86-13611400566 +86-13609724000
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China +86-13611400566 +86-13609724000 +86-13611400566 +86-13609724000
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
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Synthesis of a novel reactive type flame retardant composed of phenophosphazine ring and maleimide for epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Luo Q, Sun Y, Yu B, Li C, Song J, Tan D, Zhao J. Synthesis of a novel DPPA‐containing benzoxazine to flame‐retard epoxy resin with maintained thermal properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLingnan Normal University Zhanjiang 524048 China
- Resource and Chemical Engineering Technology Center of Western Guangdong ProvinceLingnan Normal University Zhanjiang 524048 China
| | - Yulin Sun
- School of Life Science and TechnologyLingnan Normal University Zhanjiang 524048 China
| | - Biao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLingnan Normal University Zhanjiang 524048 China
| | - Chengpeng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLingnan Normal University Zhanjiang 524048 China
| | - Jiangli Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLingnan Normal University Zhanjiang 524048 China
| | - Dexin Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLingnan Normal University Zhanjiang 524048 China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of EducationSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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Yang G, Wu WH, Wang YH, Jiao YH, Lu LY, Qu HQ, Qin XY. Synthesis of a novel phosphazene-based flame retardant with active amine groups and its application in reducing the fire hazard of Epoxy Resin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 366:78-87. [PMID: 30502575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel compound containing active amine groups of polyphosphazene (PBFA) was successfully synthesized and applied as a reactive flame-retardant additive in epoxy (EP) resin. It was synthesized from N-aminoethylpiperazine and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene using a simple method, and its structure was well-characterized. The results indicated that introducing PBFA into EP composites significantly improves the resistance to fire and suppresses smoke generation. An EP composite with 9.0 wt% PBFA can pass the vertical burning tests V-0 rating, the peak heat release rate and total heat release of the sample decreased by 46.7% and 29.3%, respectively. Moreover, it decreased the total smoke release by 48.0%. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the presence of PBFA can accelerate EP decomposition at comparatively low temperatures and lead to the formation of a stable char layer, which protects the matrix from fire, therefore improving the amount of char residue at 800 °C. The degree of small molecule degradation characterized by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, which was lower than that of pure EP, demonstrating that PBFA reduces the risk of fire. The glass transition temperature of EP composites increased with the amount of PBFA increasing owing to the presence of active amine groups. Notably, its mechanical properties were not degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Wei-Hong Wu
- College of Science, Agriculture University of Hebei, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yong-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yun-Hong Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Liang-Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Hong-Qiang Qu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Xin-Ying Qin
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
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Geng Z, Yang S, Zhang L, Huang Z, Pan Q, Li J, Weng J, Bao J, You Z, He Y, Zhu B. Self-Extinguishing Resin Transfer Molding Composites Using Non-Fire-Retardant Epoxy Resin. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2554. [PMID: 30558309 PMCID: PMC6315867 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Introducing fire-retardant additives or building blocks into resins is a widely adopted method used for improving the fire retardancy of epoxy composites. However, the increase in viscosity and the presence of insoluble additives accompanied by resin modification remain challenges for resin transfer molding (RTM) processing. We developed a robust approach for fabricating self-extinguishing RTM composites using unmodified and flammable resins. To avoid the effects on resin fluidity and processing, we loaded the flame retardant into tackifiers instead of resins. We found that the halogen-free flame retardant, a microencapsulated red phosphorus (MRP) additive, was enriched on fabric surfaces, which endowed the composites with excellent fire retardancy. The composites showed a 79.2% increase in the limiting oxygen index, a 29.2% reduction in heat release during combustion, and could self-extinguish within two seconds after ignition. Almost no effect on the mechanical properties was observed. This approach is simple, inexpensive, and basically applicable to all resins for fabricating RTM composites. This approach adapts insoluble flame retardants to RTM processing. We envision that this approach could be extended to load other functions (radar absorbing, conductivity, etc.) into RTM composites, broadening the application of RTM processing in the field of advanced functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Shuaishuai Yang
- SAMAC Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Shangfei Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201324, China.
| | - Lianwang Zhang
- Avic Advanced Composites Center, Shijun South Street, Aviation Industrial Park, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Qichao Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jidi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jianan Weng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jianwen Bao
- Avic Advanced Composites Center, Shijun South Street, Aviation Industrial Park, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China.
| | - Zhengwei You
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yong He
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Wen Y, Cheng Z, Li W, Li Z, Liao D, Hu X, Pan N, Wang D, Hull TR. A novel oligomer containing DOPO and ferrocene groups: Synthesis, characterization, and its application in fire retardant epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Spontaneous Shape Alteration and Size Separation of Surfactant-Free Silver Particles Synthesized by Laser Ablation in Acetone during Long-Period Storage. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8070529. [PMID: 30011881 PMCID: PMC6071058 DOI: 10.3390/nano8070529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The technique of laser ablation in liquids (LAL) has already demonstrated its flexibility and capability for the synthesis of a large variety of surfactant-free nanomaterials with a high purity. However, high purity can cause trouble for nanomaterial synthesis, because active high-purity particles can spontaneously grow into different nanocrystals, which makes it difficult to accurately tailor the size and shape of the synthesized nanomaterials. Therefore, a series of questions arise with regards to whether particle growth occurs during colloid storage, how large the particle size increases to, and into which shape the particles evolve. To obtain answers to these questions, here, Ag particles that are synthesized by femtosecond (fs) laser ablation of Ag in acetone are used as precursors to witness the spontaneous growth behavior of the LAL-generated surfactant-free Ag dots (2–10 nm) into different polygonal particles (5–50 nm), and the spontaneous size separation phenomenon by the carbon-encapsulation induced precipitation of large particles, after six months of colloid storage. The colloids obtained by LAL at a higher power (600 mW) possess a greater ability and higher efficiency to yield colloids with sizes of <40 nm than the colloids obtained at lower power (300 mW), because of the generation of a larger amount of carbon ‘captors’ by the decomposition of acetone and the stronger particle fragmentation. Both the size increase and the shape alteration lead to a redshift of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band of the Ag colloid from 404 nm to 414 nm, after storage. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis shows that the Ag particles are conjugated with COO– and OH– groups, both of which may lead to the growth of polygonal particles. The CO and CO2 molecules are adsorbed on the particle surfaces to form Ag(CO)x and Ag(CO2)x complexes. Complementary nanosecond LAL experiments confirmed that the particle growth was inherent to LAL in acetone, and independent of pulse duration, although some differences in the final particle sizes were observed. The nanosecond-LAL yields monomodal colloids, whereas the size-separated, initially bimodal colloids from the fs-LAL provide a higher fraction of very small particles that are <5 nm. The spontaneous growth of the LAL-generated metallic particles presented in this work should arouse the special attention of academia, especially regarding the detailed discussion on how long the colloids can be preserved for particle characterization and applications, without causing a mismatch between the colloid properties and their performance. The spontaneous size separation phenomenon may help researchers to realize a more reproducible synthesis for small metallic colloids, without concern for the generation of large particles.
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Li X, Zhang K, Shi R, Ma X, Tan L, Ji Q, Xia Y. Enhanced flame-retardant properties of cellulose fibers by incorporation of acid-resistant magnesium-oxide microcapsules. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 176:246-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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